Magnetic resonance and computed tomographic imaging characteristics and potential molecular mechanisms of feline meningioma associated calvarial hyperostosis.

Meningiomas are the most common feline primary brain tumours, and calvarial hyperostosis (CH) is frequently documented in association with this neoplastic entity. The clinical significance of and mechanisms driving the formation of CH in cats with meningiomas are poorly understood, although tumour invasion into the skull and tumour production of cytokines and enzymes have been implicated as causes of CH in humans. This retrospective study investigated relationships between signalment, MRI or CT imaging features, histopathologic tumour characteristics, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) isoenzyme concentrations, tumour expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2, MMP-9, and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and progression free survival times (PFS) following surgical treatment in 27 cats with meningiomas with (n = 15) or without (n = 12) evidence of CH. No significant differences in breed, age, sex, body weight, tumour grade, tumour volume, peritumoral edema burden, ALP isoenzyme concentrations, tumour Ki-67 labelling indices or MMP-2 or MMP-9 expression and activity, or PFS were noted between cats with or without CH. There was a trend towards higher serum (p = .06) and intratumoral (p = .07) concentrations of IL-6 in cats with CH, but these comparisons were not statistically significant. Histologic evidence of tumour invasion into bone was observed in 5/12 (42%) with CH and in no (0/6) cats without CH, although this was not statistically significant (p = .07). Tumour invasion into bone and tumour production of IL-6 may contribute to the formation of meningioma associated CH in cats, although larger studies are required to further substantiate these findings and determine their clinical relevance.

Patterns of hyperostosis during the ontogenic development of Atlantic spadefish (Broussonet, 1782) in Brazilian coast.

Marine teleost species of commercial interest are often reported with hyperostosis, an osteological condition that results in bone thickening. Various specimens of Atlantic Spadefish Chaetodipterus faber (n = 86) obtained from artisanal fishermen in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were radiographed and assessed to detect the occurrence of hyperostosis across four different size classes. Of the examined individuals, 58.62% displayed signs of hyperostosis, which manifested in eight skeletal regions, notably in the supraoccipital crest, cleithrum and supraneural areas. In the vertebral column, hyperostosis was more frequently observed in haemal spines than in neural spines, predominantly between the sixth and eighth caudal vertebrae. The smallest size class (<200 mm total length) showed a low frequency of hyperostosis at 7.89%. This frequency escalated for larger classes, reaching 94.12% in individuals measuring 200-300 mm in total length and was observed in all individuals exceeding 300 mm. Hyperostosis exhibited an ontogenetic development pattern, where both the occurrence frequencies and the sizes of the affected bones expanded in proportion to the fish size. This is the first description of the hyperostosis pattern of development for the species, an important commercial resource.

Desordens hiperostóticas em American Bully / Hiperostotic disorders in american bully

O complexo de desordens hiperostóticas é uma condição rara e autolimitante, que tem as mesmas características histopatológicas, que cursa com proliferação óssea de caráter não neoplásico. Acomete cães jovens de raças distintas, com variabilidade quanto ao tipo de proliferação óssea e quanto aos ossos acometidos. O complexo é composto pela osteopatia craniomandibular, hiperostose da calota craniana e osteodistrofia hipertrófica. Podendo estar presente nos ossos da calota craniana, mandíbulas, coluna cervical e esqueleto apendicular. O presente relato, descreveu o quadro de uma cadela, da raça American Bully, não castrada, três meses de idade, que foi atendida com queixa de aumento de volume doloroso das mandíbulas, hiporexia e sialorreia há 15 dias, apresentando ao exame físico, amplitude de movimento diminuída e sensibilidade dolorosa da articulação temporomandibular, espessamento firme bilateral do crânio em região de fossa temporal, espessamento palpável de consistência firme das mandíbulas e crepitação respiratória. Após avaliação clínica e realização de exames complementares, chegou-se ao diagnóstico presuntivo, de complexo de desordens hiperostóticas. Foi instituído como conduta terapêutica o suporte analgésico, sendo eficaz para a manutenção das necessidades fisiológicas até a paciente alcançar a fase adulta. O prognóstico para esta paciente foi considerado bom, uma vez que não havia indícios de anquilose da articulação temporomandibular e/ou manifestações neurológicas.

