ABSTRACT
Mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis were cross-transplanted at South Portugal from a reference site (site 1) to a site more contaminated with hydrocarbon compounds (site 2), and vice versa, in an active biomonitoring (ABM) concept, to assess the biotransformation capacity catalyzed by the mixed function oxygenase (MFO) system. Total alkanes (TAlk), the unresolved complex mixture (UCM), and total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (TPAHs) concentration increased respectively 6, 4.4 and 4.2 fold relatively to control, in mussels transplanted from site 1 to 2. In the cross-transplant, a 48, 57 and 62% depuration of TAlk, UCM and TPAHs concentrations occurred by the end of the 3-4th week. Petrogenic and biogenic (marine and terrigenous) sources of AHs, and petrogenic and pyrolitic (biomass and oil/fuel incomplete combustion) sources of PAHs were detected at both sites. CYP450, CYT b (5) and NADPH-RED in mussels transplanted from site 1 to 2 were induced from day 0 to 28, with a total increase of 35, 32 and 35%, respectively, while biochemical equilibrium to lesser environmental contamination occurs in mussels transplanted from site 2 to 1. A significant relationship between CYP450 and NADPH-RED was found with TPAH, with distinctive behavior at the two sites. MFO system components increase with exposure time at one site and decreases in the other, reflecting an adaptation to distinct environmental hydrocarbon loads. The ABM strategy proved to be useful to understand the environment real impact on the biochemical responses in mussels' local populations. In this study, CYP450 and NADPH-RED are a useful biomarker for hydrocarbon exposure.
Subject(s)
Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/drug effects , Hydrocarbons, Alicyclic/toxicity , Mytilus/physiology , Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/toxicity , Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity , Animals , Biomarkers/metabolism , Biotransformation , Body Burden , Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism , Cytochromes b5/drug effects , Cytochromes b5/metabolism , Environmental Monitoring , Hydrocarbons, Alicyclic/pharmacokinetics , NADPH Oxidases/drug effects , NADPH Oxidases/metabolism , Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/pharmacokinetics , Portugal , Seawater , Water Pollutants, Chemical/pharmacokineticsABSTRACT
Understanding the toxic mechanisms by which organisms cope to environmental stressful conditions is a fundamental question for ecotoxicology. In this study, we evaluated biochemical responses and hydrocarbons bioaccumulation of the mangrove oyster Crassostrea brasiliana exposed for 96 h to four sublethal concentrations of diesel fuel water-accommodated fraction (WAF). For that purpose, enzymatic activities (SOD, CAT, GPx, GR, G6PDH, GST and GGT), HSP60 and HSP90 immunocontent and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels were determined in the gill and digestive gland of oysters and related to the hydrocarbons accumulated in the whole soft tissues. The results of this study revealed clear biochemical responses to diesel fuel WAF exposure in both tissues of the oyster. The capacity of C. brasiliana to bioaccumulate aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in a dose-dependent manner is a strong indication of its suitability as a model in biomonitoring programs along the Brazilian coast, which was also validated by the response of the antioxidant defenses, phase II biotransformation and chaperones. HSP60 levels and GGT activity were the most promising biomarkers in the gill, while GST and GR activities stood out as suitable biomarkers for the detection of diesel toxicity in the digestive gland. The decrease of SOD activity and HSP90 levels may also reflect a negative effect of diesel exposure regardless the tissue. The present results provide a sound preliminary report on the biochemical responses of C. brasiliana challenged with a petroleum by-product and should be carefully considered for use in the monitoring of oil and gas activities in Brazil.
