Translating leprosy: the expert and the public in Stanley Stein's anti-stigmatization campaigns, 1931-60.

This article examines three campaigns through which patient activist Stanley Stein sought to combat the stigmatized connotations of the word "leprosy." In 1931, soon after starting the first patient newspaper at the U.S. national leprosy hospital at Carville, Stein became convinced of the necessity of finding an alternative to "leprosy." His ensuing campaign to promote the use of the words "Hansen's Disease" to describe the condition from which he and fellow Carville patients suffered became his most passionate and life-long project. In the 1950s, Stein became involved in efforts to change the translation of "leprosy" in the Bible. Finally, in 1960, he waged a campaign to de-stigmatize encyclopedia entries on leprosy. These campaigns illustrate how even elevation of the medical expert and a seeming disdain for the public can function as a protest of medical authority and reveal a presumption that a significant degree of authority actually resides with the public.

Hospital Cristo Redentor S/A: influências internas e externas na sua formação identitária (1956-2006), Porto Alegre/RS

Este trabalho tem por objetivo identificar as marcas identitárias do Hospital CristoRedentor no contexto de sua criação e quando do seu cinquentenário, analisando e colocandoem comparação as suas diferenças e/ou semelhanças, indicando quais as razões das mudançasou permanências diante do seu projeto original. Pois, esta entidade de saúde localizada nazona norte da cidade de Porto Alegre, no tempo de seu cinquentenário, tem característicasinstitucionais identitárias distintas das características de seu tempo de criação, determinadaspor postura e conduta no âmbito do estado no tocante à política de saúde no plano nacional.Ou seja, são questões internas e externas à instituição que fazem esta ter, atualmente,características de existência diferentes daquelas de sua fundação. E essas questões refletemdiretamente no atendimento à população e seus objetivos como instituição.Assim, para realizar a tarefa optamos por organizar o estudo em quatro partes: umacaracterizando a cidade e região no início do século XX; outra, estabelecendo o porquê dafundação do hospital e caracterizando o que identificamos como sua primeira fase; umaterceira esclarecendo a grande ruptura ideológica que o HCR sofreu na década de 70 e comoseguiu a partir daí até seu cinquentenário; e um último momento analítico, aonde destacamosas principais semelhanças e diferenças entre os períodos.

[The insigne and suntuoso Royal Hospital of Granada (I). Royal foundations and the hospital regrouping (1501-1526)]. / El insigne y suntuoso Hospital Real de Granada (I). Las fundaciones reales y la reuniónhospitalaria (1501-1526).

In the 1520s the local authorities planned to set up a new modern hospital in the city of Granada by combining two existing Royal Hospitals: Alhambra and Reyes. As a public institution and as a new building, the new hospital could develop the mandates of the original foundation and extend its care to become a general hospital. In this way it would strengthen its status as a charitable undertaking and legacy of the Catholic Monarchs and, secondly, as a great architectural monument.

[The Urinary Tract Diseases Dispensary and Clinic of the Instituto Rubio (1885). 1st hospital service specializing in urologic pathology in the history of Spanish medicine. 1st period. The Instituto Rubio in Hospital de la Princesa (1880-1896).(I)]. / El Dispensario y Clínica de Enfermedades de las Vías Urinarias del Instituto Rubio (1885). Primer servicio hospitalario especializado en patología urológica en la historia de la medicina española. 1. Etapa. El Instituto Rubio en el Hospital de la Princesa (1880-1896) (I).

In May 1880, a royal decree signed by the Minister of the Interior, F. Romero Robledo, created the Institute of Operative Therapy under the gratuitous direction of Dr. Federico Rubio y Gali. Although it was located at the Hospital de la Princesa of Madrid, it was not dependent on the Institutions of Charity. According to the royal decree, major surgical procedures and specialized operative techniques would be performed at this Institute. Thus, the first teaching hospital was created in Spain, with operating rooms, dispensaries and polyclinics dedicated primarily to surgical specialties which were established at the Institute after 1880. The Institute's section for Diseases of the Urinary Tract, created in October 1885, was entrusted to the Madrid citizen Enrique Suender Rodríguez (1829-1897), the leading specialist in urology in our country at that time (his 100th death anniversary was commemorated last year) and whose assistant was Luis González Bravo y Serrano.

[Psychiatric care and its change under the Japanese government in Korea with the special reference to the clinical activities at the Colonial Government Hospital: 'Chosun-Chong-Dok-Bu Ui-Won' (1913-1927)].

The purpose of this is to elucidate the ways of introduction of modern psychiatric care into Korea and to demonstrate the changing patterns of psychiatric care during the time between 1913 and 1927. The study was focused on the clinical activities of the colonial governmental hospital on the basis of the annual reports of the hospital from 1912 to 1928. The investigation has revealed the fact that the first special institution for the care of the mentally ill patients was founded in 1911 in Seoul by the colonial government which was called "Che Saeng Won". It was also confirmed that the first clinical department of the psychiatry in Korea was established in 1913 at the colonial governmental hospital, "Chong-dok-bu Ui-won" which has taken over the role of psychiatric care from Che Saeng Won. The first chairman of the department of pspychiatry was Misuzu Nobuharu and his assistant was Shim Ho-Sub, the first Korean psychiatrist who became assistant professor of psychiatry at Kyongsung medical college in 1916-1917 but moved to Severance hospital and changed his speciality to neurology of internal medicine. The department had two physicians and 4 care persons at the beginning stage and 22 beds for the mentally ill patients in the hospital which had total 330 beds. Later, the department has developed to 54 bed clinic with 4 staff physicians. ...