The complex of hyperostotic disorders is a rare and self-limiting condition, which has the same histophatological characteristics, which courses with non-neoplastic bone proliferations. It affects young dogs of different breeds, with variability the bones affected. The complex is composed of craniomandibular osteopathy, calvarial hyperostotic syndrome and hypertrophic osteodystrophy. It may be present in the bones of the skullcap, jaws, cervical spine and appendicular skeleton. The present report describes the condition of a female dog, American Bully breed, entire, three months old, with a complaint of painful swelling of the jaws, hyporexia and drooling for 15 days, presenting on physical examination, reduced amplitude and pain of the temporomandibular joint, bilateral firm thickening of the skull in the temporal fossa region, palpable firm-consistent thickening of the mandibles and respiratory crackle. After clinical evaluation and complementary tests, a presumptive diagnosis of hyperostotic disorders complex was reached. It was instituted pain management as a treatment, being effective for the maintenance of physiological needs until the patient reaches the adulthood. The prognosis for this patient was considered good, since there was no evidence of temporomandibular joint ankylosis and/or neurological manifestations.

Skull Base Primary Extracranial Meningioma with Hyperostosis in a Small Mixed-Breed Dog.

A 7 yr old female spayed Chihuahua-terrier mix was presented for a progressive dry, hacking cough over 9 mo, with dyspnea aggravated by eating and drinking. Computed tomography of the skull revealed a large mineral attenuating mass associated with the left skull base, without intracranial involvement. A modified ventral paramedian hypophysectomy approach along the medial aspect of the left ramus was used to approach the base of the skull. Ninety percent of the mass was debulked via high-speed pneumatic burr. Histopathology was consistent with hyperostosis originating from a primary extracranial meningioma (ECM), with the tissue staining positive for vimentin and negative for cytokeratin. The patient was symptom free for 9 mo before clinical signs returned because of tumor recurrence and was euthanized 11 mo postoperation because of diminished quality of life. ECM is uncommonly reported in the dog, and to the authors' knowledge has not previously been reported with hyperostosis or located along the skull base at the level of the tympanic bulla. Additionally, although hyperostosis predominantly occurs as diffuse bone thickening adjacent to a meningioma, proliferative focal hyperostosis is uncommon. Given the findings in this patient, ECM should be considered as a differential diagnosis for osseous skull base masses.

The presence of hyperostosis in Atlantic moonfish, Selene setapinnis (Mitchill, 1815) in the Brazilian Coast - case report / [A presença de hiperostoses no peixe-galo-sem-penacho, Selene setapinnis (Mitchill, 1815) na costa brasileira - relato de caso]

The occurrence of hyperostotic bones is common in marine fish, especially in the Carangidae family, despite few records of this condition in fishes from Brazilian waters. The present study describes the occurrence of hyperostosis in Atlantic moonfish (Selene setapinnis) in, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Radiographs of the fish specimens were taken and all of them presented hyperostosis in at least three different regions: cleithrum, pterygiophores and pleural ribs. The observed pattern is different from previously described for other species of the same genus. It is the first record for the species and a valuable contribution to the study of bone diseases in fishes from the Brazilian coast.(AU)

A ocorrência de ossos hipertostóticos é comum em peixes marinhos, especialmente na família Carangidae, apesar de poucos relatos dessa condição em peixes de águas brasileiras. O presente estudo descreve a ocorrência de hiperostose no peixe-galo-sem-penacho (Selene setapinnis) no estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Radiografias dos espécimes de peixes foram feitas e todos os exemplares apresentaram hiperostoses em pelo menos três regiões diferentes: cleithrum, pterigióforos e costelas pleurais. O padrão observado é diferente do descrito previamente para outras espécies do mesmo gênero. Este é o primeiro relato para a espécie e é uma contribuição valiosa para o estudo de doenças ósseas em peixes da costa brasileira.(AU)

Osteomalacia With Hyperostosis in Captive Lesser Hedgehog Tenrecs (Echinops telfairi).

