A Clinical Trial on the Welfare Effects of Administering Meloxicam to 10 to 21 Day Dairy Calves Following Caustic Paste Disbudding.

Caustic paste disbudding (CPD) is widely utilized for calves, which has been known to result in adverse effects on the calves and ethical concerns related to animal welfare, despite the use of local anesthetics. The administration of meloxicam has been demonstrated to provide benefits in alleviating pain and inflammation in juvenile calves under 9 d old and subjected to CPD. Nonetheless, there is a scarcity of literature documenting the beneficial impact of meloxicam in alleviating pain in calves aged over 9 d that have undergone CPD. Therefore, the objective of this clinical trial was to evaluate the efficacy of administering meloxicam and lidocaine for cornual nerve block together in mitigating the deleterious effects of CPD, as opposed to using lidocaine alone in calves older than 9 d. Thirty Holstein calves, aged between 10 and 21 d, were enrolled and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: lidocaine alone (Placebo), lidocaine and normal saline treatment before CPD, and lidocaine plus meloxicam, lidocaine and 0.5 mg/kg of meloxicam treatment prior to CPD. The researchers were blind to the treatment of calves to control the subjective error. The occurrences of actions associated with pain, which included head shaking, head rubbing, ear flicking, tail flicking, kicking, and head passing through the fence, were recorded. Physiological performance, including the respiration rate, heart rate, rectal temperature, mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT), food intake, and daily activity level, was monitored. Hematological conditions were ascertained through the use of routine blood tests and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The generalized linear mixed model was employed to analyze the data. The research findings revealed that applying the CPD procedure significantly elevated the frequencies of tail flicking, head shaking, and kicking, resulted in increases in respiratory rate, heart rate, daily active steps, and food intake and a decrease in MNT, and led to alterations in hematological markers, including platelet counts, mean platelet volume, prostaglandin E2, constitutive nitric oxide synthase, and hydroxyl radical. Considerable benefits, such as lower heart rates, higher food intake, and MNTs, as well as lower levels of white blood cell counts, lymphocyte counts, hemoglobin, mean platelet volume, prostaglandin E2, tumor necrosis factor-α, constitutive nitric oxide synthase, malondialdehyde, and hydroxyl radical, were observed in the calves that received meloxicam treatment in response to CPD. The findings of the study indicate that the co-administration of lidocaine and meloxicam provides obvious benefits in mitigating pain, inflammation, and oxidative stress in calves aged over 9 d and undergoing CPD. This endorses the use of meloxicam during the disbudding and dehorning procedures of calves.

Caustic paste disbudding (CPD) is a widely used practice in the cattle industry, yet there is a shortage of literature on the effects of meloxicam on calves aged 10 to 21 d who have undergone this procedure. In this clinical trial, we conducted a comparative analysis of the pain-related behavioral, physiological, and hematological performance of calves that were administered with either lidocaine plus normal saline (n = 15) or lidocaine plus meloxicam (n = 15) before undergoing disbudding operations. The findings demonstrated that the CPD operation had a significant impact on the pain-related behavior, physiological functions, and serum anti-inflammatory and antioxidative markers of the calves. On the other hand, the administration of meloxicam had notable advantages for the calves by enhancing the physiological and hematological parameters.

Behavioral changes in the first 3 weeks after disbudding in dairy calves.

Hot-iron disbudding, the practice of cauterizing horn bud tissue to prevent horn growth in dairy calves, results in behavioral changes indicative of pain in the first few days after the procedure. However, few studies have quantified behavioral changes in the following weeks, while the burn wounds are still healing. Female Holstein calves were disbudded with a heated iron and pain relief (5.5 mL lidocaine cornual nerve block and 1 mg/kg oral meloxicam) at 4 to 10 d of age (n = 19) or not disbudded (n = 19). Calves wore ear tag accelerometers that reported the dominant behavior being performed at 1-min intervals from 3 to 21 d after disbudding. Compared with age-matched controls, disbudded calves tended to spend more time inactive throughout the observation period, ruminated less in the first 3 to 11 d after disbudding, and sucked more from a milk bottle beginning 5 d after disbudding until the end of the 21-d observation period. In addition to the accelerometer data, live observations of sleeping (using a behavioral proxy), lying, and ruminating were collected using instantaneous sampling at 5-min intervals for 24-h periods 3, 10, and 17 d after disbudding. Disbudded calves slept with their head down more on all live observation days and spent more time lying on the 17th d after disbudding, but ruminating did not differ compared with controls, in contrast to the accelerometer results. More time spent inactive, sleeping, and lying, and less time spent ruminating (as indicated by the accelerometer) can be interpreted as attempts to reduce painful stimulation of the disbudding wounds and allocate energy to healing. It is unclear whether the greater amount of sucking in the disbudded calves is nutritive (milk present) or non-nutritive (milk absent), as the algorithm did not distinguish the type of sucking, and further research is needed to explore the factors underlying this effect. We conclude that disbudding alters daily behavior patterns for at least 3 wk, far beyond the duration of recommended pain medication, raising additional welfare concerns about the procedure.

Wound healing and pain sensitivity following caustic paste disbudding in dairy calves.

