Transient and permanent hypocalcemia after total thyroidectomy: Early predictive factors and long-term follow-up results.

BACKGROUND: Post-thyroidectomy hypocalcemia is among the most common complications of total thyroidectomy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate early predictive factors and long-term changes in intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) levels in patients with transient and permanent hypocalcemia after total thyroidectomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 349 consecutive patients who underwent total thyroidectomy with or without neck dissection between 2009 and 2011 were reviewed. PTH, total calcium (Ca), and ionized Ca (iCa) levels were evaluated at 1 hour, and 1, 3, 5, and 7 days, and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. Biochemical profiles at 1 hour after total thyroidectomy in patients with transient and permanent hypocalcemia were compared. Patients with postoperative hypocalcemia were followed for 12 months. RESULTS: Lesser preoperative serum levels of Ca and more extensive surgery were significantly associated with postoperative hypocalcemia (P < .05). The absolute level and relative decline (%) in iPTH at 1 hour were the most reliable predictors of postoperative hypocalcemia according to the receiver operating characteristics curve, with a threshold of 10.42 pg/mL and 70%. Sensitivity and specificity of the predictors were 83.4% (95% CI, 76.4-89.1), 100% (95% CI, 84.6-100.0), 84.1 (95% CI, 77.2-89.7), and 95.5% (95% CI, 77.2-99.9), respectively. Parathyroid function recovered in the first month after total thyroidectomy in 78 of 99 patients (79%) with transient hypocalcemia. However, 46 of 61 patients (74%) with a subnormal iPTH level at 3 months after surgery had permanent hypocalcemia. CONCLUSION: Mean postoperative PTH level and the mean relative decline in PTH measured 1 hour postoperatively were the most reliable predictors of postoperative or permanent hypocalcemia.

Classification of Disorders of Bone and Calcium Metabolism.

Classification is a natural human trait that enables us to put what may otherwise be very complex subjects into some order. However, classification should be seen not as an end in itself but rather as a means to help us understand certain topics. In the case of medicine, classification helps to provide information about the causes underlying many of the conditions encountered and, in some cases, provides a rationale for developing new treatments. This chapter aims to provide a helpful (if complex) classification of diseases of bone and calcium and, where known, to describe the underlying genetic mechanisms.

Hipocalcemia con encefalopatía y crisis epilépticas secundarias al tratamiento con denosumab / Hypocalcemia with encephalopathy and epileptic seizures secondary to treatment with denosumab

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Nomogram to aid selection of patients for short-stay thyroidectomy based on risk of postoperative hypocalcemia.

OBJECTIVE: To develop statistical prediction tools to select patients for short-stay thyroidectomy based on dynamic quantification of individual risk for postoperative hypocalcemia. DESIGN: Clinical and biochemical factors that could influence postoperative calcium levels were analyzed. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to study the predictive ability of each variable for hypocalcemia. A step-down model reduction selection method was used to rank the predictors according to their predictive accuracy. SETTING: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. PATIENTS: A test population of 393 patients who met our inclusion criteria and who underwent total thyroidectomy at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in the year 2008 made up the modeling data set, 116 of whom developed biochemical hypocalcemia postoperatively (29.5%). The nomograms were validated on an independent data set consisting of 296 selected patients who underwent total thyroidectomy during the year 2005, using the same selection criteria for inclusion as those for the modeling data set. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The 8 predictors with the highest predictive accuracy were selected to generate a nomogram, which was validated both internally and externally using an independent data set. A second nomogram was developed for assessing the probability of a patient stay of 24 hours or shorter, based on preoperative and intraoperative factors. RESULTS: The 8 variables of highest predictive value were age, sex, medications, history of cancer, preoperative serum calcium level, creatinine concentration, central neck dissection, and alkaline phosphatase levels. A nomogram was created based on the final parsimonious model. The nomogram had excellent accuracy (concordance index of 74.6%) and scored high on internal validation tests. The concordance index of the second nomogram for predicting the likelihood of discharge from the hospital within 24 hours was 70%. CONCLUSION: We have produced a set of nomograms that can dynamically quantify the risk of postthyroidectomy hypocalcemia and prolonged hospital stay based on preoperative clinical and biochemical variables and intraoperative surgical variables.

