Routine postoperative fluid restriction to prevent syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion after transsphenoidal resection of pituitary adenoma.

OBJECTIVE: Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) is a common problem during the postoperative course after pituitary surgery. Although treatment of this condition is well characterized, prevention strategies are less studied and reported. The authors sought to characterize outcomes and predictive factors of SIADH after implementation of routine postoperative fluid restriction for patients undergoing endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenoma. METHODS: In March 2018, routine postoperative fluid restriction to 1000 ml/day for 7 days was instituted for all patients who underwent surgery for pituitary adenoma. These patients were compared with patients who underwent surgery for pituitary adenoma between March 2016 and March 2018, prior to implementation of routine fluid restriction. Patients with preoperative history of diabetes insipidus (DI) or concern for postsurgical DI were excluded. Patients were followed by neuroendocrinologists and neurosurgeons, and sodium levels were checked between 7 and 10 days postoperatively. SIADH was defined by a serum sodium level less than 136 mmol/L, with or without symptoms within 10 days after surgery. Thirty-day readmission was recorded and reviewed to determine underlying reasons. RESULTS: In total, 82 patients in the fluid-unrestricted cohort and 135 patients in the fluid-restricted cohort were analyzed. The patients in the fluid-restricted cohort had a significantly lower rate of postoperative SIADH than patients in the fluid-unrestricted cohort (5% vs 15%, adjusted OR [95% CI] 0.1 [0.0-0.6], p = 0.01). Higher BMI was associated with lower rate of postoperative SIADH (adjusted OR [95%] 0.9 [0.9-1.0], p = 0.03), whereas female sex was associated with higher rate of SIADH (adjusted OR [95% CI] 3.1 [1.1-9.8], p = 0.03). There was no difference in the 30-day readmission rates between patients in the fluid-unrestricted and fluid-restricted cohorts (4% vs 7%, adjusted OR [95% CI] 0.5 [0-5.1], p = 0.56). Thirty-day readmission was more likely for patients with history of hypertension (adjusted OR [95% CI] 5.7 [1.3-26.3], p = 0.02) and less likely for White patients (adjusted OR [95% CI] 0.3 [0.1-0.9], p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Routine fluid restriction reduced the rate of SIADH in patients who underwent surgery for pituitary adenoma but was not associated with reduction in 30-day readmission rate.

Systematic Evaluation of Desmopressin Administered to Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in the Light of the Literature.

AIM: To discuss the management of patients with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) developing after subarachnoid hemorrhage, in a comparative manner in the light of the literature. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Without country or language restrictions, articles with high evidential value found in electronic databases were compared to our patients? RESULTS: After the literature review, three articles were included for systematic evaluation. Desmopressin was administered to the patients for the treatment of hyponatremia, volume contraction, and negative sodium balance caused by SIADH. However, it was not used for preventing re-bleeding. CONCLUSION: To prevent the development of this complication (SIADH), the use of desmopressin, an analogue of vasopressin, is important in routine clinical practice.

Strategies to reduce readmissions for hyponatremia after transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenomas.

PURPOSE: Disorders of water balance, particularly hyponatremia from altered antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion, are a common post-operative complication of transsphenoidal surgery (TSS). We present our results from implementation of a 2-week 1.5 liter/daily fluid restriction on readmission rates for hyponatremia. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed on 295 patients that underwent TSS for pituitary adenomas at the University of Colorado, between March 2014 and March 2017. Groups were divided into those before and after the implementation of a two-week, 1.5 liter daily fluid restriction and measurement of a serum sodium level 7 days (+/- 2 days) after discharge. A standard-of-care approach for variable degrees of hyponatremia was also utilized to guide hyponatremia management. Patient demographics, hospital course, post-operative complication rates, and rates of hospital admissions for hyponatremia were then evaluated. RESULTS: Readmissions for symptomatic hyponatremia within 30 days of TSS occurred in 9 of 118 (7.6%) of patients prior to fluid restriction implementation and in four of 169 (2.4%) of patients in the post-implementation, fluid-restricted group (p-value = 0.04): a 70% reduction in hospitalizations. The two groups were similarly matched for pituitary tumor sub-type, age and gender. None of these factors were predictive for hyponatremia. Importantly, the mild fluid restriction did not result in any hospital readmissions for hypernatremia. CONCLUSIONS: Mild fluid restriction (to 1.5 liters daily), in addition to a single post-operative serum sodium level, is an effective approach to preventing readmission for hyponatremia after TSS for pituitary adenomas.

Embolization of metastatic neuroendocrine tumor resulting in clinical manifestations of syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone.