Caustic paste disbudding is increasing in popularity on commercial dairy farms in the United States, but little research has explored the pain and welfare implications beyond the acute period of this procedure. In contrast, researchers have reported it takes 7 to 9 wk, on average, for hot-iron disbudding wounds to re-epithelialize in dairy calves. Our objective was to describe wound healing and sensitivity following caustic paste disbudding. Jersey and Holstein female calves were disbudded using caustic paste (H. W. Naylor Company Inc.) at 3 d of age (n = 18), and control calves received a sham procedure (n = 15). Before disbudding, calves received a local block and a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Calves ≥34 kg and <34 kg at birth had 0.3 or 0.25 mL of paste applied per unshaved horn bud, respectively. Following disbudding, wounds were scored 2×/wk for the presence or absence of 8 tissue categories, including the final stages: new epithelium and fully healed. Control calves were removed from the experiment after 6 wk to be hot-iron disbudded. Mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT) measures were collected weekly to evaluate wound sensitivity until calves were removed from the study or healed. Wounds were slow to re-epithelialize (16.2 ± 5.7 wk, mean ± SD; range: 6.2-32.5 wk) and contract to be considered fully healed (18.8 ± 6 wk, mean ± SD; range: 8.7-34.1 wk). Compared with non-disbudded controls, paste calves exhibited lower MNT values for all 6 wk (mean ± SE; control: 1.46 ± 0.16; paste: 1.18 ± 0.12 N). These data indicate that wounds from caustic paste disbudding are more sensitive than undamaged tissue for at least 6 wk and take twice as long to heal compared with cautery methods described in the literature. In conclusion, caustic paste disbudding wounds took 18.8 wk to fully heal and were more sensitive than intact horn buds for 6 wk. Future work should examine whether aspects of paste application (e.g., amount used, time rubbed in, calf age, pain mitigation) could improve healing time and sensitivity.

Effects of multimodal pain management strategies on acute physiological and behavioral response to cautery disbudding in neonatal goat kids.

Dairy goat kids are commonly disbudded in the United States without pain relief. Our objective was to identify an efficient pain management strategy by monitoring changes in plasma biomarkers and behavior of disbudded goat kids. A total of 42 kids (5-18 d old at the time of disbudding) were randomly allocated to 1 of 7 treatments (n = 6/treatment): sham treatment; 0.05 mg/kg i.m. xylazine (X); 4 mg/kg subcutaneous buffered lidocaine (L); 1 mg/kg oral meloxicam (M); xylazine and lidocaine (XL); xylazine and meloxicam (XM); and xylazine, meloxicam, and lidocaine together (XML). Treatments were administered 20 min before disbudding. One trained individual, blinded to treatment, disbudded all kids; sham-treated kids were handled similarly except the iron was cold. Jugular blood samples (3 mL) were obtained before (-20, -10, and -1 min) and after (1, 15, and 30 min, and 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 h) disbudding and analyzed for cortisol and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT) testing was performed at 4, 12, 24, and 48 h after disbudding, and kids were weighed daily until 2 d post-disbudding. Vocalizations, tail flicks, and struggle behavior during disbudding were recorded. Cameras were mounted over home pens; continuous and scan observations over 12 periods of 10 min each, in the 48 h after disbudding, captured frequency of locomotion and pain-specific behaviors. Repeated measures and linear mixed models assessed treatment effects on outcome measures during and after disbudding. Models accounted for sex, breed, and age as random effects, and Bonferroni adjustments accounted for multiple comparisons. At 15 min after disbudding, XML kids had lower plasma cortisol concentrations compared with L (50.0 ± 13.2 vs. 132.8 ± 13.6 mmol/L) and M kids (50.0 ± 13.2 vs. 145.4 ± 15.7 mmol/L). Cortisol was also lower in XML kids over the first hour after disbudding compared with L kids (43.4 ± 9 vs. 80.2 ± 9 mmol/L). Change from baseline PGE2 was not affected by treatment. Behaviors observed during disbudding did not differ by treatment group. Treatment affected MNT such that M kids were more sensitive overall compared with sham kids (0.93 ± 0.11 kgf vs. 1.35 ± 0.12 kgf). None of the recorded post-disbudding behaviors were affected by treatment, but study activities did influence behavior over time, with kid activity levels declining in the first day after disbudding but largely recovering thereafter. We conclude that none of the drug combinations investigated here appeared to fully attenuate pain indicators during or after disbudding, but triple modality seems to have offered partial relief compared with some of the single-modality treatments.

Inclusão da ligadura da artéria e veia córnea com abraçadeira de naylon para descorna em bovinos / Inclusion of ligadura artery and vein cornea naylon with the clamp to dehorning in cattle / Inclusión de ligadura arteria y la vena cornea naylon con la pinza para descorne de los bovinos

A descorna cirúrgica a campo ainda e uma prática comum em animais de produção, apesar deste procedimento na maioria ainda se realizado por leigos, ou realizada em animais com menos de um ano de idade com ferro candente (avermelhado), esta conduta geralmente é efetuada na propriedade, sendo executada pelo próprio proprietário ou funcionário. O presente experimento usando anestesia geral e bloqueio local do nervo córneo e circularmente na base do corno com abraçadeira de naylon para sutura de pele, associada a ligadura da artéria e veia cornual mostrou ser eficiente reduzindo o tempo cirúrgico a campo e promovendo uma prevenção antecipada de hemorragia que é frequente para este procedimento.(AU)

The surgical dehorning the field and still a common practice in farm animals, although this procedure in most still held by lay people, or performed on animals less than one year old with red-hot iron (red), this conduct is usually done on the property, being executed by the owner himself or employee. This experiment using general anesthesia and local lock of corneal nerve and round the horn base with clamp naylon for skin suture, associated with ligature of the artery and vein cornual is efficient by reducing surgical time field and promoting an early prevention of bleeding is frequent for this procedure.(AU)

