Aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e anatomopatológicos da hepatite infecciosa canina: 15 casos / Epidemiological, clinical and pathological aspects of infectious canine hepatitis: 15 cases

Descrevem-se os principais aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e anatomopatológicos de casos de hepatite infecciosa canina diagnosticados no Laboratório de Patologia Animal da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, durante o período de janeiro de 2003 a dezembro de 2016. Dos 1.640 cães necropsiados, 15 foram diagnosticados como hepatite infecciosa canina (0,91%). Dos cães acometidos nove eram machos e seis fêmeas. As idades variaram de 45 dias a sete anos, sendo a maioria filhotes. Dez animais não apresentavam raça definida, quatro eram Poodles e um Rottweiler. A maioria dos cães não recebeu nenhum tipo de protocolo vacinal. Os cães eram oriundos dos municípios de Patos, São Mamede e Teixeira, pertencentes ao estado da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil. A maioria dos cães apresentou curso clínico variando de hiperagudo a agudo. Os principais sinais clínicos foram convulsão, apatia e hiporexia. Na necropsia, as principais alterações foram observadas no fígado que se apresentava de pálido a alaranjado e com áreas irregulares avermelhadas na superfície capsular, além de acentuação do padrão lobular e edema na parede da vesícula biliar. Hemorragias foram observadas em vários órgãos. Na histopatologia havia necrose centrolobular de hepatócitos associada a corpúsculos de inclusão viral intranucleares, hemorragia e infiltrado inflamatório misto. O diagnóstico foi estabelecido com base nas características lesões histopatológicas e foi confirmado por imuno-histoquímica. A hepatite infecciosa canina ocorre ocasionalmente na Paraíba, acometendo particularmente cães jovens e não vacinados.(AU)

We described the main epidemiological, clinical and pathological aspects of canine infectious hepatitis diagnosed in the Laboratory of Animal Pathology of the Federal University of Campina Grande during the period from January 2003 to December 2016. Of the 1,640 necropsied dogs, 15 were diagnosed as infectious canine hepatitis (0.91%). Of the dogs affected nine were males and six females. The ages ranged from 45 days to seven years, being most of them young. Ten animals were mixed breed, four were Poodles and one Rottweiler. Most of the dogs do not received any vaccine protocol. The dogs came from the municipalities of Patos, São Mamede and Teixeira, from Paraiba, northeastern of Brazil. Most of the dogs presented clinical course varying from hyperacute to acute. The main clinical signs were seizure, apathy and hyporexia. At necropsy, the major alterations were observed in the liver, which was pale to orange and with irregular reddish areas on the capsular surface, besides accentuation of the lobular pattern and edema in the wall of the gallbladder. Hemorrhages were observed in several organs. In the histopathology there was centrolobular necrosis of hepatocytes associated with intranuclear viral inclusion bodies, hemorrhages and mixed inflammatory infiltrate. The diagnosis was established based on the characteristic histopathological lesions and was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Infectious canine hepatitis occurs occasionally in the Paraiba, affecting particularly young and unvaccinated dogs.(AU)

A duplex real-time PCR assay based on TaqMan technology for simultaneous detection and differentiation of canine adenovirus types 1 and 2.

Canine adenoviruses are a major cause of disease in dogs, coyotes, red foxes and wolves, as well as in other carnivores and marine mammals. Canine adenovirus type 1 (CAdV-1) and canine adenovirus type 2 (CAdV-2) cause infectious canine hepatitis (ICH) and infectious tracheobronchitis (ITB), respectively. In this study, a duplex real-time PCR assay for simultaneous detection and characterisation of CAdV-1 and CAdV-2 was developed by using a single primer pair and virus-specific probes. The assay was validated testing standard DNAs produced on purpose and clinical samples of various matrices known to be positive for CAdV-1, CAdV-2 or both viruses. Precise calculation of DNA loads in samples containing a wide range of viral amounts was allowed by generating a standard curve for absolute quantification. The assay was proven to be highly specific, since no cross-reactions with the different CAdV type was observed, and sensitive, being able to detect less than 10 copies of CAdV-1/CAdV-2 DNA. The low intra-assay and interassay coefficient of variations demonstrated a high repeatability, thus confirming the potential use of this assay for quantitative detection of CAdV-1 and CAdV-2 for rapid diagnosis and epidemiological investigations.

Infectious canine hepatitis in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in wildlife rescue centres in the UK.

