[Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in girls and association between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure and puberty timing].

OBJECTIVE: To develop amethod for simultaneous determination of four metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons( PAHs), and to study the association between puberty timing of girls and PAHs exposure levels in Chongqing. METHODS: Through purposeful sampling, questionnaire survey of the general information, physical examination of growth and development, collection of urine sample were carried out among1-4 grades of four primary school girls in a district of Chongqing. High performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry( HPLC-MS) was applied to qualitativelyand quantitatively detect four kinds of PAHs metabolites( 1-hydroxy pyrene( 1-OHP), 2-hydroxy beta( 2-OHNa), 2-hydroxy fluorene( 2-OHFlu) and 9-hydroxyl( 2-OHPh)) in the urine sample. RESULTS: The method had high correlation coefficients and the detection limits of the four metabolites were 0. 1 ng/mL. A total of 737 girls were investigated in this study, of which, 209 girls were classified into early puberty timing group and 528 girls were classified into normal group. Urine determination result showed that four kinds of PAHs metabolites were detected in all the 737 girls, and urinary concentration ranges of the four PAHs metabolites were as follows: 1-OHP( 0. 01-4. 77 ng/mL), 2-OHNa( 0. 15-50. 00 ng/mL), 2-OHFlu( 0. 06-12. 59 ng/mL) and 9-OHPh( 0. 29-23. 17ng/mL). The exposure levels of 2-OHFlu( Z =-1. 996) and 9-OHPh( Z =-3. 161)were statistically different between early puberty timing group and those in normal group( P < 0. 05). After control the variable of obesity, the exposure level of 9-OHPh( Z =-3. 012) in early group were still higher than normal group( P < 0. 05). CONCLUSION: This determination method is suitable to simultaneously determine four PAHs metabolites in urine samples. All the girls in the study area have exposed to PAHs during their early stages of pubertal development, and exposure to PAHs might be one of the factors causing early puberty timing in girls.

Determination of glucuronide conjugates of hydroxyl triphenyl phosphate (OH-TPHP) metabolites in human urine and its use as a biomarker of TPHP exposure.

In vitro studies using avian hepatocytes or human liver microsomes suggest that hydroxylation is an important pathway in the metabolism of triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), a chemical used as a flame retardant and plasticizer. TPHP metabolism can lead to the formation of para(p)- and meta(m)-hydroxyl-(OH-)TPHP products as well as their glucuronide conjugates. To determine whether the TPHP hydroxylation and depuration pathway also occurs in vivo in humans, the present study developed a sensitive method for quantification of p- and m-OH-TPHP glucuronides in human urine samples. In n = 1 pooled urine sample and n = 12 individual urine samples collected from four human volunteers from Ottawa (ON, Canada), p- and m-OH-TPHP glucuronides were detectable in 13 and 9 of the 13 analyzed samples and at concentrations ranging from

[Correlation between atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure and urinary hydroxyl metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in elderly population in Tianjin, China].

OBJECTIVE: To identify suitable hydroxyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs) for co-evaluation of internal exposure level of PAHs by simultaneous determination of a variety of OH-PAHs in urine. METHODS: The 24-h individual particulate matter and morning urine samples of 112 subjects were collected during June 2011. PAHs carried by individual particulate matter samples and OH-PAHs in urine samples were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Seven OH-PAHs were detected in urine samples, among which 1-hydroxy-naphthalene (1-OHNap) concentration was the highest [(20.54 ± 28.94) µmol/mol Cr], while 1-hydroxy-pyrene (1-OHP) concentration was the lowest [(0.73 ± 0.63) µmol/mol Cr]. The concentrations of these seven OH-PAHs decreased in the following order: 1-hydroxy-naphthalene (1-OHNap) > 9-hydroxy-fluorene (9-OHFlu) > 2-hydroxy-naphthalene (2-OHNap) > 3-hydroxy-fluorene (3-OHFlu) > 2-hydroxy-fluorene (2-OHFlu) > 6-hydroxy-chrysene (6-OHChr) > 1-hydroxy-pyrene (1-OHP). The effects of gender and smoking upon the contents of OH-PAHs in urine samples were not significant. There was a good correlation between total hydroxy-naphthalene (ΣOHNap) and 1-OHNap (r = 0.948), and a good correlation was also showed between total hydroxy-fluorene (ΣOHFlu) and 9-OHFlu (r = 0.975). Naphthalene carried by atmospheric particulate matters demonstrated better correlation with 1-OHNap than 2-OHNap, while fluorene carried by atmospheric particulate matters showed better correlation with 9-OHFlu than 3-OHFlu and 2-OHFlu. The correlation coefficients of ΣOHNap, ΣOHFlu and 6-OHChr with 1-OHP were 0.427, 0.543 and 0.655, respectively, and the correlations were not strong. CONCLUSION: It cannot reflect internal exposure level of PAHs to use 1-OHP as the only biomarker, while 1-OHNap and 9-OHFlu can be well predictive of the exposure levels of corresponding total OH-PAHs, suggesting that simultaneous determination of 1-OHNap, 9-OHFlu and 1-OHP can be more accurate and comprehensive in evaluating the internal exposure level of PAHs.

Urinary excretion of creatol, an in vivo biomarker of hydroxyl radical, in patients with chronic renal failure.

Creatol (CTL) is a hydroxyl radical adduct of creatinine (Cr). The serum methylguanidine (MG) level and the MG/Cr molar ratio are reported to be biomarkers for oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to examine whether urinary excretion of CTL, another oxidative stress-related marker, is increased in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). One hundred twenty-four non-dialyzed patients with chronic renal failure (serum Cr level, 1.3-10.0 mg/dL) were recruited from our hospitals. Urine and serum levels of CTL and MG were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with the use of 9, 10- phenanthrenequinone as a fluorogenic reagent. The CTL/Cr and (CTL+MG)/Cr molar ratios in spot urine samples were also compared with those in 24-h urine samples. The urinary CTL/Cr and (CTL+MG)/Cr molar ratios increased with decreases in Cr clearance in patients with CRF. Correlations between serum and spot urine (CTL+MG)/Cr and between serum and spot urine CTL/Cr were quite similar to those in 24-h urine samples. CTL/Cr and (CTL+MG)/Cr molar ratios in both 24-h urine and spot urine samples appear to be useful indices of the severity of CRF.