El quirúrgica descorne el campo quieto y una práctica común en los animales de granja, aunque este procedimiento en la mayoría todavía en manos de los laicos, o lleva a cabo en animales de menos de un año de edad con hierro al rojo vivo (rojo), este comportamiento se realiza generalmente en la propiedad, los trabajos realizados por el propietario o el propio empleado. Este experimento usando anestesia bloques general y local de los nervios de la córnea y alrededor de la base del cuerno con naylon pinza de sutura de la piel, asociados con la ligadura de la vena y la arteria cornual fue eficiente que reduce el tiempo quirúrgico el campo y la promoción de una prevención temprana sangrado que es común para este procedimiento.(AU)

Graduate Student Literature Review: Role of pain mitigation on the welfare of dairy calves undergoing disbudding.

This review synthesizes research findings on the pain and welfare of dairy calves undergoing disbudding procedures. We describe disbudding practices in North America as well as the use and perceptions of pain control for these procedures. Governing bodies across Canada and the United States, including each country's veterinary medical association and nationwide initiatives such as proAction and Farmers Assuring Responsible Management (FARM), recommend or require the use of a local anesthetic, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), and a sedative for disbudding procedures. Although the use of pain relief for disbudding has increased over the past decade or so, some in the dairy industry still do not believe that pain control for disbudding is necessary. As a painful procedure, disbudding has numerous welfare impacts on the calf both during and following the procedure that can be categorized under all 3 principles of animal welfare: natural living, biological functioning, and affective state. The use of pain control for disbudding; namely, a local anesthetic and NSAID, can improve welfare outcomes such as procedure-induced pain behavior, cortisol concentrations, mechanical nociceptive threshold, emotional states, and so on, compared with no pain control for the procedure. Although extensive research exists on pain control practices for disbudding, this review identified further gaps in knowledge and areas for future research. Mechanical nociceptive threshold can be evaluated around the disbudding wounds and is a reliable test in older calves; however, this outcome in very young calves after caustic paste disbudding has been reported to be inconclusive compared with that in older calves. As well, research evaluating xylazine sedation for disbudding has reported both potentially positive and negative results that are difficult to interpret or base suggestions on for the use of this drug. Finally, wounds caused by disbudding take a long time to heal (up to 13 wk) and have increased sensitivity for the entire healing process. Therefore, future research should aim to (1) determine accurate behavioral tests for calves under 1 wk of age undergoing disbudding to better understand their experience, (2) further attempt to understand the effects of xylazine sedation for disbudding and potential impacts of providing this medication, and (3) determine more ways to reduce the healing time and pain experienced by the calf after disbudding procedures.

Effect of plane of nutrition and analgesic drug treatment on wound healing and pain following cautery disbudding in preweaning dairy calves.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a biologically normal plane of nutrition compared with a limited plane on the primary outcome wound healing, and one dose of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) compared with 2 on the secondary outcomes: lying behavior, haptoglobin concentrations, and mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT) in calves disbudded via cautery iron. Eighty female Holstein calves were enrolled at birth, individually housed, and fed via a Calf Rail system (Förster Technik). A 2 × 2 factorial design was used to assess the effect of plane of nutrition and an additional NSAID. Calves were randomly assigned to a biologically normal plane of nutrition (BN; offered up to 15 L/d) or a limited plane (LP; offered up to 6 L/d) and to receive one or 2 doses of meloxicam. All calves received a lidocaine cornual nerve block and a subcutaneous injection of meloxicam 15 min before cautery disbudding at 18 to 25 d of age, and half the calves received an additional injection of meloxicam (0.5 mg/kg) 3 d after disbudding. Tissue type present, wound diameter, and wound depth were evaluated 2 times per week for 7 to 8 wk as measures of wound healing, lying behavior was recorded beginning 1 to 2 wk before disbudding until 7 to 8 wk after as a behavioral indicator of pain, haptoglobin concentrations were measured once per day for 7 d after disbudding, and MNT was evaluated 2 times/wk for 3 wk. Survival analyses were analyzed using Cox regression models (wound healing) and continuous data were analyzed using mixed-effect linear regression models. Only 12% of horn buds were completely healed by 7 to 8 wk after disbudding and 54% had re-epithelized at this time. At any time, wounds from BN calves were more likely to have had re-epithelization occur compared with wounds from LP calves (hazard ratio: 1.93, 95% CI: 1.18-3.14). Wounds from calves that received only one dose of NSAID were more likely to have re-epithelization occur, compared with wounds from calves given 2 doses (hazard ratio: 1.87, 95% CI: 1.15-3.05). Wounds from BN calves had smaller diameters and depths over time beginning on wk 3 compared with LP calves. Wounds from calves that received an additional NSAID had larger diameters and depths over time beginning on wk 4 and 3 respectively, compared with calves that only received one dose of NSAID. Calves that received an extra NSAID tended to be less sensitive 7, 10, and 17 d after disbudding compared with calves that only received one dose and spent less time lying in the week after disbudding. Calves on the BN milk program were more active compared with LP calves with lower lying times, fewer lying bouts per day, and longer average lying bouts. Our results indicate that a BN milk feeding program for calves can result in faster healing times and more activity, and that providing an extra NSAID 3 d after disbudding appears to slow the healing process but may result in less pain experienced by the calf 1 to 2 wk after the procedure. This study is also among the first to demonstrate that after the complete removal of the horn bud, wounds can take more than 8 weeks to re-epithelize and fully heal.

