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1.
Lima; Instituto Nacional de Salud; sept. 2020.
Non-conventional in Spanish | BRISA/RedTESA | ID: biblio-1122251

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCCIÓN: Este documento técnico se realiza a solicitud de la Dirección de Prevención y Control de Enfermedades No Transmisibles, Raras y Huérfanas del Ministerio de Salud; la cual motivó la realización de la pregunta PICO por parte de médicos y especialistas de la siguiente manera, P: pacientes con diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1); I: análogos de insulina humana; C: insulina humana; O: control glucémico, calidad de vida y eventos adversos. A. Cuadro clínico La DM1 es una forma de enfermedad autoinmune que ocasiona la destrucción de las células que producen insulina. En el Perú, para el 2018, los casos de DM1 representaron el 2,7% del total de casos de diabetes. El uso de insulina representa el pilar de tratamiento farmacológico de las personas con DM1, permitiendo alcanzar un adecuado control glicémico y disminuir las complicaciones macro y microvasculares. En la actualidad, además de la insulina humana recombinante, existen en el mercado nuevas formulaciones denominados análogos de insulina humana, desarrollados con el propósito de imitar de forma más precisa el comportamiento de la insulina fisiológica. B. Tecnología sanitaria Los análogos de insulina son un tipo de insulinas cuyas moléculas han sido modificadas en la secuencia de aminoácidos. Existen tres tipos principales: de acción rápida (aspart, lispro, glulisina), de acción prolongada (glargina, detemir, degludec) y las formulaciones de análogos de insulina premezclados. Los análogos de insulina permiten emular más estrechamente la fisiología normal de la insulina y seleccionar diferentes regímenes según las preferencias y estilo de vida del paciente. Sin embargo, su precio es significativamente más alto que la insulina humana. En Perú, los análogos de insulina humana cuentan con un total de doce registros sanitarios vigentes. OBJETIVO: Describir la evidencia científica disponible sobre la eficacia y seguridad del uso de análogos de insulina humana para el control glicémico de pacientes con diabetes tipo 1. METODOLOGÍA: Se realizó una búsqueda en Medline, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CENTRAL, EMBASE y LILACS hasta el 01 de setiembre de 2020, complementada con la búsqueda de evidencia en páginas institucionales de agencias gubernamentales y buscadores genéricos. La calidad de la evidencia se valoró usando: AMSTAR 2 para RS y AGREE II para valorar el rigor metodológico de las GPC. RESULTADOS: Se identificó cinco revisiones sistemáticas, siete guías de práctica clínica y cinco evaluaciones de tecnología sanitaria. CONCLUSIONES: En adultos con DM1, los análogos de insulina de acción rápida redujeron en promedio la glucosa postprandial en 19 mg/dL, la hemoglobina glicosilada en 0,13% y el riesgo de hipoglicemia general, nocturna y severa (en 7%, 45% y 32%, respectivamente) comparado con insulina humana. En población pediátrica, no se observó una reducción en los niveles de hemoglobina glicosilada, ni en el riesgo de episodios de hipoglicemia. En ambas poblaciones, el impacto sobre la calidad de vida fue inconsistente. En adultos con DM1, los análogos de insulina de acción lenta redujeron en promedio la hemoglobina glicosilada en 0,17% y el riesgo de hipoglicemia general y nocturna (en 7% y 32%, respectivamente), sin diferencias en el riesgo de hipoglicemia severa. El impacto sobre la calidad de vida fue inconsistente. Las seis GPC incluyen en sus recomendaciones el uso de análogos de insulina e insulina humana para pacientes pediátricos o adultos con DM1. En tres de ellas, se recomienda preferentemente usar análogos de insulina, mientras en otras tres no se establece algún tipo de preferencia entre el uso de ambas formulaciones. Cinco informes de ETS, procedentes de agencias de Canadá, España y Perú, coinciden en no recomendar el uso de análogos de insulina debido a insuficiente evidencia sobre su beneficio clínico y aspectos relacionados con su costo-efectividad. Dos RS fueron consideradas como nivel de confianza críticamente bajo, mientras que tres RS fueron consideradas como nivel de confianza alto. Las GPC incluidas obtuvieron un puntaje global promedio en la evaluación de calidad que varió entre 69,4% y 80,4%.


