[Living in the midst of miasmas: The social issue of Chile between 1880 and 1920]. / Viviendo entre miasmas: en torno a la cuestión social, Chile de 1880 a 1920.

INTRODUCTION: The social issue in Chile stems from an accumulation of social problems resulting from the migratory movements of the countryside-city and mining areas. The cities did not have the hygienic conditions necessary to receive migrants, which caused housing and health problems within the population. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the problems of housing, hygiene, and health in Chile between 1880-1920. METHOD: We conduct a qualitative, analytical, and interpretive study using primary sources for the categories of analysis around housing, hygiene, and health of the following cities in Chile: Santiago, Valparaíso, Concepción and Chillán. RESULTS: The economic modernization led to the development of public works in the main cities of Chile, which also experienced a demographic phenomenon known as field-city migration, with urban growth never before seen. In the cities, there were problems of housing, hygiene, and health for the popular urban sectors. CONCLUSION: The State passed laws to regulate the conditions of the conventillos and public spaces to mitigate diseases and vices of the population.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La cuestión social tiene su origen en la acumulación de problemas sociales, producto de los movimientos migratorios del campo-ciudad y zonas mineras. Las ciudades no contaban con las condiciones higiénicas necesarias para recibir a los migrantes, lo cual provocó problemas de vivienda y salubridad entre la población. OBJETIVO: Analizar los problemas de vivienda, higiene y salubridad en Chile entre los años 1880 y 1920. MÉTODO: Es un estudio cualitativo, analítico e interpretativo, se utilizaron fuentes primarias para las categorías de análisis en torno a la vivienda, higiene y salubridad de las siguientes ciudades de Chile: Santiago, Valparaíso, Concepción y Chillán. RESULTADOS: La modernización económica permitió el desarrollo de obras públicas en las principales ciudades de Chile, pero también experimentaron un fenómeno demográfico conocido como migración campo - ciudad, con un crecimiento urbano nunca visto. CONCLUSIÓN: En las ciudades se presentaron problemas de vivienda, higiene y salubridad para los sectores populares urbanos. El Estado, a través de leyes, reguló las condiciones de los conventillos y espacios públicos con el propósito de mitigar enfermedades y vicios de la población.

Identifying post-marital residence patterns in prehistory: A phylogenetic comparative analysis of dwelling size.

Post-marital residence patterns are an important aspect of human social organization. However, identifying such patterns in prehistoric societies is challenging since they leave almost no direct traces in archaeological records. Cross-cultural researchers have attempted to identify correlates of post-marital residence through the statistical analysis of ethnographic data. Several studies have demonstrated that, in agricultural societies, large dwellings (over ca. 65 m2) are associated with matrilocality (spouse resides with or near the wife's family), whereas smaller dwellings are associated with patrilocality (spouse resides with or near the husband's family). In the present study, we tested the association between post-marital residence and dwelling size (average house floor area) using phylogenetic comparative methods and a global sample of 86 pre-industrial societies, 22 of which were matrilocal. Our analysis included the presence of agriculture, sedentism, and durability of house construction material as additional explanatory variables. The results confirm a strong association between matrilocality and dwelling size, although very large dwellings (over ca. 200 m2) were found to be associated with all types of post-marital residence. The best model combined dwelling size, post-marital residence pattern, and sedentism, the latter being the single best predictor of house size. The effect of agriculture on dwelling size becomes insignificant once the fixity of settlement is taken into account. Our results indicate that post-marital residence and house size evolve in a correlated fashion, namely that matrilocality is a predictable response to an increase in dwelling size. As such, we suggest that reliable inferences about the social organization of prehistoric societies can be made from archaeological records.

A new approach to the temporal significance of house orientations in European Early Neolithic settlements.