The effect of transdermal flunixin meglumine on blood cortisol levels in dairy calves after cautery disbudding with local anesthesia.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug transdermal flunixin meglumine (Finadyne Transdermal) on plasma cortisol, average daily weight gain, and standing and lying behavior of calves, when given at the time of disbudding combined with local anesthesia. A sedative was not used to minimize pharmacological interactions. Seventy-one female Holstein Friesian calves aged 13 ± 2 d, with an average weight of 48.9 ± 4.26 kg were enrolled in the study. All calves were randomly assigned to one of 3 treatment groups: (1) control group (CON, n = 27), (2) 1-flunixin group (1-FLU, n = 26) with a single administration of transdermal flunixin meglumine at disbudding, and (3) 2-flunixin group (2-FLU, n = 24) with 2 administrations of transdermal flunixin meglumine, the first treatment at disbudding and the second 6 h after disbudding. Although the CON group received a placebo, 1-FLU and 2-FLU received flunixin meglumine transdermally. To account for plasma cortisol changes due to manipulation and handling of the calves, a sham disbudding procedure was performed one week before disbudding took place. Sham disbudding was conducted by using a cold cautery dehorner applied to each horn bud for 10 s. Disbudding was performed in a similar way by using a hot cautery dehorner. Plasma samples were collected to measure the stress biomarker cortisol at 7 different time points. Body weights were measured 4 times in 2 wk. Standing and lying behavior was assessed via 3-dimensional accelerometer. During sham disbudding and disbudding mean plasma cortisol concentrations were 6.09 ± 2.5 ng/mL and 5.16 ± 2.8 ng/mL, respectively. Treatment tended to have an effect on plasma cortisol concentrations during sham disbudding and had an effect on plasma cortisol concentrations during disbudding. Plasma cortisol concentrations were affected by treatment 2 h after disbudding in comparison to CON group. Furthermore, there was a significant effect on plasma cortisol concentrations 6 h after disbudding in contrast to CON. A return to baseline plasma cortisol levels (initial concentrations) was not achieved in CON during disbudding. There was no statistical difference between average daily weight gain and the treatment procedure. Total lying time was not affected by treatment after disbudding. In conclusion, transdermal flunixin meglumine given at the time of disbudding combined with local anesthesia decreased concentrations of the stress biomarker cortisol, but a second dose 6 h after disbudding had no further effect on plasma cortisol levels.

Investigation of cattle plasma proteome in response to pain and inflammation using next generation proteomics technique, SWATH-MS.

Pain assessment in farm animals has primarily relied on a combination of behavioral and physiological responses, although these are relatively subjective and difficult to quantify. It is essential to develop more effective biomarkers of pain in production animals since they are frequently exposed to routine surgical husbandry procedures. More effective biomarkers of pain would improve welfare, limit the loss of productivity associated with pain and permit better assessment of analgesics. This study aimed to investigate the use of a modern mass spectrometry data independent acquisition strategy, termed Sequential Window Acquisition of All Theoretical Mass Spectra (SWATH-MS), to detect candidate protein biomarkers that are known to associate with nociceptive and inflammatory processes in cattle, which could then be used to assess the efficacy of potential analgesics. Calves were randomly divided into two groups that were either surgically dehorned or subjected to restraint stress, without provision of anaesthesia or analgesia in accordance with current industry standards. Samples were analysed before and after dehorning at multiple timepoints. Significant changes in protein concentrations were detected predominantly at 24 and 96 h following dehorning, including kininogens, proteins associated with the coagulation and complement cascades and serine protease inhibitors. Gene ontology analysis revealed that the identified candidate biomarkers were associated with stress, wound healing, immune response, blood coagulation and the inflammatory and acute phase responses, which could be expected following surgical damage to tissues, but can now be more objectively assessed. These results offer more definitive and quantitative monitoring of response to tissue injury induced pain and inflammation.

Effect of bupivacaine liposome suspension administered as a cornual nerve block on indicators of pain and distress during and after cautery dehorning in dairy calves.

Dehorning is performed on a high percentage of dairies worldwide. Concern about the negative effect of dehorning on animal welfare has contributed to the development of new guidelines that require the use of pain management at the time of disbudding in the United States. However, livestock producers are limited in how to address this requirement due to a lack of (1) approved analgesic drugs, (2) analgesic options that control pain for an extended duration, and (3) analgesic formulations that are practical for producers to administer. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of bupivacaine liposome suspension, a novel, long-acting, local anesthetic formulation administered as a nerve block at dehorning, compared with current industry standard analgesic approaches using lidocaine nerve blocks alone or in combination with the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug meloxicam. Fifty male Holstein calves, 10 to 14 wk of age, were enrolled and randomly assigned to 1 of 5 treatment groups before cautery dehorning as follows: (1) bupivacaine liposome suspension block, oral placebo (BUP); (2) lidocaine block, oral placebo (LID); (3) lidocaine block, oral meloxicam (1 mg/kg of body weight; LID + MEL); (4) saline block, oral placebo (CON); and (5) saline block, oral placebo, sham dehorn (SHAM). Biomarkers were collected from 0 to 120 h postdehorning and included infrared thermography, mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT), pressure mat gait analysis, chute defense and behavior scoring, and blood sampling for serum cortisol and prostaglandin E2 metabolites. Responses were analyzed using repeated measures with calf nested in treatment designated as a random effect, and treatment, time, and their interaction designated as fixed effects. At 2 h postdehorning, the BUP group had a higher MNT compared with the CON group. Furthermore, at 24 h postdehorning, the BUP group had a higher MNT compared with the LID group. Gait distance differed significantly between treatment groups; the CON, LID, and LID + MEL groups had an increased gait distance relative to the SHAM group. The CON group exhibited a higher chute defense behavior score during the dehorning procedure compared with all other treatments. Furthermore, the CON group exhibited more ear flicks than the BUP and LID + MEL groups postdehorning. At 4 h and 24 h after dehorning, the LID + MEL group had a lower average prostaglandin E2 metabolites concentration compared with all other treatment groups. These data showed that administration of bupivacaine liposome suspension as a cornual nerve block at the time of dehorning was as effective at controlling pain as a multimodal approach of lidocaine and meloxicam.