Complications after hepatic artery embolization are usually minor and transient. This report describes a patient with a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor with hepatic metastases who repeatedly developed clinical findings of syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone with hyponatremia (sodium < 130 mEq/L), low plasma osmolarity (< 275 mOsm/kg), and high urine osmolarity (> 500 mOsm/kg) after every session of hepatic artery embolization.

Early water intake restriction to prevent inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion following transsphenoidal surgery: low BMI predicts postoperative SIADH.

OBJECTIVE: The goals of this study were to assess the incidence of and risk factors for the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) in patients following transsphenoidal surgery (TSS), and to validate the effectiveness of early prophylactic restriction of water intake. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis was performed for 207 patients who had undergone TSS, including 156 patients not placed on early prophylactic water restriction. Sixty-four patients received treatment for SIADH. METHODS: We compared the incidence of SIADH between patients with and without early water intake restriction, and analyzed various risk factors for SIADH using statistical analyses. RESULTS: BMI was significantly lower for patients with SIADH than for those patients without SIADH. Statistical analysis revealed that the threshold BMI predicting SIADH was 26. Serum sodium levels on postoperative days 5-10 and daily urine volumes on postoperative days 5-10 were significantly lower in patients with SIADH than in those without SIADH. Postoperative body weight loss on days 6, 8, 10, and 11 was significantly higher in patients with SIADH. The incidence of SIADH after starting prophylactic water intake restriction (14%) was significantly lower than the rate before early water restriction (38%; P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: SIADH is relatively common after TSS, and serum sodium concentrations and daily urine volumes should be carefully monitored. Patients with low preoperative BMI should be closely observed, as this represented a significant preoperative risk factor for SIADH. Early prophylactic water intake restriction appears effective at preventing postoperative SIADH.

Demeclocycline attenuates hyponatremia by reducing aquaporin-2 expression in the renal inner medulla.

Binding of vasopressin to its type 2 receptor in renal collecting ducts induces cAMP signaling, transcription and translocation of aquaporin (AQP)2 water channels to the plasma membrane, and water reabsorption from the prourine. Demeclocycline is currently used to treat hyponatremia in patients with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). Demeclocycline's mechanism of action, which is poorly understood, is studied here. In mouse cortical collecting duct (mpkCCD) cells, which exhibit deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (dDAVP)-dependent expression of endogenous AQP2, demeclocycline decreased AQP2 abundance and gene transcription but not its protein stability. Demeclocycline did not affect vasopressin type 2 receptor localization but decreased dDAVP-induced cAMP generation and the abundance of adenylate cyclase 3 and 5/6. The addition of exogenous cAMP partially corrected the demeclocycline effect. As in patients, demeclocycline increased urine volume, decreased urine osmolality, and reverted hyponatremia in an SIADH rat model. AQP2 and adenylate cyclase 5/6 abundances were reduced in the inner medulla but increased in the cortex and outer medulla, in the absence of any sign of toxicity. In conclusion, our in vitro and in vivo data indicate that demeclocycline mainly attenuates hyponatremia in SIADH by reducing adenylate cyclase 5/6 expression and, consequently, cAMP generation, AQP2 gene transcription, and AQP2 abundance in the renal inner medulla, coinciding with a reduced vasopressin escape response in other collecting duct segments.

Ropinirole does not affect plasma arginine vasopressin levels in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease.

OBJECTIVES: Several cases of syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis induced by anti-Parkinson agents have been reported. Our previous study demonstrated that pergolide and pramipexole stimulated elevation of plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) levels in some patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), but that levodopa/carbidopa (300/30 mg/day) did not affect plasma AVP levels in treatment-naïve PD patients. On the basis of the binding profile of ropinirole to monoamine receptors, we hypothesized that ropinirole does not stimulate AVP secretion. The aim of this study was to test this hypothesis. METHODS: Inclusion criteria were patients with probable PD suffering from a wearing-off phenomenon and who had been treated using levodopa/carbidopa with or without entacapone, but not with other classes of anti-Parkinson agents. Patients were excluded if they had at least one condition that could be associated with high AVP levels. Ropinirole was initiated at 0.5 mg 3 times daily, and daily dosages were increased by 1.5 mg/day on a biweekly basis up to 6 mg/day. Plasma AVP levels were determined every two weeks. Effects of escalating ropinirole dosage on plasma AVP levels were evaluated using a one-way analysis of variance for repeated measures, an a priori Dunnett multiple comparison test, and a regression analysis. RESULTS: Of 16 patients enrolled, 11 patients (four males and seven females) completed the study. There was no statistically significant dose-response relationship between the ropinirole dosage and plasma AVP levels. CONCLUSION: A minimal therapeutic dosage of ropinirole did not affect plasma AVP levels in patients with PD taking levodopa.