Outbreaks of infectious canine hepatitis are described in red foxes ( ITALIC! Vulpes vulpes) at two wildlife rescue centres in the UK. Disease occurred in two-month-old to four-month-old juvenile foxes, which were held in small enclosures in groups of three to eight animals. The foxes died or were euthanased after a short clinical course, sometimes including neurological signs and jaundice, with a high case fatality rate. Four red foxes submitted for postmortem examination had enlarged, congested livers, with rounded borders and mild accentuation of the lobular pattern. On histological examination, there was random, multifocal to massive hepatic necrosis, along with multifocal vasculitis in the central nervous system (CNS) and mild, multifocal glomerulonephritis. Intranuclear inclusion bodies, typical of canine adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1) infection, were present in hepatocytes, vascular endothelial cells in the CNS, renal glomeruli and renal tubular epithelial cells. CAV-1 was detected in tissues from affected foxes by PCR and sequencing. Congregation of juvenile foxes in wildlife rescue centres is likely to be a risk factor for transmission of CAV-1. Preventive measures in wildlife centres should be implemented to prevent the spread of the virus among conspecifics and to other susceptible species.

Infectious canine hepatitis associated with prednisone treatment.

An 11-week-old, female Alaskan husky dog housed outdoors in the Yukon, Canada, was diagnosed with infectious canine hepatitis. The predisposing factors in this puppy for such a rare disease included inappropriate vaccination program, potential contact with endemic wildlife, and immunosuppression due to prednisone treatment.

Hépatite canine infectieuse associée au traitement par la prednisone. Une chienne Husky d'Alaska âgée de 11 semaines logée en plein air au Yukon, au Canada, a été diagnostiquée avec l'hépatite canine infectieuse. Les facteurs prédisposants chez ce chiot pour une telle maladie rare incluaient un programme de vaccination inadéquat, le contact potentiel avec des animaux sauvages indigènes et l'immunosuppression en raison du traitement avec de la prednisone.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).

Infectious canine hepatitis in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in the United Kingdom.

The pathological findings are described in three cases of infectious canine hepatitis in free-ranging red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in England. The foxes died after short periods of clinical illness. Mild jaundice and hepatic congestion were evident grossly. On histopathological examination, intranuclear inclusion bodies were visible in hepatocytes, in association with hepatocyte dissociation and necrosis, as well as in renal glomeruli, renal tubular epithelial cells and vascular endothelial cells. Canine adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1) was isolated from all three foxes. In a serological study, antibodies to CAV-1 were detected in tissue fluid extracts taken from 11 of 58 (19 per cent) frozen red fox carcases from England and Scotland.

Hepatite infecciosa canina: 62 casos / Infectious canine hepatitis: 62 cases

Os protocolos de necropsias realizadas em 5.361 cães durante um período de 43 anos (1964-2006) foram revisados em busca de casos de hepatite infecciosa canina (HIC) e sessenta e dois (1,2 por cento) casos foram encontrados. A maioria dos 62 cães afetados tinha dois anos de idade ou menos (91,9 por cento). Os sinais clínicos foram anotados nos protocolos de necropsia de 45 cães afetados por HIC e incluíam anorexia (55,6 por cento), apatia (35,6 por cento), diarréia (35,6 por cento), freqüentemente com sangue (43,8 por cento dos casos de diarréia), distúrbios neurológicos (33,3 por cento), vômito (26,7 por cento), petéquias e equimoses nas membranas mucosas e/ou pele (24,4 por cento), hipotermia (20,0 por cento), dor abdominal (15,6 por cento), icterícia (13,3 por cento), aumento de volume e congestão das tonsilas (11,1 por cento), febre (11,1 por cento) e ascite (6,7 por cento). A duração do curso clínico variou de poucas horas a 15 dias. Os principais achados de necropsia incluíram alterações hepáticas (87,1 por cento), linfonodos edematosos, congestos e hemorrágicos (51,6 por cento), líquido sanguinolento, líquido claro ou sangue na cavidade abdominal (35,5 por cento), víbices, sufusões e petéquias sobre a pleura visceral (27,4 por cento) e superfície serosa das vísceras gastrintestinais (24,2 por cento). Em 12,9 por cento dos casos a serosa do intestino tinha aspecto granular. Hemorragias cerebrais nas leptomeninges e na substância do encéfalo foram observadas em 9,7 por cento dos casos. As alterações hepáticas macroscópicas incluíam fígados moderadamente aumentados de volume, mais friáveis, com acentuação do padrão lobular, congestos e com múltiplos focos de necrose pálidos ou hemorrágicos. Películas e filamentos de fibrina cobriam a superfície hepática em 20,4 por cento dos casos e em 27,8 por cento dos casos a parede da vesícula biliar estava espessada por edema. Necrose hepática zonal ou aleatória (93,5 por cento dos casos) associada...