The analgesic effect of preventive administration of meloxicam in calves submitted to hot-iron dehorning / Efeito analgésico da administração preventiva de meloxicam em bezerros submetidos à descorna com ferro quente

Dehorning is a zootechnical practice that causes severe pain in cattle. Although there are several studies evaluating the effects of analgesics in calf dehorning, none of them used validated pain assessment instruments. We evaluated the analgesic effectiveness of meloxicam administered before dehorning, compared to a control group, using the Unesp-Botucatu, numerical, simple descriptive, and visual analogue scales for pain assessment before and 4, 8, and 24 hours after the dehorning in 44 female calves. All calves received 0.04 mg/kg of xylazine IM 20 minutes before dehorning and local anesthetic block with 2% lidocaine with a vasoconstrictor. Calves were divided into two groups: without (GX; n = 22) or with 0.5 mg/kg of meloxicam (GXM; n = 22) administered intravenously before the procedure. Dehorning was performed through the section of the base of the horn bud, followed by thermocautery disbudding. For comparisons over time, mixed linear or generalized mixed linear model were used. The interaction between groups and study phases was used as fixed effects and each calf as a random effect. Bonferroni post hoc test was used. There was an increase in the pain scores at 4h compared to baseline in both groups (GX and GXM) for the four scales. The scores at 4h were higher in GX compared to GXM for all scales. Meloxicam reduced, but did not eliminate, behavioral expressions of pain in calves submitted to hot-iron dehorning. Therefore, it should be included in the analgesic protocol to improve welfare in calves undergoing dehorning.

A descorna é uma prática zootécnica que causa dor intensa em bovinos. Há na literatura diversos estudos sobre os efeitos de analgésicos para mitigar a dor frente a descorna, mas nenhum usando escalas validadas. Avaliamos a eficácia do meloxicam administrado previamente à descorna, comparado a um grupo controle, utilizando-se as escalas Unesp-Botucatu, numérica, simples descritiva e analógica visual para avaliação da dor antes e 4, 8 e 24 horas após a descorna em 44 bezerros fêmeas tratadas com 0,04 mg/kg de xilazina IM 20 minutos antes da descorna e bloqueio anestésico local com lidocaína a 2% com vasoconstritor. Os bezerros foram alocados em dois grupos: sem (GX; n=22) ou com 0.5 mg/kg de meloxicam (GXM; n=22) administrado por via intravenosa antes do procedimento. Realizou-se a descorna por secção da base do botão cornual seguido de termocauterização. Para as comparações ao longo do tempo, empregou-se o modelo linear ou linear misto. Considerou-se a interação entre grupos e momentos como efeito fixo e cada bezerro como efeito aleatório. As alterações foram inferidas de acordo com o pós-teste de Bonferroni. Para as quatro escalas houve aumento dos escores às 4h comparado ao basal em ambos os grupos (GX e GXM). Os escores de todas as escalas às 4h foram maiores em GX que em GXM. O meloxicam reduziu, mas não aboliu, a expressão comportamental da dor em bezerros submetidos à descorna com ferro quente, o que sugere o uso de terapia antálgica multimodal para realizar tal procedimento e garantir o bem-estar animal.

[Effect of a multimodal pain management protocol and age on wound healing after thermal disbudding of female German Holstein calves]. / Einfluss eines multimodalen Schmerz­managements sowie des Alters zum Zeitpunkt des Eingriffes auf die Wundheilung nach thermischer Zerstörung der Hornanlage bei weiblichen Deutsch-Holstein-Kälbern.

INTRODUCTION: Hot-iron disbudding of calves is a stressful and painful procedure and leaves a burn wound. Pain management procedures and the effects of hot-iron disbudding on biochemical markers of pain perception and stress response have been widely investigated in recent years. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential effects of pain management and age of the calf on the healing of burn wounds caused by disbudding. 327 healthy female German Holstein calves were included in this randomised, triple-blinded, prospective study. Calves were either disbudded at the age of four to 10 or 15 to 28 days using a gas-powered hot iron. Each calf was randomly allocated to one of nine possible treatment groups (BG). All calves received either the active ingredients to be tested (xylazine hydrochloride with 0.2 or 0.05 mg / kg body mass (BM) intramuscular for sedation, procaine hydrochloride (2 %) each 8 ml locally on both sides subcutaneously (SC) to the cornual nerves, meloxicam with 0,5 mg / kg BM SC for anti-inflammatory purposes) or an identical amount of saline solution (placebo). Calves in the group `thermE` and `ScheinE` received only placebo. In group `ScheinE` disbudding was simulated and in `thermE` it was carried out. The calves were clinically monitored starting one day before and ending 28 days after the procedure and the burn wounds were assessed. Both the rectal temperature and parameters of wound healing changed significantly during the study period and had characteristic profiles over time. Wound healing was not influenced by the different analgesic protocols, indicating that a multimodal analgesia does not pose a risk for wound healing after thermal disbudding. There were no observed differences between the age groups. The results of this study show, that disbudding of young calves and a multimodal pain management protocol does not affect wound healing in calves.

