Desafios na formação de enfermeiros indígenas em Mato Grosso, Brasil / Challenges in the training of indigenous nurses in Mato Grosso, Brazil

Resumo A formação do enfermeiro no Brasil, ainda se apresenta como um desafio para as universidades, face as diversidades étnicas e as particularidades regionais existentes. Assim, o objetivo do estudo foi identificar os desafios no processo de formação de enfermeiros indígenas em Mato Grosso, Brasil. Trata-se de estudo exploratório e qualitativo, junto a 11 enfermeiros indígenas. A análise dos dados, baseou-se na interculturalidade de Paulo Freire. Verificou-se que todos participantes, buscam a integração dos saberes tradicionais indígenas com os conhecimentos técnico científicos, durante suas práticas, o que facilita a interação satisfatória com a comunidade. Durante a graduação de Enfermagem tiveram pouco ou nenhum contato com conteúdos relacionados à saúde indígena e ao término da formação vislumbravam despreparo para atender as variadas demandas em saúde. Historicamente, apresentam-se subalternizados em relação aos não indígenas, o que reflete em desvantagens no processo de ensino-aprendizagem, tanto relacionados aos aspectos técnicos/tecnológicos como sociais.

Abstract The training of nurses in Brazil remain a challenge for the university, given the existing ethnic diversity and regional particularities. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify the challenges in the training process of indigenous nurses in Mato Grosso, Brazil. It is an exploratory and qualitative study, carried out with 11 indigenous nurses. Data analysis was based on Paulo Freire's interculturality. It was verified that both participants sought the integration of indigenous traditional knowledge with scientific technical knowledge during their practices, which facilitates a satisfactory interaction with the community. During nursing undergraduate school, they had little or no contact with contents related to indigenous health and at the end of the training they observed they were not prepared to meet the diverse health demands. Historically, they are subordinated in relation to non-indigenous people, which manifests as disadvantages in the teaching-learning process, related to technical / technological as well as social aspects.

Challenges in the training of indigenous nurses in Mato Grosso, Brazil. / Desafios na formação de enfermeiros indígenas em Mato Grosso, Brasil.

The training of nurses in Brazil remain a challenge for the university, given the existing ethnic diversity and regional particularities. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify the challenges in the training process of indigenous nurses in Mato Grosso, Brazil. It is an exploratory and qualitative study, carried out with 11 indigenous nurses. Data analysis was based on Paulo Freire's interculturality. It was verified that both participants sought the integration of indigenous traditional knowledge with scientific technical knowledge during their practices, which facilitates a satisfactory interaction with the community. During nursing undergraduate school, they had little or no contact with contents related to indigenous health and at the end of the training they observed they were not prepared to meet the diverse health demands. Historically, they are subordinated in relation to non-indigenous people, which manifests as disadvantages in the teaching-learning process, related to technical / technological as well as social aspects.

A formação do enfermeiro no Brasil, ainda se apresenta como um desafio para as universidades, face as diversidades étnicas e as particularidades regionais existentes. Assim, o objetivo do estudo foi identificar os desafios no processo de formação de enfermeiros indígenas em Mato Grosso, Brasil. Trata-se de estudo exploratório e qualitativo, junto a 11 enfermeiros indígenas. A análise dos dados, baseou-se na interculturalidade de Paulo Freire. Verificou-se que todos participantes, buscam a integração dos saberes tradicionais indígenas com os conhecimentos técnico científicos, durante suas práticas, o que facilita a interação satisfatória com a comunidade. Durante a graduação de Enfermagem tiveram pouco ou nenhum contato com conteúdos relacionados à saúde indígena e ao término da formação vislumbravam despreparo para atender as variadas demandas em saúde. Historicamente, apresentam-se subalternizados em relação aos não indígenas, o que reflete em desvantagens no processo de ensino-aprendizagem, tanto relacionados aos aspectos técnicos/tecnológicos como sociais.

Putting the market in its place: food security in three Mapuche communities in southern Chile.

