Mutational analysis of the feline immunodeficiency virus matrix protein.

To study the process of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) assembly, we examined the suitability of the vaccinia vector system to reproduce FIV particle formation. To this end, we constructed a recombinant vaccinia virus carrying the FIV gag gene. Biochemical and electron microscopy analyses of cells infected with this recombinant virus showed that the FIV Gag polyprotein self-assembled into lentivirus-like particles that were released into the culture medium. As a first step in the identification of molecular determinants in FIV Gag that are involved in virus assembly, we performed a site-directed mutagenesis analysis of the N-terminal matrix (MA) domain of the FIV Gag precursor. To this end, a series of amino acid substitutions and small in-frame deletions were introduced into the FIV MA and the mutated FIV gag gene constructs were expressed by means of the vaccinia system. Characterization of the assembly phenotype of these FIV Gag mutants led to the identification of amino acidic regions within the MA domain that are necessary for efficient transport of the Gag precursor to the plasma membrane and particle assembly. Our results reveal the role that the FIV MA plays in virus morphogenesis and contribute to the understanding of the assembly process in non-primate lentiviruses.

Isolation of a highly cytopathic lentivirus from a nondomestic cat.

A feline immunodeficiency virus-like virus (FIV-Oma) isolated from a Pallas' cat (Otocolobus manul) is highly cytopathic in CrFK cells, in contrast to the chronic, noncytolytic infection established by an FIV isolate from a domestic cat (FIV-Fca). The virions have typical lentivirus morphology, density, and magnesium-dependent reverse transcriptase activity. The major core protein is antigenically cross-reactive with that of FIV-Fca; however, FIV-Oma transcripts do not cross-hybridize with FIV-Fca. A conserved region of the FIV-Oma pol gene has 76 to 80% nucleic acid identify with the corresponding pol regions of other feline lentiviruses and 64 to 69% identity with those of human, ovine, and equine lentiviruses.

Feline immunodeficiency virus: an interesting model for AIDS studies and an important cat pathogen.

The lentivirus feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a widespread pathogen of the domestic cat that is mainly transmitted through bites, although other means of transmission are also possible. Its prevalence ranges from 1 to 10% in different cat populations throughout the world, thus representing a large reservoir of naturally infected animals. FIV resembles the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in many respects. Similarities include the structural features of the virion, the general organization and great variability of the genome, the life cycle in the infected host, and most importantly, the pathogenic potential. Infection is associated with laboratory signs of immunosuppression as well as with a large variety of superinfections, tumors, and neurological manifestations. Our understanding of FIV is steadily improving and is providing important clues to the pathogenesis of immunodeficiency-inducing lentiviruses. The cellular receptor for FIV is different from the feline equivalent of the human CD4 molecule used by HIV; nevertheless, the major hallmark of infection is a progressive loss of CD4+ T lymphocytes as in HIV infection. The mechanisms by which FIV escapes the host's immune responses are being actively investigated. FIV causes lysis of infected T cells and also appears to predispose these cells to apoptosis. Infection of macrophages and other cell types has also been documented. For reasons yet to be understood, antibody-mediated neutralization of fresh FIV isolates is very inefficient both in vitro and in vivo. Vaccination studies have provided some encouraging results, but the difficulties encountered appear to match those met in HIV vaccine development. FIV susceptibility to antiviral agents is similar to that of HIV, thus providing a valuable system for in vivo preclinical evaluation of therapies. It is concluded that in many respects FIV is an ideal model for AIDS studies.

Feline immunodeficiency virus can productively infect cultured endothelial cells from cat brain microvessels.

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) provokes a disease in cats characterized by histopathological lesions similar to those observed in AIDS patients. In order to determine whether endothelial cells from brain microvessels are involved in the central nervous system disease to the same extent as macrophages and microglia, cells were isolated from healthy cat brains, cultured and infected in vitro with the FIV Villefranche IFFA 1/88 strain. The isolated cells displayed typical endothelial cell ultrastructural features and were characterized further by von Willebrand factor-labelling and the binding of specific lectins such as Ulex europaeus lectin on their membrane. They were also able to take up acetylated low density lipoproteins. Two weeks after infection, significant amounts of FIV p24 antigen were detected by indirect immunofluorescence in syncytia and single cells. Concomitantly, the same antigen could be detected in the culture medium of the infected cells by an ELISA technique. Numerous viral particles as well as different steps in the process of viral budding were observed under transmission electron microscopy. The synthesis of FIV p24 antigens still occurred in cells in which replication was blocked in the G2 phase with taxol. Our results suggest the possibility of a productive infection of brain microvascular endothelial cells by FIV in vivo, which could lead to important perturbations in the functions of the blood-brain barrier.

In vitro properties and experimental pathogenic effect of three strains of feline immunodeficiency viruses (FIV) isolated from cats with terminal disease.