Multivariate analysis of clinical, demographic, and laboratory data for classification of disorders of calcium homeostasis.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) nomograms combine total calcium and intact PTH (iPTH) measurements to classify disorders of calcium homeostasis. Our objective was to determine if using a combination of laboratory, demographic, and clinical parameters improves the accuracy of classification of these disorders. Chart data were collected for 236 patients with physician-ordered iPTH and total calcium tests. Classification was done using 3 approaches: (1) PTH nomogram plotting total calcium and iPTH results against known cases; (2) review of all available chart data ("gold standard"); and (3) multivariate model (classification and regression tree [CART] or logistic regression) using 24 variables. The CART model was developed using the gold standard patient classification and validated using leave-one-out cross-validation. The CART model was significantly (P = .002) more accurate (80.6%) than the PTH nomogram (59.7%) and logistic regression (66.2%) at classifying calcium homeostasis disorders. The CART model used 6 of 24 variables (iPTH, calcium, creatinine, renal transplantation, percentage of females, and urea nitrogen) and had a misclassification error rate of 0.194 (27/139). Classification of disorders of calcium homeostasis based on the PTH nomogram can be improved by using the CART model developed in this study.

A practical approach to hypocalcaemia in children.

Hypocalcaemia is one of the commonest disorders of mineral metabolism seen in children and can be a consequence of several different aetiologies. These include a failure of secretion or action of parathyroid hormone, disorders of vitamin D metabolism and abnormal function of the calcium-sensing receptor. A practical approach to the investigation, diagnosis and subsequent management of hypocalcaemic disorders is presented.

Causes and differential diagnosis of hypocalcemia--recommendation proposed by expert panel supported by ministry of health, labour and welfare, Japan.

Serum calcium (Ca) level is maintained within a narrow range mainly by actions of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitmain D [1,25(OH)(2)D]. While it is not rare to encounter hypocalcemia in clinical practice, there is currently no practical guideline for the differential diagnosis of hypocalcemia. We therefore propose flowcharts for the differential diagnosis of hypocalcemia and hypoparathyroidism, especially PTH-deficient hypoparathyroidism in which many genetic or other causes have been identified recently. Hypocalcemia can be divided into two categories, hypocalcemia with low serum phosphate level, and one with normal to elevated serum phosphate level. Deficient actions of 1,25(OH)(2)D, loss of Ca into urine, and deposition of Ca in bone or soft tissues are main causes of hypocalcemia with low to low normal serum phosphate level. Hypocalcemia with high normal to high serum phosphate level includes chronic renal failure and hypoparathyroidism. Hypoparathyroidism is subdivided into PTH-deficient hypoparathyroidism and pseudohypoparathyroidism. Recent investigations identified several causes of PTH-deficient hypoparathyroidism, including genetic abnormalities and parathyroid autoantibodies, which should be differentiated from idiopathic hypoparathyroidism. Physical and laboratory findings, the time of the onset of diseases and accompanying illness can be clues for identifying causes of PTH-deficient hypoparathyroidism.

Hipocalcemia, hipomagnesemia e hipofosfatemia en pacientes pediátricos críticamente enfermos

Las alteraciones en las concentraciones séricas de iones como el calcio, el magnesio y el fósforo han sido estudiadas extensamente en los últimos años en pacientes críticamente enfermos y han sido asociadas con aumento de la mortalidad. En los reportes de Broner, de valores de electrolitos en pacientes pediátricos, al ingreso en una unidad de cuidado intensivo (1), la alteración electrolítica más frecuente fue alteración en la concentración de magnesio sérico (43.4 por ciento) de los pacientes, estando 25.6 por ciento de éstos por debajo y 17.8 por ciento por encima de los valores considerados como normales (0.74 - 0.95 mmol/dl) y encontrándose además una rata significativamente diferente de mortalidad (38 por ciento) en los pacientes hipermagnesémicos. Se encontró además 16.5 por ciento de alteración en los valores de calcio ionizado y una correlación estadísticamente significativa entre la presencia de hipocalcemia ionizada y mayor mortalidad. Los valores de calcio total no se correlacionaron con los valores de calcio iónico. Otro estudio realizado por Cárdenas-Rivero y cols (2), reporta una incidencia de hipocalcemia ionizada de 18 por ciento entre pacientes pediátricos que ingresan a una UCIP, correlacionando además la presencia de hipocalcemia ionizada con una mayor severidad de la enfermedad y una mayor mortalidad. El reporte de Reinhart y Desbiens (3) muestra una incidencia de 20 por ciento de hipomagnesemia y de 9 por ciento de hipermagnesemia en adultos que ingresan a una UCI médica. Se ha reportado una importante incidencia de hipofosfatemia en pacientes adultos que ingresan a unidades de cuidado intensivo por trauma como en el estudio de Daily (4), que sugiere la administración rutinaria de infusión de fosfato a estos pacientes para evitar la presencia de hipofosfatemia. Se conoce además la importancia de la fosfatemia como causante de muchas de las manifestaciones que presentan pacientes desnutridos a los que se les administra una dieta hipercalórica. Todos los anteriores datos nos llevan a revisar la fisiopatología de estas alteraciones, para poder detectar y tratar oportunamente sus manifestaciones.