Profilaxia pós-exposição ao HIV em populações vulneráveis: estudo longitudinal retrospectivo em um ambulatório da rede pública do Rio Grande do Sul, 2015-2018 / Profilaxis post exposición al VIH en poblaciones vulnerables: estudio longitudinal retrospectivo en un ambulatorio de salud pública en Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 2015-2018 / HIV post-exposure prophylaxis in vulnerable populations: a retrospective longitudinal study in a public health outpatient clinic in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2015-2018

Objetivo: Descrever o perfil de usuários que iniciaram a profilaxia pós-exposição ao HIV (PEP) em um serviço público, avaliando o uso dessa tecnologia pelas populações-chave recomendadas pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. Métodos: Estudo longitudinal retrospectivo, com uso de dados secundários de usuários atendidos entre 2015 e 2018. Foram calculadas frequências absolutas e relativas e o teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson foi utilizado para comparar características comportamentais. Resultados: Dos 270 usuários, foram mais frequentes adultos jovens (45,4%), homens (74,7%), raça/cor da pele branca (76,3%), alta escolaridade (65,7%) e múltiplas parcerias sexuais (40,7%). Entre as populações-chave, observou-se maior frequência de usuários de álcool e/ou outras drogas (49,6%) e homens que fazem sexo com homens (38,1%), enquanto pessoas transgênero (2,2%) e profissionais do sexo (4,8%) fizeram menor uso da PEP. Conclusão: O uso de PEP não foi homogêneo entre os grupos vulneráveis avaliados, com baixa frequência de pessoas transgênero e profissionais do sexo.

Objetivos: Describir el perfil de los usuarios que comenzaron la profilaxis post exposición al VIH (PEP) en un servicio público, evaluando el uso de esta tecnología por las poblaciones clave recomendadas por el Ministerio de Salud de Brasil. Métodos: estudio longitudinal retrospectivo, con datos secundarios de usuarios atendidos entre 2015-2018. Se calcularon frecuencias absolutas y relativa y se utilizó chi-cuadrado de Pearson para comparar características de comportamiento. Resultados: De los 270 usuarios estudiados, hubo mayor frecuencia de adultos jóvenes (45,4%), blancos (76,3%), hombres (74,7%), con educación superior (65,7%) y múltiples parejas sexuales (40,7%). Entre las poblaciones clave, hubo mayor frecuencia de usuarios de alcohol y/u otras drogas (49,6%) y hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (38,1%), mientras que personas transgénero (2,2%) y trabajadoras sexuales (4,8%) hizo menos uso de PEP. Conclusión: El uso de PEP no fue homogéneo entre los grupos vulnerables evaluados, con baja frecuencia de personas transgénero y trabajadoras sexuales.

Objective: To describe the profile of people who initiated HIV post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) in a public health service, evaluating the use of this technology by key populations as recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Methods: This was a retrospective longitudinal study using secondary data on service users receiving care between 2015-2018. Absolute and relative frequencies were calculated and Pearson's chi-square test was used to compare behavioral characteristics. Results: Of the 270 people evaluated, there was a higher frequency of young adults (45.4%), males (74.7%), people of white race/skin color (76.3%), with a high level of education (65.7%) and with multiple sex partners (40.7%). Among the key populations, there was a higher frequency of people who use alcohol and/or other drugs (49.6%) and men who have sex with men (38.1%), while transgender people (2.2%) and sex workers (4.8%) used PEP less. Conclusion: The use of PEP was not homogeneous among the vulnerable groups evaluated, with low frequency of transgender people and sex workers.

"All of My Lovers Fit Into This Scale": Sexual Minority Individuals' Responses to Two Novel Measures of Sexual Orientation.