Three strains of virus isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of sick cats were identified as feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) on the basis of in vitro cytopathic effect, T-lymphotropism, ultrastructural morphology and magnesium-dependent reverse-transcriptase activity. The pathogenic properties of two isolates were studied in 13 experimentally infected cats. The primary phase of infection was characterised by a range of haematological (neutropenia, lymphopenia, presence of atypical lymphocytes) and clinical alterations (fever, various signs lasting several weeks, generalised lymphadenopathy persisting for several months) and specific seroconversion. A correlation between the inoculated dose of virus and the intensity and duration of clinical signs was observed. The primary phase was followed in the 10 surviving cats by a stage of asymptomatic seropositivity of undetermined duration but which has persisted for over 35 months for the earliest infections. Viruses reisolated several weeks or months after experimental infection retained the same in vitro properties as the initial isolates.

Activation of feline immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat by feline herpesvirus type 1.

By transfection of a recombinant plasmid containing the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) long terminal repeat (LTR) linked to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene followed by infection of feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1) into Crandell feline kidney cells and Felis catus whole fetus 4 cells, enhancement of CAT activity was demonstrated. Furthermore, individual feline T-lymphocytes were productively co-infected with both FIV and FHV-1 in vitro as determined by two-color immunofluorescence and electron microscopy analyses. These results revealed the transactivation of the FIV LTR by FHV-1 and the dual infection of T-lymphocytes with both viruses. The possibility that FHV-1 might be a cofactor which plays a role in the pathogenesis of FIV infection is discussed.

Analyses of the requirements for the synthesis of virus-like particles by feline immunodeficiency virus gag using baculovirus vectors.

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) gag gene was expressed in baculovirus vectors to investigate its potential for the assembly of virus-like particles. The unprocessed 50-kDa FIV gag precursor made in infected insect cells by recombinant AcFIVGAG-1 was myristoylated, assembled at the cell surface into virus-like particles (with diameters of approximately 100 nm), and efficiently released into the culture supernatant fluids. The presence of the complete viral-coded protease component of the FIV pol gene engineered into a second expression vector (AcFIVGAG-P5) resulted in the efficient processing of the gag precursor to its component proteins and abolished particle formation and secretion. Insertion of a stop codon in this vector upstream of the putative gag-pol frameshift site (GGGAAAC) resulted in the derivation of an expression vector (AcFIVGAG-R) that made a truncated, unprocessed 46-kDa FIV gag precursor lacking some 34 amino acids in the p10 carboxy-proximal coding region of gag. This vector synthesized tubular structures in the cytoplasm of infected cells and released them into the cell supernatant. The results demonstrate that the FIV gag precursor can spontaneously assemble into virus-like particles without any other virus proteins and that the carboxy-terminal part of the precursor gag protein is essential for such assembly.

Feline immunodeficiency virus infects both CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes.

Monoclonal populations of feline T cells, derived from a specific-pathogen-free cat and expressing either the CD4 or CD8 surface antigen, were infected in vitro with two geographically distinct isolates of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). Both infected T-cell subsets exhibited decreased cell viability, expressed FIV-encoded proteins, and generated reverse transcriptase activity. All clones examined retained their original surface phenotype after infection. It appears, therefore, that both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells may be productively infected by FIV in vivo.

In vitro replication and cytopathogenicity of the feline immunodeficiency virus for feline T4 thymic lymphoma 3201 cells.

Cytotoxic feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection was established in feline T4 thymic lymphoma 3201 cells with the Petaluma isolate of the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV-Petaluma). Mg2(+)-dependent, reverse transcriptase (Mg2+ RT) activity and FIV p24/28-positive cells were evident beginning at 18 days postinoculation (dpi). Cell death was observed beginning at 22 dpi, with a maximum of 40% dead (trypan blue dye exclusion at 26 dpi). This cytocidal change was not observed in cultured Crandell feline kidney fibroblasts similarly infected with FIV-Petaluma. The surviving cells grew out and a chronic FIV-producer cell line was established. The 3201 cell-derived FIV (FIV-3201) was far more virulent for FIV-naive feline 3201 cells, with FIV p24/28-positive cells and Mg2+ RT activity first detectable by 4-8 dpi and subsequent loss of cell viability detectable by 8-12 dpi. Maximum kill (40% dead) was observed at 16 dpi. Comparison between viral infectivity of FIV-Petaluma and FIV-3201 for FIV-naive 3201 cells showed an increase of 1 log10 tissue culture infectious doses (TCID50) by amplification/passage in 3201 cells. Cytologic and electron microscopic examination of 3201 cells in FIV-infected cultures showed frequent budding lentiviral particles. This lytic infection system opens the way to the routine detection, isolation, and quantitation of FIV from FIV-infected cats, to the large-scale propagation of the virus, and to a system for evaluation of the mechanisms of FIV lymphocytotoxicity and the development of therapies to counteract lentiviral cytopathicity.