Four captive, lesser hedgehog tenrecs (Echinops telfairi) were euthanized for soft bones that prevented normal mastication and/or ambulation. Antemortem radiographs (available in 2 cases) revealed osteopenia. Antemortem bloodwork (available in 2 cases) revealed hypophosphatemia. Dietary history (available in 2 cases) indicated the animals were eating only insects. Histologically, all examined bones had wide osteoid seams that caused expansion of the cortices. Osteoid deposition was exuberant and it partially filled marrow cavities (hyperostosis). Nondecalcified sections of bone (available in 2 cases) revealed that osteoid was poorly mineralized, consistent with osteomalacia. Insects are poor dietary sources of vitamin D, and dietary vitamin D deficiency is considered the most likely cause for metabolic bone disease in these animals.

Hypertrophic osteopathy in a cat with cardiac interventricular septal defect.

A 3-year-old mixed-breed female cat was diagnosed with a ventricular septal defect of the heart through an echocardiogram. After a 9-month treatment, progressive and diffuse hard thickening of all limbs was observed, which on radiographic examinations, revealed a marked thickening of the long bones. The necropsy findings were limited to the appendicular skeleton and thoracic vertebrae, in addition to a severe cardiac interventricular septal defect and lung edema. The histological evaluation revealed severe replacement of the cortical bone by spongy bone in all bone fragments examined. This is the first report of hypertrophic osteopathy occurring in association with a cardiac malformation in a cat.

Hypertrophic osteopathy secondary to metastatic ovarian adenocarcinoma in a mare.

A 10-year-old Andalusian mare was presented for evaluation of weight loss, increasing periods of recumbency, and swelling of the lower limbs. Radiographs revealed severe palisading to solid periosteal new bone formation in numerous locations. Necropsy revealed a metastatic malignant adenocarcinoma of ovarian origin with secondary hypertrophic osteopathy.

Ostéopathie hypertrophique secondaire à un adénocarcinome ovarien métastatique chez une jument. Une jument d'Andalousie âgée de 10 ans a été présentée pour évaluation à la suite d'une perte de poids, de périodes croissantes de décubitus et d'enflure dans les membres inférieurs. Les radiographies ont révélé des lésions allant d'une disposition en palissades sévère jusqu'à la formation de nouvel os périostique solide à plusieurs endroits. La nécropsie a révélé un adénocarcinome malin métastatique d'origine ovarienne avec une ostéopathie hypertrophique secondaire.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).

Hypertrophic osteopathy associated with hepatocellular carcinoma in a dog.

A 9-year-old spayed female dog diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma and hypertrophic osteopathy was negative for additional lesions on computed tomography of the thorax and abdomen. Resection of the affected liver lobe resulted in resolution of clinical signs. This is the first case of hypertrophic osteopathy secondary to hepatocellular carcinoma.

Ostéopathie hypertrophique associée à un carcinome hépatocellulaire chez un chien. Un carcinome hépatocellulaire et de l'ostéopathie hypertrophique ont été diagnostiqués chez une chienne stérilisée âgée de 9 ans mais était négative par tomodensitométrie pour des lésions additionnelles au thorax et à l'abdomen. La résection du foie touché a produit une résolution des signes cliniques. C'est le premier cas d'ostéopathie hypertrophique secondaire à un carcinome hépatocellulaire.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).

Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis with prominent appendicular bone proliferation in a dog.