INTRODUCTION: L'ébourgeonnage thermique des veaux est une procédure stressante et douloureuse qui laisse une brûlure. Les procédures de gestion de la douleur et les effets de l'ébourgeonnage thermique sur les marqueurs biochimiques de la perception de la douleur et de la réponse au stress ont été largement étudiés ces dernières années. Le but de cette étude était d'étudier les effets potentiels de la gestion de la douleur et de l'âge du veau sur la cicatrisation des brûlures causées par l'ébourgeonnage. 327 veaux Holstein allemands femelles en bonne santé ont été inclus dans cette étude prospective randomisée en triple aveugle. Les veaux ont été soit ébourgeonnés à l'âge de 4 à 10 jours ou de 15 à 28 jours à l'aide d'un thermocautère à gaz. Chaque veau a été réparti au hasard dans l'un des neuf groupes de traitement possibles (BG). Tous les veaux ont reçu soit les principes actifs à tester (chlorhydrate de xylazine à 0,2 ou 0,05 mg/kg de masse corporelle (BM) par voie intramusculaire pour sédation, chlorhydrate de procaïne (2 %) 8 ml localement des deux côtés par voie sous-cutanée (SC) jusqu'aux nerfs cornuaux , méloxicam à 0,5 mg/kg de masse corporelle SC à visée anti-inflammatoire) ou une quantité identique de solution saline (placebo). Les veaux du groupe « thermE ¼ et « ScheinE ¼ ont reçu uniquement un placebo. Dans le groupe

Dairy calves show behavioural responses to hot iron disbudding after local anaesthesia with procaine.

BACKGROUND: The efficacy of procaine as anaesthetic for disbudding of calves is largely unknown. Likewise, information about effect of interval from local anaesthesia to disbudding and the size of the hot iron used is missing. METHODS: A total of 167 dairy calves were disbudded after cornual nerve block with procaine. Time from administration of anaesthetic to disbudding varied, and calves were disbudded using two different sizes of hot iron. The calves' behavioural responses to disbudding were recorded based on (1) getting up, (2) kicking, and (3) lifting head. Using logistic regression, the associations between calves showing at least one of these three behaviours and interval from administration of anaesthetic to disbudding and size of the hot iron were evaluated. RESULTS: Overall, 42% of calves showed at least one of the three behaviours, even though they had received a cornual nerve block prior to disbudding. Using the large hot iron was associated with a 2.3 times higher odds of the calf reacting behaviourally compared to the small iron. Interval from administration of anaesthetic to disbudding was not significantly associated with the odds of behavioural responses. CONCLUSION: Approximately 40% of calves disbudded after cornual nerve block with procaine showed signs of inadequate local anaesthesia. This was especially problematic when hot irons with larger tips were used.

A comparison of sedative effects of xylazine alone or combined with levomethadone or ketamine in calves prior to disbudding.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the sedative effects of intramuscular xylazine alone or combined with levomethadone or ketamine in calves before cautery disbudding. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized, blinded, clinical trial. ANIMALS: A total of 28 dairy calves, aged 21 ± 5 days and weighing 61.0 ± 9.3 kg (mean ± standard deviation). METHODS: Calves were randomly allocated to three groups: xylazine (0.1 mg kg-1) and levomethadone (0.05 mg kg-1; group XL), xylazine (0.1 mg kg-1) and ketamine (1 mg kg-1; group XK) and xylazine alone (0.2 mg kg-1; group X). Local anaesthesia (procaine hydrochloride) and meloxicam were administered subcutaneously 15 minutes after sedation and 15 minutes before disbudding. The calves' responses to the administration of local anaesthesia and disbudding were recorded. Sedation was assessed at baseline and at intervals up to 240 minutes postsedation. Times of recumbency, first head lift and first standing were recorded. Drug plasma concentrations were measured. RESULTS: Data were obtained from 27 animals. All protocols resulted in sedation sufficient to administer local anaesthesia and to perform disbudding. Sedation scores significantly correlated with drug plasma concentrations (p ≤ 0.002). Times to recumbency did not differ among protocols (2.8 ± 0.3, 3.1 ± 1.1 and 2.1 ± 0.8 minutes for groups XL, XK and X, respectively), whereas interval from drug(s) administration until first head lift was significantly shorter in group XK than X (47.3 ± 14.1, 34.4 ± 5.3 and 62.6 ± 31.9 minutes for groups XL, XK and X, respectively). The area under the time-sedation curve was significantly greater in group X than XK or XL (754 ± 215, 665 ± 118 and 1005 ± 258 minutes for groups XL, XK and X, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Levomethadone or ketamine with a low dose of xylazine produced short but sufficient sedation for local anaesthesia and disbudding with minimum resistance.

Disbudding and dehorning practices for preweaned dairy calves by farmers in Wisconsin, USA.

