ABSTRACT
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common condition affecting women of reproductive age. This disorder is characterized by hyperandrogenism and anovulation and is frequently associated with comorbidities such as infertility, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular risk factors. Although the causes of PCOS are unknown, this review focuses on the most accepted theory involving insulin action but will also elaborate on a novel concept: the role of lipotoxicity in the development of androgen overproduction, in addition to its known role in insulin resistance. This review will also shed a spotlight on 2 drugs that target lipotoxicity and are, therefore, known or promising for the treatment of PCOS manifestations: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and angiotensin II type 2 receptor agonists. This paper, therefore, emphasizes the need to further explore the pathophysiology of PCOS and particularly the role of lipotoxicity. Indeed, this new mechanism deserves attention to develop therapeutic approaches that will directly target the root of this condition and not only bandage its associated consequences.
Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases/veterinary , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/veterinary , Hypoglycemic Agents/metabolism , Insulins/metabolism , Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/veterinary , Androgens/metabolism , Animals , Anovulation/complications , Anovulation/physiopathology , Anovulation/veterinary , Cardiovascular Diseases/complications , Cardiovascular Diseases/physiopathology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology , Female , Hyperandrogenism/complications , Hyperandrogenism/physiopathology , Hyperandrogenism/veterinary , Insulin Resistance , Metabolic Syndrome , PPAR gamma/agonists , Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/complications , Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/drug therapy , Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/etiology , Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/agonists , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
An 8-year-old intact female Huacaya alpaca (Lama pacos) was presented for recent development of male behavior. Serum testosterone concentration was determined to be 969.1 pg/ml by using radioimmunoassay, while the range in 33 healthy female adult intact alpacas was 11.7-62.1 pg/ml. An ovarian mass was suspected, and an exploratory laparotomy was performed. A tan mass was present on the left ovary. Histologically, the mass was composed of closely packed, plump, polygonal cells with central round nuclei with granular chromatin and abundant eosinophilic finely granular to vesiculate cytoplasm. An ovarian benign interstitial (Leydig) cell tumor was diagnosed.
Subject(s)
Camelids, New World , Hyperandrogenism/veterinary , Leydig Cell Tumor/veterinary , Ovarian Neoplasms/veterinary , Ovary/pathology , Theca Cells/metabolism , Animals , Behavior, Animal/physiology , Female , Hyperandrogenism/etiology , Hyperandrogenism/therapy , Leydig Cell Tumor/complications , Leydig Cell Tumor/surgery , Ovarian Neoplasms/complications , Ovarian Neoplasms/surgery , Ovary/metabolism , Testosterone/blood , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
During a study on the effect of insulin on fish growth, a case was reported on hyperandrogenism in juvenile fish (pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus).