This paper shows that local differences in house orientation in settlements from the Early Neolithic in Central Europe reflect a regular chronological trajectory based on Bayesian calibration of 14C-series. This can be used to extrapolate the dating of large-scale settlement plans derived from, among other methods, geophysical surveys. In the southwest Slovakian settlement of Vráble, we observed a progressive counter-clockwise rotation in house orientation from roughly 32° to 4° over a 300 year period. A survey of published and dated village plans from other LBK regions confirms that this counter-clockwise rotation per settlement is a wider Central European trend. We explain this observation as an unintentional, unconscious but systematic leftward deviation in the house builders' cardinal orientation, which has been termed "pseudoneglect" in studies of human perception. This means that whenever houses were intended to be oriented towards a specific direction and be parallel to each other, there was an error in perception causing slight counter-clockwise rotation. This observation is used as a basis to reconstruct dynamics of Early Neolithic settlement in the Slovakian Zitava valley, showing a rapid colonization, followed by increased agglomeration into large villages consisting of strongly autonomous farmsteads.

Viviendo entre miasmas: en torno a la cuestión social, Chile de 1880 a 1920 / Living in the midst of miasmas: the social issue of Chile between 1880 and 1920

INTRODUCCIÓN: La cuestión social tiene su origen en la acumulación de problemas sociales, producto de los movimientos migratorios del campo-ciudad y zonas mineras. Las ciudades no contaban con las condiciones higiénicas necesarias para recibir a los migrantes, lo cual provocó problemas de vivienda y salubridad entre la población. OBJETIVO: Analizar los problemas de vivienda, higiene y salubridad en Chile entre los años 1880 y 1920. MÉTODO: Es un estudio cualitativo, analítico e interpretativo, se utilizaron fuentes primarias para las categorías de análisis en torno a la vivienda, higiene y salubridad de las siguientes ciudades de Chile: Santiago, Valparaíso, Concepción y Chillán. Resultados: La modernización económica permitió el desarrollo de obras públicas en las principales ciudades de Chile, pero también experimentaron un fenómeno demográfico conocido como migración campo - ciudad, con un crecimiento urbano nunca visto. CONCLUSIÓN: En las ciudades se presentaron problemas de vivienda, higiene y salubridad para los sectores populares urbanos. El Estado, a través de leyes, reguló las condiciones de los conventillos y espacios públicos con el propósito de mitigar enfermedades y vicios de la población.

INTRODUCTION: The social issue in Chile stems from an accumulation of social problems resulting from the migratory movements of the countryside-city and mining areas. The cities did not have the hygienic conditions necessary to receive migrants, which caused housing and health problems within the population. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the problems of housing, hygiene, and health in Chile between 1880-1920. METHOD: We conduct a qualitative, analytical, and interpretive study using primary sources for the categories of analysis around housing, hygiene, and health of the following cities in Chile: Santiago, Valparaíso, Concepción and Chillán. Results: The economic modernization led to the development of public works in the main cities of Chile, which also experienced a demographic phenomenon known as field-city migration, with urban growth never before seen. In the cities, there were problems of housing, hygiene, and health for the popular urban sectors. CONCLUSION: The State passed laws to regulate the conditions of the conventillos and public spaces to mitigate diseases and vices of the population.

Cuba's Maternity Homes, 1962-2017: History, Evolution, Challenges.

Cuba's maternity homes were founded in 1962 as part of the gen-eral movement to extend health services to the whole population in the context of the post-1959 social transformations. The over-arching goal of the homes was to improve the health of pregnant women, mothers and newborns. Hence, in the beginning when there were few hospitals in Cuba's rural areas, their initial pur-pose was to increase institutional births by providing pregnant women a homelike environment closer to hospitals. There, they lived during the final weeks before delivery, where they received medical care, room and board free of charge. Over time, and with expanded access to community and hospital health facilities across Cuba, the numbers, activities, modalities and criteria for admission also changed. In particular, in addition to geographi-cal considerations, expectant mothers with defined risk factors were prioritized. For example, during the 1990s economic crisis, the maternity homes' role in healthy nutrition became paramount. The purpose of this essay is to provide a historical perspective of this process, describe the changes and results during the 55 years examined, and take a critical look at the challenges to suc-cessful implementation of this model, a mainstay at the primary healthcare level of the public health system's Maternal-Child Health Program. KEYWORDS Maternal health, maternal-child health, obstetrics, pregnancy, Cuba.

Roma Housing and Eating in 1775 and 2013: A Comparison.