Many dairy farmers in North America disbud or dehorn their cattle to improve human and animal safety. The Farmers Assuring Responsible Management (FARM v. 4.0) program requires that disbudding be performed before 8 wk of age with pain-control medication. The objective of this observational cross-sectional study was to quantify disbudding and dehorning practices of Wisconsin dairy producers to target future extension programming. Responses from 217 Wisconsin dairy producers and calf raisers were collected via digital surveys distributed at extension events and through industry contacts. Of the 217 respondents, 188 performed on-farm disbudding themselves. Most respondents (61%) used caustic paste as their primary method, which was most commonly applied on the day the calf was born (53%). Hot iron was used by 32% of respondents, and surgical methods (gouge, scoop, or wire saw) were used by 6% of respondents. Hot-iron disbudding was most commonly performed at 4 to 8 wk of age (41%) and 1 to 4 wk of age (33%), whereas surgical methods were most commonly performed at 8 wk or older (73%). Pain-control medication was used by 43% of respondents. Specifically, 35% used an anti-inflammatory, and 21% used a local nerve block. Veterinary involvement in creating the disbudding protocol was associated with increased odds of using pain control. Respondents with a target weaning age of ≥10 wk had greater odds of complying with FARM disbudding requirements and were also more likely to use polled genetics. Respondents aged 18 to 34 and respondents with >60 calves were more likely to have made changes to their disbudding or dehorning protocol in the last decade. Although use of pain control was higher than in previous US studies, full adoption of pain management requires further extension efforts. Veterinarians appeared influential on adoption of pain control, and their involvement may encourage adoption of pain management. Further research should investigate how the implementation of new FARM v. 4.0 standards will change the disbudding and dehorning practices of American dairy producers.

Injury alters motivational trade-offs in calves during the healing period.

Injury can produce long-lasting motivational changes that may alter decisions made under risk. Our objective was to determine whether a routine painful husbandry procedure, hot-iron disbudding, affects how calves trade off risk avoidance against a competing motivation (i.e., feeding), and whether this response depends on time since injury. We used a startle test to evaluate this trade-off in calves disbudded 0 or 21 days previously and non-injured control calves. For 3 days, calves were individually habituated to the testing arena in which they received a 0.5 L milk meal via a rubber teat. On the 4th day, upon approaching the milk reward, the calf was startled by a sudden noise. We assessed the duration and magnitude of the calf's startle response, their latency to return to the milk bottle, and duration spent suckling after startling. No treatment differences were observed in the duration and magnitude of the startle response or in the probability of returning to the bottle after startling. However, among those who did return, disbudded calves spent longer suckling, indicating they accepted more risk in order to feed compared to controls. In addition, calves with 21-day-old injuries tended to return to the bottle faster compared to newly disbudded calves and controls. We suggest that hot-iron disbudding increases calves' motivation to suckle, as they were more likely to prioritize this behaviour over risk avoidance compared to control calves. This effect was most evident 21 days after disbudding, indicating that injury can produce long-term changes in motivational state.

Randomized controlled trial assessing the effects of xylazine sedation in 2- to 6-week-old dairy calves disbudded with a cautery iron.

The use of local anesthesia and a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) can reduce indicators of pain and inflammation and encourage self-rewarding behavior in calves following disbudding. Although the use of sedation may be recommended as a best practice for disbudding, there is little research in this area. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of xylazine sedation in conjunction with a local anesthetic and an NSAID in calves undergoing cautery disbudding. One hundred twenty-two group-housed female and male Holstein calves fed milk with automated feeders, aged 13 to 44 d, were enrolled over 9 replicates and randomly allocated to 1 of 2 treatments: (1) sedated: lidocaine cornual nerve block, 0.5 mg/kg meloxicam (administered subcutaneously) and 0.2 mg/kg xylazine (administered intramuscularly), or (2) nonsedated: lidocaine cornual nerve block and meloxicam. Outcomes collected consisted of feeding behavior (collected using automated milk feeders), latency to drink milk following disbudding, play behavior (induced by adding bedding), lying behavior, mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT, measured using a pressure force algometer), struggling behavior during disbudding, length of time to administer the nerve block, length of time to disbud, and serum haptoglobin concentrations. Data were analyzed using mixed models with a fixed effect for baseline values and a random effect for trial replicate. Linear regression was used to assess continuous outcomes, logistic regression for binary outcomes, and Poisson and negative binomial models for count data with negative binomial models used if the over dispersion term was significant. There were no detected differences between the treatment groups in mean daily milk consumption in the 72-h following disbudding. Sedated calves had reduced average milk drinking speed from 0 to 24 h and 24 to 48 h following disbudding compared with nonsedated calves, but no difference was detected from 48 to 72 h. Sedated calves had reduced MNT at 0, 60, and 240 min after disbudding, but no differences were detected between groups at 24 h after disbudding. Nonsedated calves had 4.5 times the odds (95% CI: 1.5-13.2) of struggling more than twice during the disbudding procedure compared with sedated calves, and it took less time to administer a nerve block to sedated calves compared with nonsedated. At +3 h, nonsedated calves were 79 times (95% CI: 22.4 to 279.2) more likely to play compared with sedated calves, and 24 h after disbudding, sedated calves were 2 times more likely to play compared with nonsedated calves (95% CI: 0.93-4.3). The results indicate that calves sedated with xylazine for cautery disbudding responded less to painful stimuli (disbudding and MNT) both during and following the procedure and had a higher rate of play behavior 24 h following sedation compared with the nonsedated calves, but xylazine may also have a prolonged carryover effect that affects suckling behavior for 48 h following sedation.

Conditioned place aversion of caustic paste and hot-iron disbudding in dairy calves.