Síndrome de secreción inadecuada de hormona antidiurética por fármacos / Syndome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion

El síndrome de secreción inadecuada de hormona antidiurética o vasopresina (SIADH) es una entidad de etiología muy variada que cursa con hiponatremia, hipoosmolalidad plasmática, osmolalidad urinaria inadecuadamente elevada y natriuresis altas. Al tratarse de un diagnóstico por exclusión, se precisa descartar previamente estados que cursan con disminución de la volemia eficaz, y polidipsia primaria. Además, el estado ácido-base, el potasio, la función cardiaca, renal, suprarrenal y tiroidea deben ser normales. Junto con las neoplasias e infecciones, los fármacos son una causa habitual, y con incidencia en aumento, de este síndrome. Tanto su diagnóstico como su tratamiento suelen ser poco complejos, y conciernen con frecuencia al ámbito de la Atención Primaria. Se describen cuatro casos de SIADH atribuido a fármacos, y se revisan las características generales de la entidad (AU)

The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin) secretion (SIADH) has a very varied aetiology which presents with hyponatraemia, low plasma and urine osmolality, and an inappropriately high natriuresis. on being a diagnosis by exclusion, it is important to rule out states that present with decreased effective blood volume, and primary polydipsia. In addition, the acid-base, potassium, cardiac, renal, adrenal and thyroid function should be normal. Along with malignancies and infections, drugs are a common and increasing cause of this syndrome. Its diagnosis and treatment are often straightforward, and are often dealt with in primary care. We describe four cases of SIADH attributed to drugs, and review the general characteristics of the condition (AU)

[Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion in the course of treatment with venlafaxine--case report]. / Zespól nieadekwatnego wydzielania wazopresyny spowodowany przez wenlafaksyne--opis przypadku.

Treatment with some drugs may induce hyponatraemia secondary to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). This is a report of a 52-year-old man who developed hyponatraemia after starting venlafaxine administration. Serum sodium level returned to the normal range following discontinuation of venlafaxine and application of SIADH--treatment within a few days. The study shows that routine assessment of blood electrolytes is needed in patients treated with drugs affecting vasopresin secretion.

Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone as a leading cause of hyponatremia in children who underwent chemotherapy or stem cell transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Hyponatremia is a common metabolic disorder in cancer patients. However, little information is available for patients receiving chemotherapy or stem cell transplantation (SCT). We analyzed the frequency, characteristics, and various causes of hyponatremia including routine use of hypotonic fluids in children following chemotherapy or SCT. PROCEDURE: We reviewed the clinical and laboratory data of 63 children who received chemotherapy or SCT at the Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University Medical Center from July 2005 to July 2008. RESULTS: All 63 patients at admission received routine parenteral fluids of 0.25% or 0.45% NaCl and 82 episodes of hyponatremia were observed in 40 (63.5%) patients. Of these 82 episodes, 50 episodes of hyponatremia developed in 29 children following chemotherapy and 32 episodes in 16 children following SCT. Seventy-six out of 82 episodes (92.7%) of hyponatremia developed in 37 patients receiving hypotonic fluids with NaCl concentrations between 30 and 150 mEq/L. The frequency of SIADH in the SCT setting was more frequent (14/21, 66.6%) than in the chemotherapy setting (18/58, 31.0%) (P = 0.02), even though the leading cause of hyponatremia was SIADH in both settings. CONCLUSIONS: SIADH is a leading cause of hyponatremia in children following chemotherapy or SCT, and more frequent in SCT settings than in chemotherapy settings. Furthermore, the routine use of hypotonic fluids which could aggravate the development of hyponatremia for these patients should be avoided and then switched to isotonic fluids.

[Increased urinary sodium excretion in the early phase of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage as a predictor of cerebral salt wasting syndrome].

Cerebral salt wasting syndrome (CSWS) in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is considered to correlate with delayed ischemic neurological deficits (DIND) induced by cerebral vasospasm; however, its exact mechanism is still not well-known. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the relationship between hyponatremia caused by CSWS and the increase of the urinary sodium excretion in early phase following SAH. Fifty-four patients with SAH were divided into 2 groups, normonatremia group and hyponatremia group which suffered hyponatremia after SAH. The hyponatremia group comprise 14 patients (26%) in whom the hyponatremia developed of the SAH. In this group, the serum level of sodium significantly decreased 7 days after SAH and then gradually normalised. Further, excretion of sodium in the urine tended to increase 3 days after SAH and significantly increased 7 days after SAH. In conclusion, the increased urinary sodium excretion in the early phase of SAH would serve as a predictive factor for CSWS after SAH. We consider that it is important to start sodium and fluid supplementation and inhibit natriuresis by fludrocortisone acetate administration before hyponatremia occurs in order to prevention delayed ischemic neurological deficits in SAH patients.