This report described radiographic and CT features of atypical diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis in a 5 year-old, female Shih-tzu showing marked proliferative bone lesions in the appendicular skeleton with minor spinal changes. Continuous or flowing bony bridge formation of vertebrae is used as the gold standard for diagnosing diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis. However, this criterion seems not to be suitable for appendicular type diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis, as in the present case. Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis is a progressive skeletal disease, and thus, enthesophytosis and the multiple bony proliferations at insertion sites of ligaments and tendons to appendicular bones in a lamellar or trabecular pattern were considered diagnostic features of the appendicular type of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis.

Prevalence and characterization of small tympanic bone spicules and drumstick-like hyperostotic tympanic bone spicules in the middle ear cavity of dogs.

Rounded, sessile, hyperattenuating structures detected in computed tomography (CT) studies of canine tympanic bullae have been termed "otoliths." These have been proposed to represent dystrophic mineralizations or heterotopic bone formations in the middle ear that are potentially related to chronic otitis media. Aims of the current study were to describe the prevalence, macroscopic, and histological features of structures consistent with "otoliths" in the canine tympanic cavity. Tympanic bullae from 50 routinely necropsied dogs and 139 retrospectively retrieved CT scans of canine clinical cases were examined. Small tympanic bone spicules with pointed or clubbed tips essentially arising from the free margin of the septum bullae were bilaterally present in the tympanic cavities of all 50 of the necropsied dogs. In 48% of the dogs, "otolith"-like CT-detectable bone spicules carrying drumstick-like hyperostoses that were 1-6 mm in diameter were also present. In the retrospective survey of bulla CT scans of 139 cases, the prevalence of hyperostotic tympanic bone spicules (HTBS) was 20%. Findings from the current study indicated that the presence of small tympanic bone spicules in adult dogs is most likely due to physiological bone growth in the septum bullae and that HTBS represent osseous proliferations of small tympanic bone spicules. However, the factors inducing formation of hyperostotic spicules from small tympanic bone spicules remain unknown. The high prevalence of HTBS displaying a similar appearance in bulla CT scans in dogs suggests that these spicules should be included in a differential diagnosis list for "otoliths."

Hyperostotic bone disease in a wombat (Vombatus ursinus).

Little is known about wombat diseases in general, and about their congenital diseases in particular. In the current study, the skeleton of a common wombat (Vombatus ursinus) that exhibited generalized hyperostosis is analyzed, and possible diagnoses are reviewed. Macromorphological analyses revealed that the diaphyses of the long bones manifested an increased diameter with extensive diaphyseal new-bone formation (periosteal and endosteal). Cross-sections of the diaphyses showed that the cortical-medullary demarcation was indistinct. The calvarial bones were thickened. Radiographs showed uniform sclerosis of the long bones with loss of trabecular pattern. Microradiography showed extensive bone remodeling, a hyper-vascularized lamellated layer of bone and numerous linear formation defects. Possible causes for the lesions, including sclerosing bone dysplasia disorders, acquired syndromes causing hyperostosis, and metabolic diseases typical of animals in captivity, are discussed.

Polyostotic hyperostosis in a domestic shorthair cat.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION: An 11-year-old male neutered domestic shorthair cat was presented for investigation of weight loss and inappetence. On physical examination there was palpable enlargement and thickening of many bones, and this finding was confirmed radiographically. PROPOSED DIAGNOSIS: Based on clinical, radiological and histopathological findings, a polyostotic bone disease, best described as generalised idiopathic hyperostosis, was diagnosed. This condition has not been reported in cats previously. Canine and human diseases with similarities to this presentation are discussed.

Hyperostosis in three fish species collected from the Sea of Oman.

Hyperostotic conditions are described in three teleost fishes. Pomadasys stridens, (Haemulidae; 326 mm TL, 314 mm SL), Drepane longimana (Drepanidae; 450 mm, TL, 440 mm SL), and Platax teira (Ephippidae) captured off the coast of Muscat City. There are regions of hyperostosis in four bones in P. stridens, three in D. longimana and seven in P. teira. Size, shape, position, and species-specific characteristics showed wide variation in these three species.