Previous qualitative research on traditional measures of sexual orientation raise concerns regarding how well these scales capture sexual minority individuals' experience of sexuality. The present research focused on the critique of two novel scales developed to better capture the way sexual and gender minority individuals conceptualize sexuality. Participants were 179 sexual minority (i.e., gay, lesbian, bisexual, pansexual, queer, asexual) individuals who identified as cisgender (n = 122) and transgender (n = 57). Participants first completed the new scales, then provided qualitative responses regarding how well each scale captured their sexuality. The Sexual-Romantic Scale enabled the measurement of sexual and romantic attraction to each sex independently (same-sex and other-sex). Participants resonated with the way the Sexual-Romantic scale disaggregated sexual and romantic attraction. Although cisgender monosexual (lesbian/gay) individuals positively responded to the separation of same- and other-sex attraction, individuals with either plurisexual (bisexual, pansexual, or fluid) or transgender identities found the binary conceptualization of sex/gender problematic. The Gender-Inclusive Scale incorporated same- and other-sex attraction as well as dimensions of attraction beyond those based on sex (attraction to masculine, feminine, androgynous, and gender non-conforming individuals). The incorporation of dimensions of sexual attraction outside of sex in the Gender-Inclusive Scale was positively regarded by participants of all identities. Findings indicate that the Sexual-Romantic and Gender-Inclusive scales appear to address some of the concerns raised in previous research regarding the measurement of sexual orientation among sexual minority individuals.

Homosexuality as a Discrete Class.

Previous research on the latent structure of sexual orientation has returned conflicting results, with some studies finding a dimensional structure (i.e., ranging quantitatively along a spectrum) and others a taxonic structure (i.e., categories of individuals with distinct orientations). The current study used a sample (N = 33,525) from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). A series of taxometric analyses were conducted using three indicators of sexual orientation: identity, behavior, and attraction. These analyses, performed separately for women and men, revealed low-base-rate same-sex-oriented taxa for men (base rate = 3.0%) and women (base rate = 2.7%). Generally, taxon membership conferred an increased risk for psychiatric and substance-use disorders. Although taxa were present for men and women, women demonstrated greater sexual fluidity, such that any level of same-sex sexuality conferred taxon membership for men but not for women.

Queer diagnoses revisited: The past and future of homosexuality and gender diagnoses in DSM and ICD.

The American Psychiatric Association (APA) recently completed a several year process of revising the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). During that time, there were objections raised to retaining DSM's gender identity disorder diagnoses and calls to remove them, just as homosexuality had been removed from DSM-II in 1973. At the conclusion of the DSM-5 revision process, the gender diagnoses were retained, albeit in altered form and bearing the new name of 'gender dysphoria'. The author of this paper was a member of the DSM-5 Workgroup on Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders and presently serves on the WHO Working Group on Sexual Disorders and Sexual Health. Both groups faced similar tasks: reconciling patients' needs for access to care with the stigma of being given a psychiatric diagnosis. The differing nature of the two diagnostic manuals led to two different outcomes. As background, this paper updates the history of homosexuality and the gender diagnoses in the DSM and in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) as well as what is expected to happen to the homosexuality and gender diagnoses following the current ICD-11 revision process.

De la necesidad, de la posibilidad, de la autorrealización, de la orientación sexual y de ser padres y madres / No disponible

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The removal of Pluto from the class of planets and homosexuality from the class of psychiatric disorders: a comparison.

We compare astronomers' removal of Pluto from the listing of planets and psychiatrists' removal of homosexuality from the listing of mental disorders. Although the political maneuverings that emerged in both controversies are less than scientifically ideal, we argue that competition for "scientific authority" among competing groups is a normal part of scientific progress. In both cases, a complicated relationship between abstract constructs and evidence made the classification problem thorny.

Is homosexuality a paraphilia? The evidence for and against.

Whether homosexuality should be described as one among many paraphilic sexual interests or an altogether different dimension of sexual interest has long been discussed in terms of its political and social implications. The present article examined the question instead by comparing the major correlates and other features of homosexuality and of the paraphilias, including prevalence, sex ratio, onset and course, fraternal birth order, physical height, handedness, IQ and cognitive neuropsychological profile, and neuroanatomy. Although those literatures remain underdeveloped, the existing findings thus far suggest that homosexuality has a pattern of correlates largely, but not entirely, distinct from that identified among the paraphilias. At least, if homosexuality were deemed a paraphilia, it would be relatively unique among them, taxonometrically speaking.