Necropsy reports from 5,361 dogs necropsied over a 43-year period (1964-2006) were reviewed in search for cases of infectious canine hepatitis (ICH). Sixty two (1.2 percent) cases of the disease were found. Most of the 62 affected dogs (91.9 percent,) were 2-year-old or less. Clinical signs were recorded in the necropsy files of 45 ICH affected dogs and included anorexia (55.6 percent), apathy (35.6 percent), diarrhea (35.6 percent) (often with blood [43,8 percent]), neurological signs (33.3 percent), vomiting (26.7 percent), petechiae and echymosis in the mucous membranes and/or skin (24.4 percent), hypothermia (20.0 percent), abdominal pain (15.6 percent), icterus (13.3 percent), enlargement and congestion of the tonsils (11.1 percent), fever (11.1 percent) and ascites (6.7 percent). The clinical courses lasted from few hours to 15 days. The most frequent necropsy findings included hepatic changes (87.1 percent), edematous, congested and hemorrhagic lymph nodes (51.6 percent), bloodstained fluid, clear fluid or whole blood in the abdominal cavity (35.5 percent), and petechial or paint-brush hemorrhages over the pleural (27.4 percent) and gastrointestinal (24.2 percent) serosal surfaces. In 12.9 percent of the cases there was a granularity to the intestinal serosa. Hemorrhages in the leptomeninges and in the substance of the brain were observed in 9.7 percent of the cases. Hepatic gross changes included moderately enlarged and more friable livers with marked lobular pattern, congestion and multifocal pale or hemorrhagic foci of necrosis. Films and strands of fibrin covered the hepatic surface in 20.4 percent of the cases and in 27.8 percent of the cases the gall bladder was thickened by edema. Zonal or randomly distributed multifocal hepatic necrosis (93.5 percent) associated with intranuclear inclusion bodies were the most consistent microscopic findings. Intranuclear inclusion bodies were found in the liver in every case and their...

Canine adenovirus type 2 infection in four puppies with neurological signs.

Four nine- to 11-week-old puppies developed respiratory and neurological signs due to an infection with canine adenovirus type 2 (cav-2); three of these were euthanased. They had moderate, diffuse pneumonia but there were no histological abnormalities in the central nervous system. Adenovirus-specific nucleic acid was detected by pcr in samples of lung and brain and the amplified product was 99.8 per cent homologous with the cav-2 reference strain Toronto a26/61. The positive pcr result was confirmed by in situ hybridisation in samples of lung, liver and spleen, but not in brain, and cav was isolated in cell culture from lung material; pcrs for canine distemper virus and canine herpesvirus-specific nucleic acids were negative, but large amounts of Bordetella bronchiseptica were isolated from lung material.

Diagnosis of infectious canine hepatitis virus (CAV-1) infection in puppies with encephalopathy.

Nine weaned Labrador Retriever puppies from a litter of 11 were presented with signs of acute central nervous system (CNS) disease that included ataxia and blindness. All puppies died. Gross examination of tissues from 2 puppies revealed regionally diffuse hemorrhages in the brain stem and swollen hemorrhagic lymph nodes. Light microscopic examination of hematoxylin and eosin-stained tissues showed numerous large, basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies within CNS vascular endothelium and occasionally in individual hepatocytes. Immunohistochemical staining of the tissue was positive using an antibody against canine adenovirus-1. Virus isolation for infectious canine hepatitis virus was achieved using inoculated cell cultures. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of DNA from cell culture material revealed shared homology with other mammalian adenoviruses.

Severe enteric disease in an animal shelter associated with dual infections by canine adenovirus type 1 and canine coronavirus.

An outbreak of dual infection in dogs with canine adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1) and canine coronavirus (CCV) infection is reported in an animal shelter that comprised approximately 200 adults stray dogs and 30 puppies. Twenty puppies died 7-8 days after the onset of the clinical signs (severe enteritis, leucopoenia, respiratory distress and dehydration). Both CAV-1 and CCV were isolated from tissue or swab samples. Antibodies to CCV and, at high levels, to CAV-1 also were detected in several puppies. The principal histological findings were atrophy of small intestinal villi, lymphoid depletion, hepatitis and bronchopneumonia. The persistence of CCV in the faeces, observed by the polymerase chain reaction assay, was longer than previously reported. Results demonstrated the serious consequences which may occur with dual infections by CAV-1 and CCV in assembled groups of dogs that are housed in poorly managed kennels with inadequate vaccination programmes.