Subject(s)
Humans , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/prevention & control , Insulin, Regular, Human/analogs & derivatives , Peru , Technology Assessment, Biomedical , Cost-Benefit Analysis
2.
JAMA ; 321(4): 374-384, 2019 01 29.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30694321

ABSTRACT

Importance: Prices for newer analogue insulin products have increased. Lower-cost human insulin may be effective for many patients with type 2 diabetes. Objective: To evaluate the association between implementation of a health plan-based intervention of switching patients from analogue to human insulin and glycemic control. Design, Setting, and Participants: A retrospective cohort study using population-level interrupted times series analysis of members participating in a Medicare Advantage and prescription drug plan operating in 4 US states. Participants were prescribed insulin between January 1, 2014, and December 31, 2016 (median follow-up, 729 days). The intervention began in February 2015 and was expanded to the entire health plan system by June 2015. Exposures: Implementation of a health plan program to switch patients from analogue to human insulin. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was the change in mean hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels estimated over three 12-month periods: preintervention (baseline) in 2014, intervention in 2015, and postintervention in 2016. Secondary outcomes included rates of serious hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia using ICD-9-CM and ICD-10-CM diagnostic codes. Results: Over 3 years, 14 635 members (mean [SD] age: 72.5 [9.8] years; 51% women; 93% with type 2 diabetes) filled 221 866 insulin prescriptions. The mean HbA1c was 8.46% (95% CI, 8.40%-8.52%) at baseline and decreased at a rate of -0.02% (95% CI, -0.03% to -0.01%; P <.001) per month before the intervention. There was an association between the start of the intervention and an overall HbA1c level increase of 0.14% (95% CI, 0.05%-0.23%; P = .003) and slope change of 0.02% (95% CI, 0.01%-0.03%; P < .001). After the completion of the intervention, there were no significant differences in changes in the level (0.08% [95% CI, -0.01% to 0.17%]) or slope (<0.001% [95% CI, -0.008% to 0.010%]) of mean HbA1c compared with the intervention period (P = .09 and P = 0.81, respectively). For serious hypoglycemic events, there was no significant association between the start of the intervention and a level (2.66/1000 person-years [95% CI, -3.82 to 9.13]; P = .41) or slope change (-0.66/1000 person-years [95% CI, -1.59 to 0.27]; P = .16). The level (1.64/1000 person-years [95% CI, -4.83 to 8.11]; P = .61) and slope (-0.23/1000 person-years [95% CI, -1.17 to 0.70]; P = .61) changes in the postintervention period were not significantly different compared with the intervention period. The baseline rate of serious hyperglycemia was 22.33 per 1000 person-years (95% CI, 12.70-31.97). For the rate of serious hyperglycemic events, there was no significant association between the start of the intervention and a level (4.23/1000 person-years [95% CI, -8.62 to 17.08]; P = .51) or slope (-0.51/1000 person-years [95% CI, -2.37 to 1.34]; P = .58) change. Conclusions and Relevance: Among Medicare beneficiaries with type 2 diabetes, implementation of a health plan program that involved switching patients from analogue to human insulin was associated with a small increase in population-level HbA1c.


Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Glycated Hemoglobin/analysis , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Insulin, Regular, Human/therapeutic use , Aged , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood , Drug Costs , Female , Health Expenditures , Humans , Hypoglycemia/chemically induced , Hypoglycemic Agents/adverse effects , Hypoglycemic Agents/economics , Insulin, Regular, Human/adverse effects , Insulin, Regular, Human/analogs & derivatives , Kaplan-Meier Estimate , Male , Medicare Part C , Middle Aged , Retrospective Studies , United States
3.
Diabetes ; 67(6): 1173-1181, 2018 06.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29540491

ABSTRACT

We evaluated the hepatic and nonhepatic responses to glucose-responsive insulin (GRI). Eight dogs received GRI or regular human insulin (HI) in random order. A primed, continuous intravenous infusion of [3-3H]glucose began at -120 min. Basal sampling (-30 to 0 min) was followed by two study periods (150 min each), clamp period 1 (P1) and clamp period 2 (P2). At 0 min, somatostatin and GRI (36 ± 3 pmol/kg/min) or HI (1.8 pmol/kg/min) were infused intravenously; basal glucagon was replaced intraportally. Glucose was infused intravenously to clamp plasma glucose at 80 mg/dL (P1) and 240 mg/dL (P2). Whole-body insulin clearance and insulin concentrations were not different in P1 versus P2 with HI, but whole-body insulin clearance was 23% higher and arterial insulin 16% lower in P1 versus P2 with GRI. Net hepatic glucose output was similar between treatments in P1. In P2, both treatments induced net hepatic glucose uptake (HGU) (HI mean ± SEM 2.1 ± 0.5 vs. 3.3 ± 0.4 GRI mg/kg/min). Nonhepatic glucose uptake in P1 and P2, respectively, differed between treatments (2.6 ± 0.3 and 7.4 ± 0.6 mg/kg/min with HI vs. 2.0 ± 0.2 and 8.1 ± 0.8 mg/kg/min with GRI). Thus, glycemia affected GRI but not HI clearance, with resultant differential effects on HGU and nonHGU. GRI holds promise for decreasing hypoglycemia risk while enhancing glucose uptake under hyperglycemic conditions.