Diversidade sexual no contexto escolar: percepção e atitudesdos educadores / Sexual diversity in the school context: perception and attitudes ofthe educators / Diversidad sexual en el contexto escolar: percepción y actitudes delos educadores

O presente estudo constitui-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa feita com o objetivo de analisar a percepção e asatitudes dos educadores do Ensino Fundamental quanto à diversidade sexual no cenário escolar. Elegeu-se oGrupo Focal como técnica de investigação, tendo participado vinte e três educadores de duas escolas públicasde Cajazeiras-PB. O material empírico obtido foi submetido à técnica de análise de conteúdo, modalidadetemática. A suposta tranquilidade com que alguns educadores aceitam comportamentos homoafetivos escondeuma diversidade de práticas e sentimentos. A postura do educador volta-se para re(orientar) acriança/adolescente, atribuindo à orientação sexual desse indivíduo a condição de doença e/ou desvio docomportamento. As condutas revestem-se de penalizantes insistências sobre que formas de masculinidade efeminilidade devem ser estabelecidas como rigidamente opostas, reforçando o paradigma heteronormativo econvocam à reflexão sobre as consequências e prejuízos da intolerância social, sinalizando que o enfrentamentoda discriminação fundamenta-se na adoção de políticas públicas que defendam a igualdade de direitos e respeitoà diversidade sexual.

This is a qualitative study with the purpose of analyze perceptions and attitudes of primary school educators,regarding the sexual diversity in the school scenario. The Focus Group was applied to twenty-three educators oftwo public schools of Cajazeiras–PB. The obtained empiric material was submitted to the Technique of ContentAnalysis, thematic modality. The supposed tranquility which some educators accept homo-affective behaviorshides a diversity of practices and feelings. The posture of the educator is directed to re-(orient) thechild/adolescent, attributing the sexual orientation of this individual as disease and /or deviation of behavior. Theprocedures are permeated with punitive insistence regarding which male or female forms should be establishedas rigidly opposite, reinforcing the hetero-normative paradigm. It calls to the reflection about the consequencesand damage of the social intolerance, signing that the facing of the discrimination is founded in the adoption ofpublic policies that defend the equality of rights and respect to the sexual diversity.

El presente estudio se constituye de una investigación cualitativa hecha con el objetivo de analizar la percepcióny las actitudes de los educadores de lo Enseñanza Primaria en cuanto a la diversidad sexual en el escenarioescolar. Se eligió el Grupo Focal como técnica de investigación, con veintitrés educadores de dos escuelaspúblicas de Cajazeiras – PB. El material empírico obtenido fue sometido a la técnica de análisis de contenido,modalidad temática. La aparente tranquilidad con que algunos educadores aceptan comportamientoshomoafectivos, en realidad enmascara una diversidad de prácticas y sentimientos. La postura del educador sevuelve hacia un esfuerzo por re(orientar) al niño/adolescente, atribuyendo a la orientación sexual de eseindividuo la condición de enfermedad y/o desvío de comportamiento. Las conductas se revisten de penosasinsistencias sobre qué formas de masculinidades y femenilidades que deben ser establecidas como rígidamenteopuestas, reforzando el paradigma heteronormativo. Se llama la atención para la necesidad de una mayorreflexión sobre las consecuencias y perjuicios de la intolerancia social, señalando que el enfrentamiento de ladiscriminación está fundamentado en la adopción de políticas públicas que defiendan la igualdad de derechos yel respeto a la diversidad sexual.

Tolerance and illness: the politics of medical and psychiatric classification.

In this paper, I explore the links between liberal political theory and the evaluative nature of medical classification, arguing for stronger recognition of those links in a liberal model of medical practice. All judgments of medical or psychiatric "dysfunction," I argue, are fundamentally evaluative, reflecting our collective willingness or reluctance to tolerate and/or accommodate the conditions in question. Illness, then, is "socially constructed." But the relativist worries that this loaded phrase evokes are unfounded; patients, doctors, and communities will agree in the vast majority of cases about what counts as illness. Where they cannot come to agreement, however, we are faced with precisely the sort of dispute about values and ways of life that the institutions of the liberal state are designed to accommodate. I accordingly sketch a model of medical practice, based loosely on Jürgen Habermas's political theories, designed to maximize both our awareness and our understanding of these disputes.