Government in Korea with the Special Reference to the Clinical Activities at the Colonial Governmental Hospital: 'Chosun-Chong-Dok-Bu Ui-Won' (1913-1927) / 의사학

The purpose of this study is to elucidate the ways of introduction of modern psychiatric care into Korea and to demonstrate the changing patterns of psychiatric care during the time between 1913 and 1927. The study was focused on the clinical activities of the colonial governmental hospital on the basis of the annual reports of the hospital from 1912 to 1928. The investigation has revealed the fact that the first special institution for the care of the mentally ill patients was founded in 1911 in Seoul by the colonial government which was called 'Che Saeng Won'. It was also confirmed that the first clinical department of the psychiatry in Korea was established in 1913 at the colonial governmental hospital, 'Chong-dok-bu Ui-won' which has taken over the role of psychiatric care from Che Saeng Won. The first chairman of the department of psychiatry was Misuzu Nobuharu and his assistant was Shim Ho-Sub, the first Korean psychiatrist who became assistant professor of psychiatry at Kyongsung medical college in 1916-1917 but moved to Severance hospital and changed his speciality to neurology of internal medicine. The department had two physicians and 4 care persons at the beginning stage and 22 beds for the mentally ill patients in the hospital which had total 330 beds. Later, the department has developed to 54 bed clinic with 4 staff physicians.It was noteworthy, however, that the treatment and care for the mentally ill patients by the western medical facilities in Korea probably began since 1880s at the general hospitals and clinics, such as Che-saeng Ui-won in Pusan, Royal hospital, Che-choong-won in Seoul, Paton memorial hospital in Chinjoo, Tai-Han hospital and Severance hospital in Seoul.In 1911, Australian psychiatrist McLaren began to work at Paton memorial hospital in Chinjoo, who became professor of neurology and psychiatry at Severance Union Medical College in Seoul. At Severance hospital, the psychiatric ward opened in 1923 with 10 beds. Dr. McLaren as missionary physician allegedly carried out humanitarian treatment and care of the mentally ill patients.The patterns of admission rates in accordance with diagnostic categories and racial differences at In- and Outpatient clinic of psychiatric department have offered no significant clues for the cultural psychiatric interpretation except for the case of hysterical psychosis. Among the total number of admitted cases of hysterical psychosis at psychiatric ward of Chong-dok-bu Ui-won the number of Japanese women were predominantly high throughout the period of investigation in comparison with the Korean patients. Some possible factors which might have influenced to this fact were suggested. Discussion was also held on the changing patterns of psychiatric diagnosis and nomenclature during the period.Colonial governmental hospital made great effort to expand the clinical and research facilities, therefore, Japanese psychiatrists have introduced the advanced knowledges of German psychiatry into Korea. Regrettably, however, the knowledges could not be transmitted to the Korean psychiatrists continuously until 1927 probably due to the discriminative policy of colonial government on the medical education for the Korean people.

Sixty years of psychiatry at Carville.

The hospital now known as the Gillis W. Long Hansen's Disease Center is the only hospital in the United States solely treating Hansen's disease (leprosy). From the time of its establishment in 1894 until 1923, the psychiatric patients presented treatment and management problems that remained unaddressed. Since 1923, however, psychiatric consultants have provided care and treatment for this segment of the Carville population. This paper presents the findings of three of these consultants for the period 1923 to 1985, and outlines similarities and differences in the diagnoses, treatments, and disposition of patients, as well as indications for future investigations.

The Canton Asylum for Insane Indians: an example of institutional neglect.

Based on archival data, the author chronicles the history of the Canton (S.D.) Asylum for Insane Indians, which was established by Congress in 1903 and was closed in 1934 because of inadequate conditions. In 1926 a nationwide survey found that patients at Canton received minimal care. The rates of patient death and discharge at Canton reported in a 1931 survey compared unfavorably to those at other mental institutions in the U.S. The 1929 and 1933 inspection reports of psychiatrist Samuel Silk, which documented the hospital's outmoded custodial care and questioned the necessity of institutionalization for 35 to 40 of Canton's 90 patients, played a key role in the decision to close the asylum. The author attributes the decline of the Canton Asylum to gradual neglect by its superintendent and various government agencies.

Fighting smallpox on the Texas border: an episode from PHS's proud past.

The motto of the Public Health Service (PHS) is "Service with Distinction." An example of how that motto was earned can be seen in the work of the professionals of the Marine Hospital Service (as PHS was then known) in a smallpox epidemic on the Texas border in 1895. Barely 2 years after Congress had given the U.S. Surgeon General the authority to intervene and prevent the spread of contagious diseases from one State to another, Surgeon General Walter Wyman, MD, stepped in. In response to a request from the Texas State Health Officer, Wyman sent a team of officers to assist the State and prevent the spread of smallpox. At that time the Surgeon General was head of the Marine Hospital Service, which became the Public Health Service in 1912. In a period of slightly more than 2 months, the epidemic was contained in the population of 411 refugees. Sixty people had died at the camp, 51 from smallpox. Although that fatality rate would be incredibly high by current standards, it was low under the circumstances. Milton Rosenau, MD, was a key to the containment of the disease and the humanitarian treatment of the survivors, a group of black Americans who had fled from Mexico after having been lured there with the promise of land that would be their own. Rosenau would later become the head of the Hygienic Laboratory, precursor of the National Institutes of Health.