Subject(s)
Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Drugs, Investigational/adverse effects , Energy Metabolism/drug effects , Hypoglycemic Agents/adverse effects , Insulin, Regular, Human/analogs & derivatives , Liver/drug effects , Absorption, Physiological/drug effects , Animals , Blood Glucose/analysis , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Dogs , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drugs, Investigational/administration & dosage , Drugs, Investigational/pharmacokinetics , Gluconeogenesis/drug effects , Glucose Clamp Technique , Glycosylation , Humans , Hyperglycemia/metabolism , Hyperglycemia/prevention & control , Hypoglycemia/chemically induced , Hypoglycemia/metabolism , Hypoglycemia/prevention & control , Hypoglycemic Agents/administration & dosage , Hypoglycemic Agents/blood , Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacokinetics , Infusions, Intravenous , Insulin, Regular, Human/administration & dosage , Insulin, Regular, Human/adverse effects , Insulin, Regular, Human/pharmacokinetics , Liver/metabolism , Male , Metabolic Clearance Rate , Random Allocation , Somatostatin/administration & dosage , Somatostatin/adverse effects
4.
Diabetes ; 67(2): 299-308, 2018 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29097375

ABSTRACT

Insulin has a narrow therapeutic index, reflected in a small margin between a dose that achieves good glycemic control and one that causes hypoglycemia. Once injected, the clearance of exogenous insulin is invariant regardless of blood glucose, aggravating the potential to cause hypoglycemia. We sought to create a "smart" insulin, one that can alter insulin clearance and hence insulin action in response to blood glucose, mitigating risk for hypoglycemia. The approach added saccharide units to insulin to create insulin analogs with affinity for both the insulin receptor (IR) and mannose receptor C-type 1 (MR), which functions to clear endogenous mannosylated proteins, a principle used to endow insulin analogs with glucose responsivity. Iteration of these efforts culminated in the discovery of MK-2640, and its in vitro and in vivo preclinical properties are detailed in this report. In glucose clamp experiments conducted in healthy dogs, as plasma glucose was lowered stepwise from 280 mg/dL to 80 mg/dL, progressively more MK-2640 was cleared via MR, reducing by ∼30% its availability for binding to the IR. In dose escalations studies in diabetic minipigs, a higher therapeutic index for MK-2640 (threefold) was observed versus regular insulin (1.3-fold).


Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/drug therapy , Drug Design , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Insulin, Regular, Human/analogs & derivatives , Lectins, C-Type/agonists , Mannose-Binding Lectins/agonists , Receptor, Insulin/agonists , Receptors, Cell Surface/agonists , Animals , Animals, Inbred Strains , Binding, Competitive , CHO Cells , Cricetulus , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/blood , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism , Dogs , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Half-Life , Humans , Hyperglycemia/prevention & control , Hypoglycemia/chemically induced , Hypoglycemia/prevention & control , Hypoglycemic Agents/administration & dosage , Hypoglycemic Agents/adverse effects , Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacokinetics , Insulin, Regular, Human/adverse effects , Insulin, Regular, Human/pharmacokinetics , Insulin, Regular, Human/therapeutic use , Lectins, C-Type/genetics , Lectins, C-Type/metabolism , Ligands , Male , Mannose Receptor , Mannose-Binding Lectins/genetics , Mannose-Binding Lectins/metabolism , Metabolic Clearance Rate , Receptor, Insulin/genetics , Receptor, Insulin/metabolism , Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics , Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism , Recombinant Proteins/adverse effects , Recombinant Proteins/metabolism , Recombinant Proteins/pharmacokinetics , Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use , Swine , Swine, Miniature
5.
Diabetes Obes Metab ; 18(2): 159-68, 2016 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26434665