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) induced by vinorelbine treatment of metastatic breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) is known as a rare adverse event with chemotherapy. We report the case of a SIADH occurring after vinorelbine treatment. CASE REPORT: In a 79-year-old woman breast cancer was first diagnosed in 2000. Three years after the first diagnosis the patient developed bone and liver metastases. Seven days after receiving the 1st course of palliative chemotherapy with vinorelbine the patient suffered from decreased mental awareness, fatigue, and physical weakness. After the diagnosis of SIADH based on laboratory findings in combination with clinical symptoms, we started therapy with balanced fluid intake and intravenous infusion of normotonic saline. CONCLUSION: The development of SIADH as a rare adverse event with vinorelbine treatment has to be taken into consideration.

Controversias en la fluidoterapia de mantenimiento en pediatría / Controversies in maintenance fluid therapy in children

En la actualidad, en pediatría, los fluidos hipotónicosson la base de la fluidoterapia de mantenimiento.En los últimos años se han publicado más de 50casos de desarrollo de complicaciones neurológicas,incluso muerte, en relación con hiponatremiaadquirida durante la hospitalización, en niños querecibían fluidos intravenosos. Las situaciones queprecisan fluidoterapia de mantenimiento suelen asociarsecon la existencia de estímulos no osmóticosde la secreción de hormona antidiurética (ADH),siendo éstos junto con la administración de un excesode agua libre, los principales factores implicadosen el desarrollo de hiponatremia nosocomial. El empleode fluidos isotónicos en la fluidoterapia de mantenimientosería la mejor medida preventiva del desarrollode hiponatremia en niños sometidos a fluidoterapiaintravenosa

The current standard in maintenance parenteralfluids is to administer hypotonic saline. There havebeen several reported cases in the last 10 years relatedto hospital-acquired hyponatremia in childrenreceiving hypotonic parenteral fluids. Parenteralfluids requiring conditions are associated with nonosmoticstimulus for antidiuretic hormone productionand parenteral administration of excessiveamounts of water, as hypotonic saline in these conditions,may lead to the development of hospital-acquiredhyponatremia. The administration of isotonicsaline in maintenance parenteral fluids is the mostimportant measure that can be taken to prevent thedevelopment of hyponatremia in children receivingparenteral fluids

Postoperative endocrine management of pituitary tumors.

Pituitary tumors are common and are often associated with endocrine abnormalities. Furthermore, pituitary surgery itself may result in additional hormonal changes, including impairment of anterior pituitary hormone secretion and, more commonly, abnormalities of ADH regulation. Endocrine management of patients with pituitary or other sellar lesions involves acute hospital-based and longer term office-based evaluation and treatment. In the immediate postoperative period, careful attention must be directed toward sodium and water balance as well as toward recognition of changes in endocrine function. Postoperative measurement of serum hormone levels also helps to determine if resection of a hypersecreting tumor has been successful. To minimize postoperative morbidity, perioperative endocrine assessment and management of patients undergoing pituitary surgery should consist of a team approach, involving both the neurosurgeon and the endocrinologist.

Prevention of hospital-acquired hyponatremia: a case for using isotonic saline.

OBJECTIVE: The current standard of care in pediatrics is to administer hypotonic saline in maintenance parenteral fluids. The safety of this approach has never been evaluated. METHODS: A review of the literature reveals that the administration of hypotonic fluids is potentially dangerous and may not be physiologic for the hospitalized child. RESULTS: There have been >50 reported cases of neurologic morbidity and mortality, including 26 deaths, in the past 10 years resulting from hospital-acquired hyponatremia in children who were receiving hypotonic parenteral fluids. Common childhood conditions requiring parenteral fluids, such as pulmonary and central nervous system infections, dehydration, and the postoperative state, are associated with a nonosmotic stimulus for antidiuretic hormone production, which can lead to free water retention and hyponatremia. Children are at particularly high risk of developing symptomatic hyponatremia as they have a larger brain-to-skull size ratio. CONCLUSIONS: The administration of isotonic saline in maintenance parenteral fluids is the most important prophylactic measure that can be taken to prevent the development of hyponatremia in children who receive parenteral fluids.