This article analyzes the impact of state policies since the 1970s on household food security in several Mapuche communities in the Araucanía region of Chile (Region IX). The author highlights key transformations in the national economy and food system and endeavors to link those to local phenomena, in particular the absorption of the local livelihood strategies and food systems into capitalist markets and the high incidences of food insecurity. The article concludes that a reconceptualization of macroeconomic and indigenous policies are required to rebuild the material and social foundations of rural Mapuche communities that provide the bases from which their inhabitants can reconstruct a mutually beneficial relationship with the broader Chilean society and avert the continued acceleration of tension and violence.

The demise of the American Indios.

This symposium takes as its point of departure two books by Massimo Livi Bacci, Conquest and El Dorado in the Marshes, published in English in 2008 and 2010. Livi Bacci assesses widely varying estimates of the demographic dimensions of the collapse of the Native populations following their contact with Europeans and elucidates the proximate causes of that catastrophe. Drawing on models that combine production potential with demography, environment, and technology, Shripad Tuljapurkar discusses analogous historical experiences of the populations of Polynesia and the social transformation they entailed. David S. Reher argues that explanations of the estimated demographic dynamics need to take into account the negative fertility responses of the Indigenous population to the disruption of their traditional way of life. Focusing on the biological aspects of immunity to diseases such as smallpox, Andrew Noymer demonstrates that infectious diseases alone could not account for the Indios' population collapse. The contributions to this symposium are based on presentations at a session at the 2010 annual meeting of the Population Association of America, held in Dallas, Texas, that examined the demographic consequences of the Spanish conquest of the Caribbean region and of South America in light of the two books.

¿Qué es racismo?: awareness of racism and discrimination in Ecuador.

In the national consciousness, Ecuador is a mestizo nation. However, it is also an ethnically diverse nation with sizable minorities of indigenous and Afrodescended peoples. In national surveys, there is also a considerable minority who self-identify as blanco (white). Although there is strong evidence of continuing discrimination and prejudice toward both indigenous and Afro-descended peoples, there is little public discussion or political action addressing such issues. The emergence of a powerful and resilient indigenous movement in the late 1980s gained international interest and acclaim in the 1990s, in part because of the peaceful mobilization efforts and effective bargaining tactics of the movement. However, indigenous leaders usually have not engaged in a discourse of racismo and/or discriminación. There has been much less social movement solidarity and activism among Afro-Ecuadorians, but their leaders commonly employ a discourse of racismo and discriminación. In August and September 2004, a survey of more than eight thousand adult Ecuadorians was conducted in regard to racism and related topics. In this research, we use several measures from this survey that focus on awareness of and sensitivity to issues of racism, prejudice, and discrimination. Self-identification of respondents enables us to contrast the responses of whites, mestizos, Indians, and Afro-Ecuadorians to the measures. Other independent variables of interest are level of education, the region in which the respondent resides, and whether the respondent lives in an urban or rural area. Regression results show differences among the ethnic groups in levels of awareness of racism, but more powerful predictors are level of education and rural residence.

Ethnicity, development and gender: Tsáchila indigenous women in Ecuador.

In recent decades, indigenous populations have become the subjects and agents of development in national and international multicultural policy that acknowledges poverty among indigenous peoples and their historic marginalization from power over development. Although the impact of these legal and programmatic efforts is growing, one persistent axis of disadvantage, male­female difference, is rarely taken into account in ethno-development policy and practice. This article argues that assumptions that inform policy related to indigenous women fail to engage with indigenous women's development concerns. The institutional separation between gender and development policy (GAD) and multiculturalism means that provisions for gender in multicultural policies are inadequate, and ethnic rights in GAD policies are invisible. Drawing on post-colonial feminism, the paper examines ethnicity and gender as interlocking systems that structure indigenous women's development experiences. These arguments are illustrated in relation to the case of the Tsáchila ethno-cultural group in the South American country of Ecuador.

[Hygiene and health preservation in the Luso-Brazilian medicine of the 18th century]. / Higiene e conservação da saúde no pensamento médico Luso-Brasileiro do século XVIII.

