ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To optimize a prothrombin time (PT) method designed for human plasma for use with canine plasma. SAMPLE POPULATION: 100 plasma samples from healthy dogs and 50 plasma samples with reduced activity of the single factors II, V, VII or X. PROCEDURE: Canine plasma samples with various coagulation activity values (100, 75, 50, 25 and 10%: prepared by dilution from a plasma pool [n = 100]) were assayed at various sample dilutions and dilutions of the thromboplastin component of 3 commercial calcium thromboplastin reagents. The sc-named optimized PT test was compared with the standard test with respect to its sensitivity and correlation with the sum of the activity decreases of single factors II, V, VII, and X in relation to the respective reference range. RESULTS: The time intervals between various coagulation activity values, which were small by use of the standard test, could be increased by diluting the sample and substituting fibrinogen, but not by diluting the tissue thromboplastin component of PT reagent. On the basis of 50 abnormal plasma samples, the optimized test had high sensitivity (0.90 to 1.00, dependent on reagent and sample dilution) in contrast to the standard test, which had low sensitivity (0.24 to 0.58, dependent on reagent). Also, correlation with the sum of the activity decreases was closer by use of the optimized (0.90 to 0.93) than the standard (0.58 to 0.84) test. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to the standard test, an optimized test is suitable as a sensitive screening test of the extrinsic coagulation system in dogs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The optimized PT method is easy to perform and, therefore, should be in general use for assay of canine plasma.
Subject(s)
Dog Diseases , Hypoprothrombinemias/veterinary , Prothrombin Time/veterinary , Animals , Dogs , Factor V Deficiency/blood , Factor V Deficiency/diagnosis , Factor V Deficiency/veterinary , Factor VII/analysis , Factor VII Deficiency/blood , Factor VII Deficiency/diagnosis , Factor VII Deficiency/veterinary , Factor X Deficiency/blood , Factor X Deficiency/diagnosis , Factor X Deficiency/veterinary , Female , Humans , Hypoprothrombinemias/blood , Hypoprothrombinemias/diagnosis , Male , Reference Values , Sensitivity and Specificity , Species SpecificityABSTRACT
Sulfaquinoxaline, a coccidiostat readily available to the public, was mixed in the drinking water for this purpose by the owner. Secondary to its use, a bleeding disorder attributable to hypoprothrombinemia developed in several dogs. Clinical signs of bleeding ceased 24 hours after institution of vitamin K1 and discontinuation of sulfaquinoxaline in the drinking water. This report should remind veterinarians that drugs and medications readily available to the public may have adverse effects in animals, and such problems should be investigated whenever multiple dogs in a common setting are affected with the same clinical problem.
Subject(s)
Dog Diseases/chemically induced , Hypoprothrombinemias/veterinary , Sulfaquinoxaline/adverse effects , Animals , Dogs , Drinking , Female , Hypoprothrombinemias/chemically induced , Sulfaquinoxaline/administration & dosageABSTRACT
A coagulopathy attributable to a deficiency of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors (II, VII, IX, and X) was diagnosed in 3 Devon Rex cats. There was no evidence for exposure to vitamin-antagonist-related rodenticides. The cats did not have evidence of hepatic disease, gastrointestinal disease, or fat malassimilation. Oral treatment with vitamin K1 resulted in normalization of clotting factor concentrations. However, when treatment was discontinued in 2 cats, prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin values became prolonged again, although the cats did not have clinical signs of a bleeding disorder.
Subject(s)
Blood Coagulation Disorders/veterinary , Cat Diseases/etiology , Vitamin K Deficiency/veterinary , Animals , Blood Coagulation Disorders/etiology , Blood Coagulation Disorders/genetics , Breeding , Cat Diseases/genetics , Cats , Factor VII Deficiency/etiology , Factor VII Deficiency/genetics , Factor VII Deficiency/veterinary , Factor X Deficiency/etiology , Factor X Deficiency/genetics , Factor X Deficiency/veterinary , Female , Hemophilia B/etiology , Hemophilia B/genetics , Hemophilia B/veterinary , Hypoprothrombinemias/etiology , Hypoprothrombinemias/genetics , Hypoprothrombinemias/veterinary , Male , Partial Thromboplastin Time/veterinary , Pedigree , Prothrombin , Prothrombin Time/veterinary , Vitamin K/therapeutic use , Vitamin K Deficiency/complications , Vitamin K Deficiency/geneticsABSTRACT
Inherited coagulation disorders have been diagnosed in many breeds of dogs as well as in mongrels and cats. This article presents the different coagulation factor deficiencies that are known to exist in small animals. A description is given of each coagulation factor along with the relevant clinical signs, inheritance, and the breeds affected. Suggestions are also given for the diagnosis and therapy of these deficiencies.