We compared housing and the eating habits of Roma. Contemporary findings (2013) were compared with those from the first monothematic work on Roma (1775), which depicts their housing and eating habits, especially regarding the differences between social classes. Data were obtained from a journal (1775) and from semi-structured interviews (2013) with more than 70 Roma women and men who live in segregated and excluded settlements at the edges of villages or scattered among the majority. Data were collected in two villages and one district town in the Tatra region, where the data from the 1775 measurements originated. We used classical sociological theory to interpret the obtained data. The main findings showed differences between specific social classes then and now regarding housing, as well as the eating habits related to both conditions among the Roma in the Tatra region. The houses of rich Roma families did not differ from the houses of the majority population. The huts of the poorest inhabitants of settlements did not meet any hygiene standards. Typical Roma foods such as gója or marikla were the traditional foods of Slovak peasants living in poverty in the country. We concluded that the housing and eating habits of the citizens of poor settlements located in the eastern parts of Slovakia are still similar to those of two centuries ago. The existing social exclusion may be explained partly from this finding.

The enduring impact of historical and structural racism on urban violence in Philadelphia.

Public health approaches to crime and injury prevention are increasingly focused on the physical places and environments where violence is concentrated. In this study, our aim is to explore the association between historic place-based racial discrimination captured in the 1937 Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) map of Philadelphia and present-day violent crime and firearm injuries. The creators of the 1937 HOLC map zoned Philadelphia based in a hierarchical system wherein first-grade and green color zones were used to indicate areas desirable for government-backed mortgage lending and economic development, a second-grade or blue zone for areas that were already developed and stable, a third-grade or yellow zone for areas with evidence of decline and influx of a "low grade population," and fourth-grade or red zone for areas with dilapidated or informal housing and an "undesirable population" of predominately Black residents. We conducted an empirical spatial analysis of the concentration of firearm assaults and violent crimes in 2013 through 2014 relative to zoning in the 1937 HOLC map. After adjusting for socio-demographic factors at the time the map was created from the 1940 Census, firearm injury rates are highest in historically red-zoned areas of Philadelphia. The relationship between HOLC map zones and general violent crime is not supported after adjusting for historical Census data. This analysis extends historic perspective to the relationship between emplaced structural racism and violence, and situates the socio-ecological context in which people live at the forefront of this association.

Understanding the Chronology and Occupation Dynamics of Oversized Pit Houses in the Southern Brazilian Highlands.

A long held view about the occupation of southern proto-Jê pit house villages of the southern Brazilian highlands is that these sites represent cycles of long-term abandonment and reoccupation. However, this assumption is based on an insufficient number of radiocarbon dates for individual pit houses. To address this problem, we conducted a programme of comprehensive AMS radiocarbon dating and Bayesian modelling at the deeply stratified oversized pit House 1, Baggio I site (Cal. A.D. 1395-1650), Campo Belo do Sul, Santa Catarina state, Brazil. The stratigraphy of House 1 revealed an unparalleled sequence of twelve well preserved floors evidencing a major change in occupation dynamics including five completely burnt collapsed roofs. The results of the radiocarbon dating allowed us to understand for the first time the occupation dynamics of an oversized pit house in the southern Brazilian highlands. The Bayesian model demonstrates that House 1 was occupied for over two centuries with no evidence of major periods of abandonment, calling into question previous models of long-term abandonment. In addition, the House 1 sequence allowed us to tie transformations in ceramic style and lithic technology to an absolute chronology. Finally, we can provide new evidence that the emergence of oversized domestic structures is a relatively recent phenomenon among the southern proto-Jê. As monumental pit houses start to be built, small pit houses continue to be inhabited, evidencing emerging disparities in domestic architecture after AD 1000. Our research shows the importance of programmes of intensive dating of individual structures to understand occupation dynamics and site permanence, and challenges long held assumptions that the southern Brazilian highlands were home to marginal cultures in the context of lowland South America.

William Wilde and 1 Merrion Square.

William Wilde spent the final third of his life, from 1855 to 1876, in 1 Merrion Square. During the first half of his occupancy of the house his career blossomed to its fullest; the second decade, on the other hand, was marked by scandal, personal tragedy, and an unhappy professional and social decline. This paper considers the background to the development of Merrion Square, the architectural history of 1 Merrion Square from its building in 1762 to the arrival of the Wildes in 1855, the attractions and possibilities which the house offered for William Wilde, the major architectural expansion of the building which he commissioned in 1859, and aspects of his and his family's life in the house.