The present article analyzes the problematic of hygiene in the Luso-Brazilian medicine during the second half of 18th century. The chosen context to analysis is related to the changes of medical thought in Portugal along the period related to the appropriation of medical theories that circulated around the Enlightenment Europe. Besides, this paper approaches the ideas presented in medicine treatises of that time related to body care and health conservation, calling attention to the central role of hygiene along that period.

Cooperatives for "fair globalization"? Indigenous people, cooperatives, and corporate social responsibility in the Brazilian Amazon.

Cooperatives and socially responsible corporations are being hailed as possible correctives to the socioeconomic and ecological exploitation of transnational capitalism. AmazonCoop­a cooperative linking indigenous Brazil nut harvesters and the multinational firm The Body Shop through trade and development projects­capitalized on indigenous symbolism to generate significant material benefits for both parties. At the same time, however, it made indigenous people more vulnerable and dependent, failed to promote participatory development, masked the effects of unfavorable state policies, and perpetuated discriminatory distinctions among indigenous people. Furthermore, the cooperative did not provide an organizational framework to ameliorate the vulnerabilities of indigenous identity politics or transform symbolic capital into enduring political-economic change. This case strongly supports arguments that cooperatives must be rooted in participation, democratic member control, and autonomy if they are to promote "fair globalization" or social transformation rather than institutionalize existing patterns of exploitation.

We are Originarios "we just aren't from here": coca leaf and identity politics in the Chapare, Bolivia.

This article first examines the ways in which coca leaf acquired an important symbolic value in forging a counter-hegemonic discourse that wove together various strands of class and cultural identity struggles in the Chapare province, Bolivia. The second line of enquiry that runs through this article deals with the conflicts that arose when the coca union mutated into a governing political party. Now that the coca growers' leader, Evo Morales, is President of the Republic he is obliged by the international community to reduce the amount of land under coca cultivation. To do this President Morales has had to rhetorically pull coca leaf apart from Andean tradition. This presents a challenge to the integrity of indigenous-peasant based movements in the Chapare because it brings attention to their constructed nature and thus questions the authenticity of the originario identity.

"We have always lived here": indigenous movements, citizenship and poverty in Argentina.

This article explores the nexus between indigenous mobilisation, citizenship, and poverty in Argentina. A subnational comparison of land struggles among the Diaguita Calchaqu in Tucumn and the Mbya Guaran in Misiones shows that changing global and national opportunity structures, most prominently a new multicultural citizenship regime, set the stage for indigenous mobilisation. In turn, local transformations of capitalist development motivate indigenous mobilising efforts, whereas leadership patterns and state-movement relations shape the capacity to mobilise. Diaguita and Mbya mobilisation reveals that indigenous movements play a central role in the activation of formal citizenship rights and the contestation of dominant notions of poverty. At the same time, the current design of multicultural citizenship and the adverse socioeconomic incorporation of indigenous communities also counteract indigenous mobilising efforts in Argentina.

Por uma reconstrução do olhar em psicologia: a necessária mediação da cultura / For a reconstruction look on psychology: the necessary culture mediation

O objetivo desse texto é pensar em alguns conceitos importantes para o pesquisador no campo da psicologia que tem como tarefa o entendimento dos processos de escolarização e apropriação da escrita por parte de grupos indígenas brasileiros. Parte-se do pressuposto que o diálogo entre a psicologia e a antropologia é fundamental para tentar situar qual deve ser o papel da cultura no desenvolvimento cognitivo humano. Parte-se ainda do pressuposto de que a psicologia, apesar de todas as tentativas de incorporar o conceito de cultura em seus sistemas teóricos, possui uma dificuldade epistemológica central para a realização desta articulação. Para a realização dessa tarefa pretende-se discutir e articular os pressupostos teóricos de autores que defendem a necessidade de reconhecer a centralidade da cultura na compreensão dos processamentos cognitivos humanos.(AU)