Detection and differentiation of CAV-1 and CAV-2 by polymerase chain reaction.

Canine adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1) and type 2 (CAV-2) can be categorized in the laboratory by haemagglutination and neutralization tests, but they are difficult to differentiate from each other in specimens, especially when infection occurs in the digestive tract. The object of this study was to develop a simple method of detecting and differentiating them. One pair of common primers was designed and synthesized according to the sequences of the E3 and flanking regions and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was established using these two primers to amplify the virus-specific DNA fragment from clinical specimens as well as from cell cultures. After elecctrophoresis, under the same amplification conditions, 508 bp and 1030 bp PCR products were observed for CAV-1 and CAV-2, respectively. These were further shown to be adenovirus specific by dot hybridization and sequencing. As only one pair of primers was involved in the PCR procedure, it was faster and easier to perform than any of the other assays used for detecting canine adenovirus, making it applicable in the rapid confirmation of diagnosis and differentiation of the two types of canine adenoviruses.

Canine viral infections.

The ophthalmic effects of viral infection are varied. With the added possibility for pathologic effects of attenuated vaccine viruses, the diagnosis of viral diseases can be a challenge. In many cases, ocular manifestations can provide added support to a presumptive diagnosis of viral disease, thereby underscoring the benefit of thorough ophthalmic examination of any animal with nonspecific signs of illness.

Infectious canine hepatitis: detection of canine adenovirus type 1 by polymerase chain reaction.

A primer pair and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method earlier tested for the detection of human and animal adenoviruses were used to demonstrate the presence of canine adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1) in tissue culture and clinical specimens. A simple procedure of sample preparation was elaborated making the PCR easily applicable in rapid confirmation of the diagnosis of infectious canine hepatitis.

[Hepatitis contagiosa canis (H.c.c.)--2 cases in Austria]. / Hepatitis contagiosa canis (H.c.c.)--2 Fälle in Osterreich.

Two cases of H.c.c. which occurred in winter 1987 in Vienna are described. Case one was a female Chow-Chow, 8 weeks of age, that died from the peracute form of the disease. The diagnosis was confirmed by histology and direct immunofluorescence. Case two, a 9-month old female Kuvacz, showed clinical signs of the subacute form of H.c.c. She was hospitalized and therapy was successful. The disease was diagnosed by the typical clinical signs and the raise of antibodies in paired serum samples. Etiology, clinical signs and immunology of H.c.c. are discussed.

Chronic active hepatitis in 26 Doberman pinschers.

Chronic active hepatitis with increased hepatic copper concentration was diagnosed in 25 female and 1 male Doberman Pinscher dogs. Common clinical signs included polyuria/polydipsia, weight loss, anorexia, icterus, and ascites. Increased liver enzyme activities and abnormal liver function test results were the most consistent clinicopathologic changes. The dogs were assigned to 3 groups on the basis of clinical course of the disease. Group 1 dogs (n = 12) had clinical signs of advanced liver failure and died within one week. Group 2 dogs (n = 7) had less severe clinical signs of liver disease and died within one month. Group 3 dogs (n = 5) did not have clinical signs of illness or had mild clinical signs of liver disease and died 1 to 42 months after initial evaluation. One dog could not be reevaluated and another dog was alive 3 months after initial examination. Treatments consisted of supportive care for dogs in group 1, and dietary manipulations and corticosteroids for dogs in groups 2 and 3. The association of increased liver copper concentration and chronic active hepatitis is not known.

Serologic survey for canine distemper and infectious canine hepatitis in wolves in Alaska.

Sera from 57 wolves (Canis lupus) in three areas of Alaska were evaluated for evidence of previous exposure to infectious canine hepatitis virus (ICHV) and canine distemper virus (CDV). Fifty-four sera (94.7%) were positive for ICHV exposure and four (7%) were positive for CDV exposure. All four CDV-reacting wolves also had titres to ICHV. The relatively common occurrence of ICHV exposure may be due to the greater resistance of ICHV to chemical and physical agents and its transmissibility via the urine of infected animals. The ICHV titres observed could indicate enzootic pathogenic ICHV, or exposure to the mildly pathogenic vaccine strain of CAV-1 through contact with the urine of domestic dogs. If CAV-1 is the original source of exposure, the titres could represent an ICHV-protected wolf population.