Subject(s)
Blood Coagulation Disorders/veterinary , Cat Diseases/genetics , Dog Diseases/genetics , Afibrinogenemia/genetics , Afibrinogenemia/veterinary , Animals , Blood Coagulation Disorders/genetics , Cats , Dogs , Factor VII Deficiency/genetics , Factor VII Deficiency/veterinary , Factor X Deficiency/genetics , Factor X Deficiency/veterinary , Factor XI Deficiency/genetics , Factor XI Deficiency/veterinary , Factor XII Deficiency/genetics , Factor XII Deficiency/veterinary , Hemophilia A/genetics , Hemophilia A/veterinary , Hemophilia B/genetics , Hemophilia B/veterinary , Hypoprothrombinemias/genetics , Hypoprothrombinemias/veterinaryABSTRACT
Automated synthetic substrate assays for factors II and VII in the extrinsic coagulation pathway have been developed in our laboratory. In both kinetic assays, p-nitroaniline (pNA) was cleaved from the substrate and measured spectrophotometrically at 405 nm. Plasma samples from 5-8 month old beagle dogs were analyzed for factors II and VII, and also for prothrombin times. A subpopulation considered abnormal (prothrombin times greater than 8 seconds) had slightly elevated factor II levels, but extremely low factor VII levels, relative to the normal group. Therefore, the prolonged prothrombin times of this abnormal group can now be confidently attributed to their decreased factor VII levels. The known genetic predisposition of beagle dogs to factor VII deficiency supports this conclusion. Thus, synthetic substrates are useful for the measurement of coagulation factors in dogs, and permit ready automation of the assay.
Subject(s)
Dog Diseases/blood , Factor VII Deficiency/veterinary , Factor VII/analysis , Hypoprothrombinemias/veterinary , Prothrombin Time/veterinary , Animals , Dogs , Female , MaleABSTRACT
Dicumarol poisoning was reproduced by feeding naturally spoiled, sweet clover hay, which contained a minimum of 90 ppm dicumarol. Vitamin K1 administered IM was effective in treating the disease at dosages of 1.1, 2.2, and 3.3 mg/kg of body weight. Vitamin K3 treatment by various routes and dosages was ineffective.
Subject(s)
Cattle Diseases/etiology , Dicumarol/poisoning , Hypoprothrombinemias/veterinary , Plant Poisoning/veterinary , Vitamin K 1/therapeutic use , Animals , Cattle , Cattle Diseases/chemically induced , Cattle Diseases/drug therapy , Clinical Trials as Topic , Hypoprothrombinemias/chemically induced , Plant Poisoning/drug therapy , Prothrombin Time/veterinary , Vitamin K/administration & dosage , Vitamin K/therapeutic use , Vitamin K 1/administration & dosageABSTRACT
Veterinarians and physicians are frequently not fully aware of the interdependencies of veterinary and human medicine. This short outline of the history of anticoagulation by dicumarol(analogues) beginning with the observation in 1922 of a previously unknown illness in cattle is intended to point out this important interrelation.
Subject(s)
Anticoagulants/history , Dicumarol/history , Animals , Canada , Cattle , Cattle Diseases/etiology , Dicumarol/analogs & derivatives , Dicumarol/therapeutic use , Disease Models, Animal , History, 20th Century , Humans , Hypoprothrombinemias/etiology , Hypoprothrombinemias/veterinary , Thromboembolism/drug therapy , United StatesABSTRACT
An acquired coagulation factor X activity deficiency was demonstrated in sheep fed Hymenoxys odorata, bitterweed plant. All coagulation tests were normal before the sheep were given the plant material. All tests involving the function of factor X, including a specific factor assay, became abnormal after the sheep were given bitterweed. Other specific factors remained within normal limits. The presence of an inhibitory activity could not be shown.