Cauterization by hot iron and application of caustic paste are 2 common methods of disbudding calves. In this study, we compared the affective experience of these 2 procedures on young dairy calves using conditioned place aversion. Male dairy calves (n = 14; 7 ± 2 d old) were disbudded by both thermal and chemical methods (1 horn bud at a time, 48 h apart). Calves received treatments in pens made visually distinct with either red squares or blue triangles on the walls. Calves were restricted to these treatment pens for 6 h following disbudding. For all treatments, calves received a sedative (xylazine, 0.2 mg/kg), local anesthetic (lidocaine, 5 mL), and analgesic (meloxicam, 0.5 mg/kg). Calves were then tested for conditioned place aversion at 48, 72, and 96 h after their last treatment. During tests, calves were placed in a neutral pen connected to both treatment pens where they had previously been disbudded. Time spent in each treatment pen was recorded until calves chose to lie down for 1 min (latency to lie down: 31.0 ± 8.6 min). During the first test (48 h after last disbudding), calves spent more time in the pen associated with hot-iron disbudding compared with what would be expected by chance (intercept: 73.5%, 95% CI: 56.5, 90.5) and fewer calves lay down in the caustic paste pen than in the hot-iron pen (3 vs. 10 lying events). No evidence of preference for the hot-iron pen was found in the following test sessions (72 and 96 h since last disbudding). These results suggest that calves initially remember caustic paste disbudding as a more negative experience than hot-iron disbudding, even with the use of sedation, local anesthesia, and analgesia.

[Effect of different pain management protocols on the health status of German Holstein heifer calves undergoing hot iron disbudding]. / Einfluss der thermischen Enthornung mit unterschiedlichem Schmerzmanagement auf die Gesundheit von Kälbern.

OBJECTIVE: Hot iron disbudding of calves is a stressful and painful procedure. Previous parts of an ongoing comprehensive study on disbudding in dairy calves dealt with various types of pain management and the direct effects of the procedure on physiological, biochemical and behavioral processes. The goal of this study part was to investigate the effects of the disbudding procedure per se, pain management and the age of the calf at the time of disbudding on the health status of the calf. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 337 German Holstein heifer calves were used for this prospective, randomized and triple-blinded study. The calves were disbudded at 4-10 days or at 15-28 days of age. Each calf was randomly assigned to one of 9 treatment groups, which differed with respect to pain management (sedation, local anesthesia, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, placebo). All but the sham-disbudded calves underwent hot iron disbudding and all calves were monitored clinically before and until 4 weeks after the procedure. The findings were analyzed using valuation scores and a threshold model of the SAS software. RESULTS: Disbudding exhibited adverse effects on respiratory health. Calves undergoing sham disbudding experienced the lowest incidence of respiratory disease and calves that did not receive any anesthesia or pain medication displayed the highest frequency. All treatments showed mitigating effects on the incidence of respiratory tract diseases, however the effects varied with the type of pain management. Fever was less common in calves that were disbudded early in life than calves that underwent disbudding at an older age. CONCLUSION: Disbudding of young calves poses a risk to respiratory health. If breeding of polled offspring is not possible or when farming of horned cattle is not feasible, the risk of respiratory disease induced by disbudding can be minimized by adequate pain management. Disbudding of very young calves is feasible and recommended. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The present study underlines the importance of optimal pain management during disbudding of dairy calves.

Disbudding affects use of a shelter provided to group-housed dairy calves.

Disbudding in dairy calves is well established as a painful procedure with broad effects on behavior. The hypothesis of this experiment was that group-housed calves subjected to hot-iron disbudding would exhibit social withdrawal, based on use of a shelter providing physical and visual seclusion from the rest of the pen. We examined effects of hot-iron disbudding on use of this shelter, including individual and shared use, and resting behavior within the shelter. Holstein heifer and bull calves (n = 24) were housed in group pens (4 calves/pen; 3.7 × 8.0 m). Each pen contained a 3-sided open-top shelter (1.2 m square, and 1.2 m high) with an additional half-enclosed wall to allow entry, built out of corrugated plastic. Calves were randomly assigned within pen to be disbudded (n = 12; 10 bulls and 2 heifers; 36.2 ± 3.9 d of age) or receive sham handling only (n = 12; 9 bulls and 3 heifers; 36.3 ± 4.2 d of age). Disbudded calves received a local cornual nerve block and a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medication before the procedure. Behavior was recorded continuously from video for 3 consecutive days, beginning immediately following the disbudding procedure or handling. Shelter use was highly variable between calves (ranging from 10.8 min/d to 20.7 h/d), but calves showed individual consistency in their use of the shelter over time. Disbudded calves spent more time in the shelter (4.6 vs. 1.6 h/d; disbudded vs. sham). Social use of the shelter as a percentage of shelter use was not affected by disbudding, but disbudded calves spent more time in the shelter together (31 vs. 9% of shelter use; disbudded vs. sham). Disbudded calves entered the shelter more frequently when it was unoccupied (8.1 vs. 5.5 entries; disbudded vs. sham) and similarly left it more frequently when it was occupied. Disbudded calves used the shelter more during daylight hours (0700 to 2000 h; 8.9 vs. 4.1 min/h) on each day, including d 0 when pain mitigation was effective, whereas use did not differ during the night. Disbudded calves spent approximately 40 min less time lying/d and spent a greater percentage of their lying time inside the shelter. These results suggest that disbudded calves make greater use of environmental features that offer seclusion, with use of the shelter possibly reflecting an increased preference for social withdrawal or for some other aspect of this area of visual and physical separation. Further, these results suggest that disbudding even with recommended pain mitigation affects behavior for at least several days.