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1.
Vet J ; 191(2): 199-202, 2012 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21371917

ABSTRACT

European and American guidelines for vaccination against tetanus and influenza in horses recommend annual and annual/semi-annual vaccinations, respectively, against the two pathogens. Too-frequent vaccination may, however, have adverse effects, among other things because an inflammatory response is elicited with subsequent alterations in homeostasis. The objective of the study was to compare the acute phase response (APR) in 10 horses following administration of two different types of vaccines, namely, an inactivated Immune Stimulating COMplex (ISCOM) vaccine and a live recombinant vector vaccine. Blood was sampled before and after vaccination to measure levels of serum amyloid A (SAA), fibrinogen, white blood cell counts (WBC) and iron. Vaccination induced a prominent APR with increased WBC, elevated blood levels of SAA and fibrinogen, and decreased serum iron concentrations. The ISCOM vaccine caused significantly (P<0.05) greater SAA, fibrinogen and WBC responses than the vector vaccine. During the APR muscle catabolism and liver and kidney metabolism are altered. Also drug metabolism may change during the APR. The findings of the present study may be relevant for advising horse owners about convalescence after vaccination.


Subject(s)
Acute-Phase Reaction/veterinary , Horse Diseases/prevention & control , Vaccination/veterinary , Acute-Phase Reaction/blood , Acute-Phase Reaction/chemically induced , Animals , Female , Fibrinogen/metabolism , Horse Diseases/blood , Horse Diseases/immunology , Horses , ISCOMs/adverse effects , Leukocyte Count/veterinary , Male , Serum Amyloid A Protein/metabolism , Vaccination/adverse effects , Vaccines, Synthetic/adverse effects
2.
Dtsch Med Wochenschr ; 136(45): 2315-8, 2011 Nov.
Article in German | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22048938

ABSTRACT

The influenza virus isolation in embryonated chicken eggs was possible early in 1930er years and allowed the influenza vaccine production. Most influenza vaccines were derived from this, but actually new virus cell culture methods are established. For better tolerability, influenza vaccines include only antigen proportions (split- and subunit vaccines) but with the disadvantage of minor vaccine efficacy. This was compared with the addition of adjuvants. Aluminium salts are used for many decades and still in use to enhance the effect of vaccines. New formulations are MF59, AS03, AS04 or toll- like receptor-agonists. Also virosomal formulations and "ISCOMs"(Immune Stimulating Complexes) are newly designed and compromises enhanced immune reactions. Actually a broad range of various influenza vaccines exist and are available for a very different group of patients (which depends on physical conditions, age, immune status or allergies).


Subject(s)
Influenza A virus/immunology , Influenza Vaccines/immunology , Influenza, Human/prevention & control , Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Child , Child, Preschool , Germany , Humans , ISCOMs/adverse effects , ISCOMs/chemistry , ISCOMs/immunology , Infant , Influenza Vaccines/adverse effects , Influenza Vaccines/chemistry , Influenza, Human/immunology , Liposomes , Mass Vaccination , Middle Aged , Vaccines, DNA/adverse effects , Vaccines, DNA/chemistry , Vaccines, DNA/immunology , Vaccines, Inactivated/adverse effects , Vaccines, Inactivated/chemistry , Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology , Vaccines, Subunit/adverse effects , Vaccines, Subunit/chemistry , Vaccines, Subunit/immunology , Vaccines, Virosome/adverse effects , Vaccines, Virosome/chemistry , Vaccines, Virosome/immunology , Virus Cultivation/methods , Young Adult
3.
Microbes Infect ; 6(7): 666-75, 2004 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15158774

ABSTRACT

To protect against human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV)-induced bronchiolitis in early infancy, vaccines need to be designed which are effective in the neonatal period. To test the safety and efficacy of adjuvants in neonatal mice, we injected hRSV surface proteins combined with immune-stimulating complexes (ISCOMs) prepared from fractions A, C or A + C of Quillaja saponins. All were well tolerated in adults, but A + C ISCOMS proved lethal in neonates; A or C fractions alone were well tolerated by neonates up to the adult dose. hRSV-ISCOM A induced antibody responses similar to combined fractions, and potent in vitro cytotoxic T cell responses. Adult-like in vitro cytotoxicity against hRSV-infected targets and precursor cytotoxic T cell frequencies were observed within one week of neonatal priming and hRSV-ISCOM A-primed neonates showed virtually complete protection against subsequent viral challenge. hRSV challenge was associated with some pulmonary eosinophilia in both age groups, with higher IL-4 production by lung CD4+ T cells in mice primed as neonates. This was, however, accompanied by only minor (approximately 10%) and transient illness and weight loss. Thus, the identification of hRSV antigen delivery systems with an age-appropriate adjuvanticity/reactogenicity balance may be feasible even in the vulnerable early-life period.


Subject(s)
Adjuvants, Immunologic , Bronchiolitis, Viral/prevention & control , ISCOMs , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/immunology , Saponins , Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage , Adjuvants, Immunologic/adverse effects , Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use , Animals , Animals, Newborn , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Bronchiolitis, Viral/virology , Humans , ISCOMs/administration & dosage , ISCOMs/adverse effects , ISCOMs/therapeutic use , Immunization , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/prevention & control , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/virology , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/administration & dosage , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/adverse effects , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/therapeutic use , Saponins/administration & dosage , Saponins/chemistry , Saponins/therapeutic use , T-Lymphocytes/immunology
4.
J Leukoc Biol ; 64(6): 713-23, 1998 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9850152

ABSTRACT

Aluminum salts are currently the only widely used adjuvant for human vaccines. Over the past 10-15 years, a large research effort has attempted to find novel adjuvants with ability to induce a broad range of immune responses, including cell-mediated immunity. The immunostimulating complex or ISCOM is one adjuvant with multiple adjuvant properties. ISCOMs are open cage-like complexes typically with a diameter of about 40 nm that are built up by cholesterol, lipid, immunogen, and saponins from the bark of the tree Quillaia saponaria Molina. ISCOMs have been demonstrated to promote antibody responses and induce T helper cell as well as cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in a variety of experimental animal models, and have now progressed to phase I and II human trials. This review describes recent developments in the understanding of the structure, composition, and preparation of ISCOMs and will cover important aspects of the understanding of the adjuvant functions of ISCOMs and how they act on the immune system.


Subject(s)
Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology , ISCOMs/immunology , Adjuvants, Immunologic/adverse effects , Adjuvants, Immunologic/toxicity , Animals , Humans , ISCOMs/adverse effects , ISCOMs/toxicity
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