The history and promise of holism in health promotion.

Holism is an ancient theme concept that has resurfaced in recent literature, and that requires informed and intentional use in order to preserve its utility. This paper provides a historical and conceptual reintroduction of the notion of holism as it relates to health, with the hopes of informing the term's use in public health discourse. It also addresses the challenges that a lack of conceptual clarity about holistic health imposes on public health and health promotion discussions. It describes how the use and conceptualizations of holism are shifting in health promotion and argues that failing to accurately define and delineate its scope risks diluting its utility for future health promotion applications. We address these two problems, and build an argument for a rediscovery of the theory of holism in public health and health promotion, globally.

Planetary Health: From the Wellspring of Holistic Medicine to Personal and Public Health Imperative.

The term planetary health - denoting the interconnections between the health of person and place at all scales - emerged from the environmental and holistic health movements of the 1970-80s; in 1980, Friends of the Earth expanded the World Health Organization definition of health, stating: "health is a state of complete physical, mental, social and ecological well-being and not merely the absence of disease - personal health involves planetary health". By the 1990s, the concept of planetary health was part of the fabric of integrative medicine; more recently, after the 2015 Lancet Commission on Planetary Health report, the concept has penetrated mainstream academic and medical discourse. Here, we explore this history and describe its relevance to contemporary healthcare; integrative medicine is uniquely positioned to educate and advocate on behalf of patients and communities (current and future generations), helping to safeguard health of person, place and planet. We use the emerging microbiome science as a way to illustrate the interconnectivity and health implications of ecosystems (including social/political/economic systems) at all scales. As highlighted in the Canmore Declaration, mainstream planetary health discourse will be strengthened by inter-professional healthcare perspectives, and a more sophisticated understanding of the ways in which social dominance orientation and medical authoritarianism compromise the World Health Organization's broad vision of global health. Planetary health isn't a "new discipline"; it is merely an extension of a concept that was understood by our ancestors, and remains the vocation of all healthcare providers. Discourse on the topic requires cultural competency, critical consciousness and a greater appreciation of marginalized voices.

The schism in chiropractic through the eyes of a 1st year chiropractic student.

Since its inception, the chiropractic profession has been divided along ideological fault lines. These divisions have led to a profession wide schism, which has limited mainstream acceptance, utilisation, social authority and integration. The authors explore the historical origins of this schism, taking time to consider historical context, religiosity, perpetuating factors, logical fallacies and siege mentality. Evidence is then provided for a way forward, based on the positioning of chiropractors as mainstream partners in health care.

[The first 25 years of oncopsychology at the National Institute of Oncology: antecedents and events (1988-2013)]. / Az onkopszichológia elso 25 éve az Országos Onkológiai Intézetben: elozmények és események (1988-2013).

The first oncopsychological department was established in National Institute of Oncology by Sándor Eckhardt in 1988. At an early stage the specialists who were interested in mental hygiene made a united effort with Katalin Muszbek's oncopsychologic group. Ágnes Riskó was the first specialist who seceded from this group, and she became a permanent member of the onco-hematology group in 1992. Due to the universalized approach, the psyhcologist would become a permanent member of onco-team. The overhand and increasing multidisciplinary cooperation enable to use this accepted method in the daily medical treatment. When necessary, patients' relatives may come in for treatment and this method can help for medical stuff to avoid burnout. As a result of oncopsychology techniques and cooperation of oncologic teamwork the integration of psychosocial intervention into a complex oncologic treatment has already begun. The attendance of supervised onco-psychological specialists is being increased. Our activity contributes to improve our patients' psychosocial standard of living, their cooperation with the medical staff and the atmosphere of oncologic departments. The integration of the approach and methods of psychosocial rehabilitation into the new oncologic professional guideline has also begun.

Edmund Pellegrino's philosophy and ethics of medicine: an overview.

It might seem ironic that the author in this mini-symposium who knew Edmund Pellegrino the best should be the one whose essay is the least personal,eschewing anecdote and reminiscence and concentrating on the substance of his scholarly contribution. I think, however, that for Ed, an exposition of his ideas would be the most fitting tribute one could offer. Accordingly, I will attempt to outline his main ideas and bring together his disparate writings in a constructive manner. I do this firstly because there really is no other such brief exposition of his main ideas anywhere in the bioethics literature. Moreover, Pellegrino himself made no attempt to provide an explicit synthesis of his various writings on various topics, and so I will attempt to make explicit a number of implicit connections.Lastly, inasmuch as bioethics has developed dramatically as a field over the last 40 years, there may be young scholars who are unfamiliar with Pellegrino's truly seminal work. A brief overview of his body of scholarship might spur them togo to the primary sources. If I succeed in interesting such persons in reading the work of Edmund Pellegrino, or inspire others to look again at that work with fresh eyes, I believe they will be richly rewarded.

Giuseppe Moscati (1880-1927): a holistic approach to medicine.

Giuseppe Moscati was a physician, medical school professor and a pioneer in the field of biochemistry and Italian studies on diabetes. He was declared a Catholic saint in 1987. In order to respond better to both the physical and spiritual needs of his patients, he developed his own holistic approach to healthcare involving meticulous drug regimens, meditation and discipline.

