T-2 and HT-2 toxins in cereals and cereal-based products in South Korea.

A total of 214 samples, consisting of brown rice, barley, mixed grains, corn, wheat and wheat flour were analysed for T-2 and HT-2 toxins using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Recovery and repeatability were 79.9%-107.5% and 4.9%-14.5% for T-2, and 74.0%-106.1% and 5.0%-17.9% for HT-2, respectively. T-2 toxin was detected in 11 (5.1%) of all samples. The highest incidence was found in corn (21.7%) followed by mixed grains and brown rice. Mean of all samples was 1.5-4.1 µg kg⁻¹, the maximum level being 41.5 µg kg⁻¹ in corn. HT-2 toxin was detected in 126 (58.9%) of all samples, and the mean values were 26.4-59.2 µg kg⁻¹. The estimated daily intakes for the sum of T-2 and HT-2 toxins were 2.56, 3.22, 2.53, 0.03, 0.01 and 2.45 ng (kg bw)⁻¹ day⁻¹ in brown rice, barley, mixed grains, corn, wheat and wheat flour, respectively.

New series for agricultural prices in London, 1770­1914.

New annual series for the prices of major agricultural commodities sold in London markets between 1770 and 1914 are presented. These series are based on bimonthly observations drawn from newspaper market reports. The products covered are wheat, barley (grinding and malting), oats, potatoes, hay, butter, beef, mutton, and pork. Annual prices are calculated for both calendar and production years. The new series are compared to existing series.

Eficiencia alimenticia y mérito económico de dos forrajes hidropónicos: cebada (Hordeum vulgare L.) y maíz (Zea mays L.); suministrado a cuyes (Cavia porcellus L. ) en fase de crecimiento y engorde / Feed efficiency and economic merit of two hydroponic forage: barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and maize (Zea mays L.); supplied guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus L. ) phase of growth and fattening

El presente estudio se llevó a cabo en la ciudad de Chachapoyas entre los meses de octubre a diciembre del 2008, con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto bioeconómico del forraje verde hidropónico de maíz (Zea mays L.) y cebada (Hordeum vulgare L.) en alimentación de cuyes (Cavia porcellus L.) machos en crecimiento y engorde; para lo cual se utilizaron 30 cuyes destetados, con peso inicial promedio de 270 g. Los datos fueron analizados empleando un DBCA, con tres tratamientos y 10 repeticiones. Los tratamientos fueron: T1: Alfalfa + balanceado, T2: Forraje verde hidropónico de cebada + balanceado, T3: Forraje verde hidropónico de maíz + balanceado, evaluándose el consumo diario de forraje y concentrado, ganancia de peso diario, incremento total de peso, conversión alimenticia y mérito económico. El consumo de materia seca fue de 3,64; 3,98; y 3,87 kg por animal y período, correspondiendo a consumos diarios de forraje fresco y balanceado de 204,07 – 20,18; 205,27 – 23,05 y 206,46 – 21,63 g / animal / día en: T1, T2, T3 respectivamente. Se obtuvo un incremento de peso corporal durante el período experimental de 0,544; 0,515 y 0,458 kg, logrando al final del experimento un peso vivo de 0,814; 0,786 y 0.729 kg en: T1, T2 y T3. Se halló diferencias significativas, empleando la prueba t para medias en las variables: incremento de peso vivo final. La conversión alimenticia y el método económico alcanzaron valores de: 6,69 – 2,08; 7,82 – 3,34; 8,45 – 4,29 en T1, T2 y T3 respectivamente, siendo el costo por cuy logrado $1.67 (T1), $1.28 (T2), $0.99 (T3). Se concluye que el empleo de forraje verde hidropónico de maíz es una buena alternativa para la crianza doméstica, recomendándose suplementar a los animales con un alimento balanceado.

The present study was carried out in Chachapoyas’s city between October to December, 2008, with the objective to evaluate the effect bioeconomic of the green forage hydroponic of corn (Zea mays) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) in nourishment of guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) males in growth and put on weight, 30 were in use guinea pigs weaned, with initial average weight of 270 g. The experimental information was analyzed using a design in blocks completely at random; there were used three treatments of 10 animals each one. The treatments were: T1: Alfalfa + balanced, T2: green Forage hydroponic of barley + balanced, T3: green forage hydroponic of corn + balanced. There was evaluated the daily consumption of forage and concentrate, profit of daily weight, total increase of weight, feeding conversion and economic merit. The consumption and dry matter was of 3,64; 3,98; y 3,87 kg for animal and period, corresponding (fitting) to daily consumptions of fresh and balanced forage of 204,07 – 20,18; 205,27 – 23,05 y 206,46 – 21,63 g / animal / day in T1, T2, T3 respectively. There was obtained an increase of corporal weight during the experimental period of 0,544; 0,515 and 0,458 kilos, achieving at the end of the experimental and alive weight of 0,814; 0,786 and 0.729 kilos in: T1, T2 and T3. One found significant differences, using the test of Duncan’s multiple ranges for the variable: increase of weight and alive final weight. The nourishing conversion and the economic merit reached values of: 6,69 – 2,08; 7,82 – 3,34; 8,45 – 4,29 in T1, T2 and T3 respectively, being the cost for guinea pigs successful $1.67 (T1), $1.28 (T2), $0.99 (T3). One concludes that the employment of green forage hydroponic of corn is a good alternative for the domestic upbringing, being recommended supplementary to the animals by a balanced food.

Barley cultivar MN 698, high malting quality for the state of Rio Grande do Sul

A cultivar MN 698, desenvolvida pela AmBev é resultado do cruzamento entre as cultivares MN 599 e MN 635. MN 698 apresenta potencial de rendimento superior a 4t ha-1, possui ciclo precoce e moderada resistência ao acamamento. A espiga é uniforme e produz em torno de 20 grãos bem distribuídos. MN 698 demonstra capacidade de afilhamento mediana (dois a três por planta) e caracteriza-se pela presenca de antocianina na base do colmo, aristas e glumas. É a cultivar nacional de melhor qualidade e representa importante avanco para este cereal no Brasil, combinando interesses de produtores e da indústria do setor.

Resultados agronômicos e qualitativos da nova cultivar de cevada MN 743 / Agronomic and qualitative results of the new barley cultivar MN 743

A cevada MN 743, criada pela Cia Brasileira de Bebidas (AmBev) foi lancada para cultivo no ano de 2004. Originou-se de um cruzamento simples entre as linhagens MN 681 e GIMPEL, realizado em 1992, no campo experimental da antiga Cia Brahma, no município de Encruzilhada do Sul. A cultivar MN 743 é do tipo duas fileiras, possui ciclo precoce e ampla adaptacão às condicões do sul do Brasil. Das cultivares disponíveis a nível de producão é a que apresenta a maior classificacão comercial (grãos de primeira qualidade). Nos anos em que fez parte do ensaio de Valor de Cultivo e Uso (VCU), sempre apresentou médias competitivas em termos de rendimento corrigido em relacão à testemunha de maior área no Brasil, MN 698. Com relacão às características qualitativas, apresenta excelente performance no que diz respeito ao teor de extrato e poder diastásico. A cultivar é recomendada para os estados do Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina e Paraná. Devido a seu ótimo desempenho no aspecto qualidade, visando a indústria cervejeira, a cultivar representa um importante avanco para o melhoramento deste cereal no Brasil, aliando os interesses do produtor e da indústria.