Hypertrophic osteopathy associated with pulmonary adenosquamous carcinoma in a dog.

A six-year-old intact female Maltese dog weighing 3.8 kg presented with a history of mild lameness and swelling on both forelimbs. Radiographic and computed tomographic views revealed an extensive periosteal reaction in all four limbs and a large round mass on the right middle lung lobe. A total lobectomy was performed and pulmonary adenosquamous carcinoma was histologically confirmed. A diagnosis of hypertrophic osteopathy (HO) secondary to a lung tumor was made. Periosteal proliferation decreased significantly after surgery; however, there was evidence of dyspnea, mass recurrence, and periosteal reaction three months post-operatively. This is the first case report of pulmonary adenosquamous carcinoma with HO in a dog in which we describe clinical, imaging, surgical, and histological findings.

Calvarial hyperostosis presenting as unilateral exophthalmos in a female English Springer Spaniel.

A 4-month-old intact female English Springer Spaniel presented to the University of Georgia Veterinary Teaching Hospital for evaluation of unilateral, progressive exophthalmos oculus sinister (OS) of 2 weeks' duration. Complete ophthalmic examination revealed moderate OS exophthalmos and lateral globe deviation. No other abnormalities were noted on physical or ophthalmic examination, ocular ultrasound, complete bloodwork, or thoracic radiography. Skull computed tomography (CT) revealed a large, focal, smoothly irregular, cavitated, expansile bony lesion involving the left caudal maxillary and left frontal bones. Biopsies, obtained through a frontal sinusotomy approach to preserve the left globe integrity, demonstrated normal reactive trabecular bone with locally extensive fibrosis. Calvarial hyperostosis was diagnosed based upon appearance on imaging, lesion unilaterality, absence of mandibular involvement, and histopathology. Six months after initial presentation, skull CT was repeated and marked reduction in the degree of frontal bone thickening was demonstrated with complete resolution of cavitations. There was marked clinical improvement with mild, nonpainful exophthalmos, and lateral globe deviation OS on ophthalmic examination. Eleven months after initial presentation, there was complete resolution of the frontal bone lesion with mild thickening of the left calvarial bones on repeat skull CT. There was no exophthalmos or globe deviation present on clinical ophthalmic examination. The proliferative osteopathic lesion was self-resolving with resolution of the exophthalmos and has not recurred to date. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of calvarial hyperostosis in a previously unreported breed presenting as unilateral exophthalmos.

Idiopathic canine juvenile cranial hyperostosis in a Pit Bull Terrier.

CASE HISTORY: An 8-month-old male Pit Bull Terrier was presented with bilateral firm swellings of the cranium in the region of the frontal sinuses. The dog was aggressive when approached and had also been anorexic during the 3.5 days prior to presentation. CLINICAL FINDINGS: Using computed tomography (CT) and radiology, periosteal new bone formation and hyperostosis were detected on the frontal, parietal and mandibular bones bilaterally. Histopathology of the calvarial and mandibular bones was similar, comprised of thick trabeculae of immature woven and mature lamellar bone separated by cementing lines. Sites of prominent osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity were also present. DIAGNOSIS: Craniomandibular osteopathy with clinical similarities to calvarial hyperostosis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Pit Bull Terriers are not predisposed to either craniomandibular osteopathy or calvarial hyperostosis. This observation, in addition to the clinical and pathological similarities between the two diseases, suggests that craniomandibular osteopathy and calvarial hyperostosis may represent a single disorder, with predilection sites that vary between breeds of dog. We propose a new term, idiopathic canine juvenile cranial hyperostosis, for this disorder, to include both craniomandibular osteopathy and calvarial hyperostosis.