[Use of mycelial waste from the drug industry]. / Ispol'zovanie mitselial'nykh otkhodov proizvodstva meditsinskikh preparatov.

It was shown that mycelial waste (MW) from manufacture of riboxin and neomycin was useful as an active filler for press compositions and a raw material for fuels. Addition of MW to a polymer press composition, depending on the amount added, provided a 2-10-fold decrease in the time of gel formation in the mixture and hardening of the products as well as a significant decrease in their shrinkage during the hardening. Optimal physicomechanical properties were achieved when the contents of MW and polymer in the press composition were equal. Pyrolysis of dry MW at a temperature of 450-500 degrees C resulted in formation of a product which was not inferior to the known fuels in its physicochemical properties. The low freezing point of the prepared fuel as compared to that of oil fuels allowed one to recommend it as a low-temperature additive to the fuels lowering their freezing points.

[Application of a method of material-energy balance for controlling the process of microbiological synthesis of riboxin]. / Primenenie metoda material'no-énergeticheskogo balansa dlia upravleniia protsessom mikrobiologicheskogo sinteza riboksina.

Possible control of riboxin biosynthesis on the basis of the information provided with the method of material-energy balance was studied. Correspondence of the cultivation conditions to the directed biosynthesis was established by comparing the experimental values of the respiration coefficient delta CO2/delta O2, the coefficient of constructive and energy metabolism conjugate Cc/e and the ratio of the consumed amounts of glucose and ammonium nitrogen delta S/delta NH4+ with the theoretical values of these parameters. The control principle included changing of the process operation parameters for providing cultivation conditions approximating the experimental values of Cc/e, delta CO2/delta O2 and delta S/delta NH4+ to their theoretical values. It was shown possible to control directed aerobic growth of the culture by changing the aeration conditions. A decrease in the initial aeration rate promoted more rapid transition of the microbial population to the exponential growth phase and provided for a certain period cultivation conditions corresponding to the conditions of conjugate metabolism. It was found that the respiration coefficient could be used not only as a parameter reflecting one of the forms of the cell physiological activity manifestation but also as an optimization criterion in development of a controlled cultivation process.

[Assessment by the material and energy balance method of the directed biosynthesis of riboxin by altering the external culture conditions]. / Otsenka metodom material'no-énergeticheskogo balansa napravlennogo biosinteza riboksina pri izmenenii vneshnikh uslovii kul'tivirovaniia.

The effect of various agitation conditions on growth of the cell population of Bacillus subtilis and production of riboxin was studied. The physiological state of the culture was estimated by the relations for the respiration coefficient CO2/O2, the yield of the constructive metabolism products (X + P) by oxygen Yx + p/O2, the ratio of consumed glucose to ammonium nitrogen S/NH4+, the coefficient of the cell biosynthetic activity Yp/x and the parameter of the energetic efficiency of the substrate usage (eta). It was shown that the maximum biosynthetic activity was mainly defined by the culture state in the trophophase. The growth of the cell population in this case should proceed under conditions of conjugated aerobic metabolism. It was found that directed biosynthesis of riboxin could be provided by changing the cultivation conditions and estimation of the culture physiological state by the parameters of the material and energy balance.

[Effect of glucose and ammonium nitrogen concentrations on riboxine biosynthesis]. / Vliianie na biosintez riboksina kontsentratsii gliukozy i ammoniinogo azota.

The effect of glucose and ammonium nitrogen concentrations on the riboxine biosynthesis by the culture Bacillus subtilis GEN 265 was investigated. The purpose of the investigation was to optimize the process with respect to these parameters. The investigation was carried out in a 1 m3 fermenter. Glucose and ammonium nitrate were added for various fermentation times. It was shown that riboxine biosynthesis did not require glucose dosing in the course of the process, with the optimal concentration being 13-15%. Optimal concentrations of ammonium nitrogen were determined. It was found that the dose of 0.35 mg/ml provided a 24% increase in the yield.

Activity of inosine triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase in fresh and stored human erythrocytes.

The accumulation of inosine triphosphate (ITP) in human erythrocytes incubated with inosine depends on the activity of inosine triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase (ITPH). High activity of this enzyme is accompanied by a low concentration of ITP and conversely. We showed that ITPH activity decreases with the prolongation of blood preservation time. As a consequence there is a lower accumulation of ITP in fresh erythrocytes incubated in a medium containing high concentrations of inosine, pyruvate and phosphate (IPP) than in red blood cells preserved at 4 degrees C. Synthesis of ITP in erythrocytes incubated in IPP medium being so intensive, it seems possible that during incubation an intermediate accumulates which decreases ITPH activity.

Inosine di- and triphosphate synthesis in erythrocytes and cell extracts.

The ability to synthesize inosinetriphosphate was demonstrated in blood cells as well as in a variety of tissue extracts in spite of the presence of ITP pyrophohydrolase. At the expense of having sub-optimal conditions, an assay system was selected that completely repressed the hydrolyzing enzyme, thus permitting the accumulation of ITP. In an attempt to define the biosynthetic pathway of ITP, and since guanylate kinase has been implicated in the formation of ITP, the rate of synthesis of ITP and GTP in cell extracts was compared. The comparison of the specific activities of the [14C]-labeled hypoxanthine and guanine moieties of the inosine and guanosine phosphates formed during incubation with [8-14C]-inosine and [8-14C]-guanosine respectively, revealed striking differences in the relative rates of isotope incorporation. Tentative mechanisms are proposed to explain these differences. The data obtained thus far does not discard the possibility that ITP may be formed by stepwise phosphorylation and (or) by direct pyrophosphorylation of IMP.