The prosecution of hate crimes: the limitations of the hate crime typology.

Since the development of bias crime legislation over the past few decades, scholars have debated the merits of the legislation and questioned its enforcement.(1) In light of such concerns, this study presents characteristics of all cases prosecuted as bias crimes in a New Jersey county between 2001 and 2004 and applies the hate crime typology originally developed in 1993. Results show that, in this jurisdiction, the typology is an inadequate tool for classifying cases prosecuted as hate crimes. Approximately one third of the cases are unclassifiable according to the typology. Findings indicate that the typology is useful for understanding cases in which bias is the sole motivation but inadequate for application to the many cases in which bias is a peripheral motivation.

College students' perceptions of sexual orientation and gender given job descriptions and titles for interior decoration, interior design, and architecture.

To examine perceptions of design professionals, this study was designed to examine possible gender-bias based on job title and description and whether there is a relationship between the two perceptions. A respondent's sex was significantly related to perceptions of a design professional's sex. Both respondents' sex and the perceived sex of the design professional had significant effects on the perceived sexual orientation of the design professionals. Furthermore, the results also indicated that if the design professional was perceived to be male, there was a higher tendency that he would be perceived as homosexual, especially by a male respondent.

Sexual modification therapies: ethical controversies, philosophical disputes, and theological reflections.

Knowing, either by the light of natural reason or by the light of Christian revelation, that homosexuality is a disordered condition is not sufficient for its being ethically permissible to direct self-identified homosexual persons toward just any treatment that aims to modify sexual orientation. For example, such an undertaking would be morally impermissible in cases where the available "treatments" are known to be both futile and potentially damaging to persons undertaking them. I, therefore, introduce this edition of Christian Bioethics by reflecting on (a) the position of homosexuality in our current psychiatric nosology, (b) problems with drawing causal inferences from the outcomes of psychotherapy studies, and (c) the advantages and disadvantages of appealing to traditional categories of sexual orientation in this discussion, all with an eye toward more deeply elucidating core ethical concerns involving the intentional psychotherapeutic modification of sexual orientation.

Culture and Guilt: an emotion under suspicion / Cultura y Culpa: la culpa, una emoción bajo sospecha

Nowadays, both among psychologists and in large social groups, there is a wide acceptance of the idea that guilt feelings are something culturally conditioned, with mostly negative effects on the individual, without any other function apart from that of social control. It is seen as something, thus, that we would be better off without and replace it -in any case- with a rational judgment on actions. In this article by reviewing the main studies regarding its effects, its functions, and the influence of culture upon it, we will analyze to what extent this outlook on guilt is justified (AU)

En la actualidad, tanto entre los psicólogos como entre diferentes grupos sociales, se acepta ampliamente que los sentimientos de culpa están condicionados culturalmente, que producen efectos mayormente negativos para las personas, sin ninguna otra función que la de control social. La culpa se percibe como un fenómeno con el que se viviría mejor sin el cual se podría reemplazar con un juicio racional de las acciones. Mediante la revisión de los principales estudios sobre los efectos y las funciones de la culpa, así como sobre la influencia cultural en los anteriores, analizaremos hasta qué punto la concepción antes descrita de la culpa es adecuada (AU)

On the validity of typologies of gay males.

The classical dichotomization of male homosexuals into passive and active or insertee and inserter types is tested against empirical evidence. Data on the sexual preferences of 243 male homosexuals are analyzed to determine the extent to which they fit the insertee-inserter dichotomy. The fit between the dichotomy and the data is found to be very poor. The most popular set of sexual preferences is for all roles combined, both active and passive anal and oral. It is suggested that the concepts of oral and anal may better characterize the sexual preferences of male homosexuals than those of insertee and inserter. A variety of complex interaction effects among sexual preferences are also reported.