La filosofía de Patricia Benner y la práctica clínica / Review of Patricia Benner’s philosophy in clinical practice

Con el objetivo de explorar la aplicación de la filosofía de Patricia Benner en el ámbito clínico se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura científica inicialmente con vigencia mínima de 5 años, encontrándose durante este proceso escasa literatura, por lo cual surgió la necesidad de ampliar el período e incluir desde 1984 hasta el 2010. Se encontraron 90 artículos, de los cuales se seleccionaron 52. En el desarrollo del presente artículo se establecen las competencias que requiere el profesional de enfermería durante la práctica clínica, partiendo de los planteamientos de Patricia Benner quien modifica los niveles de adquisición de habilidades de los hermanos Dreyfus con el fin de aplicarlos a enfermeria en el área clínica; adicionalmente se relacionan con los patrones del conocimiento descritos por Barbara Carper y el perfil que debe tener la enfermera(o) que cuida pacientes que por su edad o condición clinica se encuentran en las areas de urgencias, unidad de cuidados intensivos y pediatria (AU)

In order to explore how to apply Patricia Benner’s philosophy on the clinical field, a research was done about the scientific literature, initially with a five year range. However, little material was found on that field and for this reason it was decided to increase the range to a period ranging from 1984 to 2010. 90 articles were found and 52 of them were selected. This article establishes the skills that a professional nurse needs during the clinical practice, based on Patricia Benner´s approach that modified the Dreyfus brothers’ skill acquisition levels in order to apply them to nursery in the clinical area; additionally, it is related to the knowledge patterns described by Barbara Carper and the profile that a nurse must have in order to take care of patients who, either due to their age or clinical condition, are located on the ICU or pediatrics (AU)

Johann Christian August Heinroth: psychosomatic medicine eighty years before Freud.

Most often it is assumed that the 'psychosomatic' concept originated from psychoanalysis. However, this term had already been introduced into medical literature about 80 years before Sigmund Freud - namely by Johann Christian August Heinroth, the first professor of psychiatry and psychotherapy in the western world. Widely through quotations from his works, the authors analyze Heinroth's understanding of the interrelations between the body and the soul. For Heinroth both formed a unified, indivisable whole, which interacted in many ways, including pathologically. According to him, a mental illness had its cause in the patient's leading a 'wrong life'. This 'wrong life' deranged the soul from its normal functioning. In a second step, this derangement can have an impact on the body and produce the somatic symptoms that accompany a mental illness. Since both 'components' of the 'indivisible whole' were affected, it was clear for Heinroth that doctors needed to view their patients holistically and treat the whole person. Since in the end the somatic symptoms were caused by an underlying mental derangement, this needed to be treated in the first place - and the psyche could only be reached by direct psychological intervention. Hence what he called his 'direct-psychische Methode' ought to be the remedy of choice for mental illnesses. Through his clear understanding of the interactions of body and soul and by integrating somatic and psychological therapies into a holistic, unified treatment programm, Heinroth is of major importance for the history of psychosomatic medicine.

Performing arts medicine-a bibliographic retrospective of the early literature: an historical examination of bibliographic references pre-1975.

Performing arts medicine (PAM) emerged as a medical specialty around 1985. Prior to this time, relatively few publications addressed the identification and concerns of musicians' and dancers' medical problems. To determine what number and types of publications occurred prior to the actual beginnings of PAM as a discipline, and to determine how these original topics compared with present-day publications, a retrospective review of the current bibliographic database of the Performing Arts Medicine Association (PAMA) was undertaken. Out of a total of 12,600 entries to date, 489 references were found published from 1798 through 1974, which represent only 3.9% of the current database listings. One-sixth of the references were originally written in a language other than English. Journal articles were by far the most numerous type of publication. Topics with the highest number of entries included the neurobiology of music (n=77), dental/orofacial matters (71), and biographical accounts of composers or musicians and their illnesses (59). Other frequently published topics included hearing loss, physiology of playing instruments, and instrumental technique and teaching. Early topics with multiple publications included composers' biographies, dystonias, and surgery to improve finger independence for playing piano. Subjects whose publications occurred principally in the last two decades of this review included dermatological disorders, hearing loss, and ballet physiology, teaching, and technique. Those which remain popular to the present day include hearing loss, performance anxiety, focal dystonia, and dental/orofacial problems.

Debating scientific medicine: homoeopathy and allopathy in late nineteenth-century medical print in Bengal.

The historiography of medicine in South Asia often assumes the presence of preordained, homogenous, coherent and clearly-bound medical systems. They also tend to take the existence of a medical 'mainstream' for granted. This article argues that the idea of an 'orthodox', 'mainstream' named allopathy and one of its 'alternatives' homoeopathy were co-produced in Bengal. It emphasises the role of the supposed 'fringe', ie. homoeopathy, in identifying and organising the 'orthodoxy' of the time. The shared market for medicine and print provided a crucial platform where such binary identities such as 'homoeopaths' and 'allopaths' were constituted and reinforced. This article focuses on a range of polemical writings by physicians in the Bengali print market since the 1860s. Published mostly in late nineteenth-century popular medical journals, these concerned the nature, definition and scope of 'scientific' medicine. The article highlights these published disputes and critical correspondence among physicians as instrumental in simultaneously shaping the categories 'allopathy' and 'homoeopathy' in Bengali print. It unravels how contemporary understandings of race, culture and nationalism informed these medical discussions. It further explores the status of these medical contestations, often self-consciously termed 'debates', as an essential contemporary trope in discussing 'science' in the vernacular.