A recombinant bovine herpesvirus 5 defective in thymidine kinase and glycoprotein E is immunogenic for calves and confers protection upon homologous challenge and BoHV-1 challenge.

A recombinant bovine herpesvirus 5 lacking thymidine kinase and glycoprotein E genes (BoHV-5gEΔTKΔ) was evaluated as a live experimental vaccine. In a first experiment, ten-months-old calves were vaccinated intramuscularly (n=9) or remained as controls (n=8) and 42 days later were challenged with BoHV-5 or BoHV-1 intranasally. The four control calves challenged with BoHV-5 developed severe depression and neurological signs and were euthanized in extremis at days 13 and 14 pos-infection (pi); the five vaccinated animals challenged with BoHV-5 remained healthy. The titers of virus shedding were reduced (p<0.01) from days 3 to 7 post-infection (pi) in vaccinated animals. Control and vaccinated calves challenged with BoHV-1 presented mild transient respiratory signs; yet the magnitude of virus shedding was reduced (p<0.05) in vaccinated animals (days 5, 9 and 11pi). In a second experiment, young calves (100-120 days-old) were vaccinated (n=15) or kept as controls (n=5) and subsequently challenged with a BoHV-1 isolate. Control calves developed moderate to severe rhinitis and respiratory distress; two were euthanized in extremis at days 5 and 9 pi, respectively. In contrast, vaccinated animals were protected from challenge and only a few developed mild and transient nasal signs. The duration and titers of virus shedding after challenge were reduced (p<0.05) in vaccinated animals comparing to controls. In both experiments, vaccinated animals developed antibodies to gE only after challenge. These results demonstrate homologous and heterologous protection and are promising towards the use of the recombinant BoHV-5gEΔTKΔ in vaccine formulations to control BoHV-5 and BoHV-1 infections.

Effect of the US3 protein of bovine herpesvirus 5 on the actin cytoskeleton and apoptosis.

The US3 protein is a unique protein kinase only present in the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily of the herpesviruses. Studies performed with several alphaherpesviruses demonstrated that the US3 protein is involved in cytoskeleton modifications during viral infection and displays anti-apoptotic activity. However, the US3 protein of BoHV-5 has not been studied up to now. As reported for other alphaherpesviruses, our results showed that BoHV-5 US3 confers resistance against apoptosis and induces cytoskeletal reorganization leading to cell rounding, actin stress fiber breakdown and cell projections that interconnect cells. The expression of a kinase-dead version of BoHV-5 US3 showed that the anti-apoptotic activity and the induction of cell projections are kinase-dependent whereas kinase activity is not absolutely required for actin stress fiber breakdown. Besides, the kinase-dead version of US3, but not the wild type protein, was found excluded from the nucleus. These results constitute the first report on the BoHV-5 US3 functions, and highlight that there are functional differences and similarities among US3 proteins of different alphaherpesviruses.