Paths to the discovery of antivenom serotherapy in France

The current study presents a descriptive chronological survey of the articles published by Césaire Auguste Phisalix and Albert Calmette on snake poison, with the aim of shedding a light on the areas of research and reasoning followed by these scientists, leading up to their simultaneous discovery of antivenom serotherapy in 1894. The path taken by Phisalix is revealed in 15 articles that demonstrate the motivation of a naturalist and the way he confronted the puzzle of immunity against snake venom. In the case of Calmette, two articles preceded the discovery; microbiology was his theoretical base and the Pasteurian spirit of solving health problems his driving force. These two researchers followed distinct paths, mobilized by different motivations, but produced one single result. It is incontestable that the discovery of antivenom serotherapy was the work of two groups of researchers who deserve equal recognition, but who, in fact, did not receive it. Following the discovery both Calmette and Phisalix returned to their previous motivations. Calmette put the discovery into practice and began to produce antivenom serum in Lille. He came to be generally considered as the sole discoverer of antivenom serotherapy and was the recipient of a number of prestigious prizes. Phisalix, on the other hand, received little recognition and returned to his original interests, devoting himself to research on natural immunity. In Brazil, the discovery of antivenom serum therapy had a profound impact on the work of Vital Brazil Mineiro da Campanha, a researcher known worldwide for his scientific discoveries and for the evidence of the specificity of antivenom serums.

Inmunización pasiva intraútero / In utero immunization

La inmadurez inmunológica en el período neonatal se ve compensada, entre otros factores, por la protección pasiva de los anticuerpos maternos transmitidos por vía transplacentaria, cuya producción se puede activar mediante la vacunación durante el embarazo.Algunas vacunas están recomendadas para la protección de la gestante (difteria, tétanos y antigripal inactivada), otras están indicadas cuando existe situación de riesgo para ésta (antipoliomielítica oral o inactivada, hepatitis B recombinante, hepatitis A inactivada y fiebre amarilla). La vacunación dirigida fundamentalmente a la protección neonatal, además de la materna, puede efectuarse con vacunas disponibles actualmente (antipertussis, Hib, antineumocócica y antimeningocócia A-C) así como otras pendientes de ensayo (estreptococo agalactiae, vacuna de subunidades VRS). El desarrollo de nuevas vacunas ofrece un futuro prometedor para la protección neonatal mediante la vacunación materna (AU)

Evaluation of a whole blood glutaraldehyde coagulation test for the detection of failure of passive transfer in calves.

The accuracy of a commercially available whole blood glutaraldehyde clot test in the detection of failure of passive transfer (serum immunoglobulin [Ig]G1 < 1,000 mg/dL) in neonatal calves was evaluated. Serum samples were obtained from 242 calves ranging in age from 1 to 8 days, and comparisons were made with serum IgG1 concentrations determined by radial immunodiffusion. Both the sensitivity and specificity of the currently marketed whole blood glutaraldehyde clot test are inadequate for routine diagnostic use. Concerns regarding test sensitivity are the most problematic. Sensitivity varied from 0.41 to 0.00, depending on the choice of test endpoint. Specificity varied from 0.85 to 1.00, depending on the choice of test endpoint. Regression analysis demonstrated that the relationship between serum IgG1 concentration and the glutaraldehyde clot results, although significant (P < .10), was of negligible biological relevance (r2 = .034).

Measles serodiagnosis standardization and evaluation of a Dot-ELISA

A tecnica de Dot-ELISA (DE) para deteccao de anticorpos IgM e IgG anti virus do sarampo foi padronizada e avaliada utilizando-se antigeno viral obtido por tratamento com desoxicolato de sodio (DOC). Foram estudadas 192 amostras de soros, compreendendo 47 amostras de 22 pacientes com sarampo nas fases aguda e convalescente, 55 amostras de soros de criancas antes da vacinacao, tendo 9 meses de idade, 41 amostras de soros de criancas da mesma idade colhidas apos vacinacao e 49 amostras de soros de pacientes com outras patologias....