ABSTRACT
In vitro digestion models are essential to predictively evaluate the bioaccessibility and bioactivity of food molecules or natural products. Dynamic models better simulate the gastrointestinal conditions as they reproduce similar physiological environments. Despite this, static methods, also known as biochemical methods, represent a simple and useful approach for the study of different types of molecules, with a broad applicability in the nutritional, pharmaceutical, and toxicological fields. In addition, static models can be validated, avoiding the disadvantage of a difficult reproducibility of dynamic in vitro systems and inter-individual variations of in vivo experiments. A crucial point in the standardization of static models was the COST Action Infogest in 2014, which elaborated an international consensus static digestion method to harmonize experimental conditions and has general guidelines, thus allowing the comparison of studies and data. The aim of our review is to underline the impact of the Infogest consensus method and the development and evolution of in vitro static methods in the following years, with a focus on food applications.
Subject(s)
Digestion , In Vitro Techniques/economics , In Vitro Techniques/standards , Animals , Gastrointestinal Tract/metabolism , Guidelines as Topic/standards , Humans , Models, BiologicalABSTRACT
Adoption of new technologies, including diagnostic tests, is often considered not to deliver the expected return on investment. The reasons for this poor link between expectation and outcome include lack of evidence, variation in use of the technology, and an inability of the health system to manage the balance between investment and disinvestment associated with the change in care pathway. The challenges lie in the complex nature of healthcare provision where the investment is likely to be made in the jurisdiction of one stakeholder while the benefits (as well as dis-benefits) accrue to the other stakeholders. A prime example is found in the field of laboratory medicine and the use of diagnostic tests. The current economic tools employed in healthcare are primarily used to make policy and strategic decisions, particularly across health systems, and in purchaser and provider domains. These tools primarily involve cost effectiveness and budget impact analyses, both of which have been applied in health technology assessment of diagnostic technologies. However, they lack the granularity to translate findings down to the financial management and operational decision making at the provider department level. We propose an approach to translational health economics based on information derived from service line management and time-driven activity-based costing, identifying the resource utilisation for each of the units involved in the delivery of a care pathway, before and after adoption of new technology. This will inform investment and disinvestment decisions, along with identifying where the benefits, and dis-benefits, can be achieved for all stakeholders.
Subject(s)
Cost-Benefit Analysis/economics , Diagnostic Services/economics , In Vitro Techniques/economics , Inventions/economics , State Medicine/economics , Technology Assessment, Biomedical/economics , Translational Research, Biomedical/economics , Humans , United KingdomABSTRACT
A simple, inexpensive flow-focusing device has been developed to make uniform droplets for biochemical reactions, such as in vitro transcription and cell-free protein synthesis. The device was fabricated from commercially available components without special equipment. Using the emulsion droplets formed by the device, a class I ligase ribozyme, bcI 23, was successfully synthesized from DNA attached to magnetic microbeads by T7 RNA polymerase. It was also ligated with an RNA substrate on the same microbeads, and detected using flow cytometry with a fluorescent probe. In addition, a single-chain derivative of the lambda Cro protein was expressed using an Escherichia coli cell-free protein synthesis system in emulsion, which was prepared using the flow-focusing device. In both emulsified reactions, usage of the flow-focusing device was able to greatly reduce the coefficient of variation for the amount of RNA or protein displayed on the microbeads, demonstrating the device is advantageous for quantitative analysis in high-throughput screening.
Subject(s)
Lab-On-A-Chip Devices , Protein Biosynthesis , Transcription, Genetic , Cell-Free System , DNA/genetics , DNA/metabolism , DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/metabolism , Emulsions , Escherichia coli/metabolism , Flow Cytometry , Fluorescence , In Vitro Techniques/economics , In Vitro Techniques/instrumentation , In Vitro Techniques/methods , Lab-On-A-Chip Devices/economics , Ligases/analysis , Ligases/biosynthesis , Ligases/genetics , Magnetics , Microspheres , RNA, Catalytic/analysis , RNA, Catalytic/biosynthesis , RNA, Catalytic/genetics , Repressor Proteins/analysis , Repressor Proteins/biosynthesis , Repressor Proteins/genetics , Viral Proteins/metabolism , Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins/analysis , Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins/biosynthesis , Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins/geneticsABSTRACT
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