The objective of this text, is to think on certain important concepts for researcher in the Psychology field which has the task of understanding the schooling process and the writing appropriation of Brazilian Indian group. Stating from the assumption that the dialogue between Psychology and Anthropology is essential to state what should be the role of culture in the human cognitive development. Still using the assumption that psychology, despite all attempts to incorporate culture concept in its theoretical systems, has a central epistemological difficulty to carry out this articulation. To perform this task, we intend to discuss and articulate the theoretical assumptions of the authors who defend the necessity of recognizing the centrality of culture in understanding human cognitive processing.(AU)

El propósito de este texto es plantear algunos conceptos importantes en el área de la psicología que parte de la comprensión de los procesos de escolaridad y de la escritura entre los grupos indígenas brasileños. Otro aspecto de relevancia indica que el diálogo entre la psicología es fundamental para ubicar que la psicología contiene una dificultad epistemológica central para la realización de esta articulación. Con respecto a este aspecto se busca examinar y articular los presupuestos teóricos de los investigadores que consideran la necesidad de reconocer la cultura como central para la comprensión de los procesos cognitivos humanos.(AU)

Por uma reconstrução do olhar em psicologia: a necessária mediação da cultura / Por una reconstrucción del mirar en la psicologia: la necesaria mediación de la cultura / For a reconstruction look on psychology: the necessary culture mediation

O objetivo desse texto é pensar em alguns conceitos importantes para o pesquisador no campo da psicologia que tem como tarefa o entendimento dos processos de escolarização e apropriação da escrita por parte de grupos indígenas brasileiros. Parte-se do pressuposto que o diálogo entre a psicologia e a antropologia é fundamental para tentar situar qual deve ser o papel da cultura no desenvolvimento cognitivo humano. Parte-se ainda do pressuposto de que a psicologia, apesar de todas as tentativas de incorporar o conceito de cultura em seus sistemas teóricos, possui uma dificuldade epistemológica central para a realização desta articulação. Para a realização dessa tarefa pretende-se discutir e articular os pressupostos teóricos de autores que defendem a necessidade de reconhecer a centralidade da cultura na compreensão dos processamentos cognitivos humanos.

The objective of this text, is to think on certain important concepts for researcher in the Psychology field which has the task of understanding the schooling process and the writing appropriation of Brazilian Indian group. Stating from the assumption that the dialogue between Psychology and Anthropology is essential to state what should be the role of culture in the human cognitive development. Still using the assumption that psychology, despite all attempts to incorporate culture concept in its theoretical systems, has a central epistemological difficulty to carry out this articulation. To perform this task, we intend to discuss and articulate the theoretical assumptions of the authors who defend the necessity of recognizing the centrality of culture in understanding human cognitive processing.

El propósito de este texto es plantear algunos conceptos importantes en el área de la psicología que parte de la comprensión de los procesos de escolaridad y de la escritura entre los grupos indígenas brasileños. Otro aspecto de relevancia indica que el diálogo entre la psicología es fundamental para ubicar que la psicología contiene una dificultad epistemológica central para la realización de esta articulación. Con respecto a este aspecto se busca examinar y articular los presupuestos teóricos de los investigadores que consideran la necesidad de reconocer la cultura como central para la comprensión de los procesos cognitivos humanos.

Marcos Zapata's "Last Supper": a feast of European religion and Andean culture.

In Marcos Zapata's 1753 painting of the Last Supper in Cuzco, Peru, Christian symbolism is filtered through Andean cultural tradition. Zapata was a late member of the Cuzco School of Painting, a group comprised of few European immigrants and handfuls of mestizo and Indian artists. The painters in Cuzco learned mostly from prints of European paintings, and their style tends to blend local culture into the traditional painting of their conquistadors. Imagery was the most successful tool used by the Spaniards in their quest to Christianize the Andean population. By teaching locals to paint Christian subjects, they were able to infuse Christianity into Andean traditions. Zapata's rendering of the Last Supper utilizes this cultural blending while staying true to the Christian symbolism within the subject. Instead of the traditional lamb, Zapata's Last Supper features a platter of cuy, or guinea pig, an Andean delicacy stocked with protein as well as cultural significance. Cuy was traditionally a sacrificial animal at Inca agricultural festivals and in this way it offers poignant parallel to the lamb, as a traditional Christian sacrificial animal.