ABSTRACT

AIMS: To compare the immunogenicity profiles and the potential effects on clinical outcomes of LY2963016 insulin glargine (LY IGlar) and Lantus® insulin glargine (IGlar), products with identical primary amino acid sequences, in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T1DM or T2DM). METHODS: To assess immunogenicity, anti-insulin glargine antibodies (measured as percent binding) were compared between treatments in 52-week (open-label) and 24-week (double-blind) randomized studies in total study populations of patients with T1DM (N = 535) and T2DM (N = 756), respectively, and two subgroups of patients with T2DM: insulin-naïve patients and those reporting prestudy IGlar treatment (prior IGlar). Relationships between insulin antibody levels and clinical outcomes were assessed using analysis of covariance and partial correlations. Insulin antibody levels were assessed using Wilcoxon rank sum. Treatment comparisons for treatment-emergent antibody response (TEAR) and incidence of detectable antibodies were analysed using Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: No significant treatment differences were observed for insulin antibody levels, incidence of detectable anti-insulin glargine antibodies, or incidence of TEAR [overall and endpoint, by last-observation-carried-forward (LOCF)] in patients with T1DM or patients with T2DM, including the insulin-naïve subgroup. A statistically significant difference was noted in the overall incidence of detectable antibodies but not at endpoint (LOCF) nor in TEAR for the prior IGlar subgroup of patients with T2DM. Insulin antibody levels were low (<5%) in both treatment groups. Insulin antibody levels or developing TEAR was not associated with clinical outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: LY IGlar and IGlar have similar immunogenicity profiles; anti-insulin glargine antibody levels were low for both treatments, with no observed effect on efficacy and safety outcomes.


Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/drug therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Drug Hypersensitivity/etiology , Hypoglycemic Agents/adverse effects , Insulin Antibodies/analysis , Insulin Glargine/analogs & derivatives , Insulin Glargine/adverse effects , Asymptomatic Diseases/epidemiology , Biosimilar Pharmaceuticals/adverse effects , Biosimilar Pharmaceuticals/therapeutic use , Cross Reactions , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/blood , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/immunology , Double-Blind Method , Drug Hypersensitivity/complications , Drug Hypersensitivity/epidemiology , Drug Hypersensitivity/immunology , Humans , Hyperglycemia/prevention & control , Hypoglycemia/chemically induced , Hypoglycemia/prevention & control , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Immunogenetic Phenomena/drug effects , Incidence , Insulin Glargine/therapeutic use , Insulin, Regular, Human/adverse effects , Insulin, Regular, Human/analogs & derivatives , Insulin, Regular, Human/genetics , Insulin, Regular, Human/therapeutic use , Recombinant Proteins/adverse effects , Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use
6.
J Pept Sci ; 21(11): 797-806, 2015 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26382042

ABSTRACT

Insulin, a small peptide hormone, is crucial in maintaining blood glucose homeostasis. The stability and activity of the protein is directed by an intricate system involving disulfide bonds to stabilize the active monomeric species and by their non-covalent oligomerization. All known insulin variants in vertebrates consist of two peptide chains and have six cysteine residues, which form three disulfide bonds, two of them link the two chains and a third is an intra-chain bond in the A-chain. This classical insulin fold appears to have been conserved over half a billion years of evolution. We addressed the question whether a human insulin variant with four disulfide bonds could exist and be fully functional. In this review, we give an overview of the road to engineering four-disulfide bonded insulin analogs. During our journey, we discovered several active four disulfide bonded insulin analogs with markedly improved stability and gained insights into the instability of analogs with seven cysteine residues, importance of dimerization for stability, insulin fibril formation process, and the conformation of insulin binding to its receptor. Our results also open the way for new strategies in the development of insulin biopharmaceuticals.


Subject(s)
Cystine/chemistry , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/drug therapy , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Insulin, Regular, Human/analogs & derivatives , Models, Molecular , Receptor, Insulin/agonists , Amino Acid Substitution , Animals , Antigens, CD/chemistry , Antigens, CD/metabolism , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism , Dimerization , Drug Design , Drug Stability , Humans , Hypoglycemic Agents/chemistry , Insulin, Regular, Human/chemistry , Insulin, Regular, Human/genetics , Insulin, Regular, Human/therapeutic use , Mutation , Protein Conformation , Protein Engineering , Protein Stability , Receptor, Insulin/chemistry , Receptor, Insulin/metabolism , Recombinant Proteins/chemistry , Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use
7.
Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol ; 26(6): 431-7, 2014 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25268167

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: We review the recent changes in diagnostic criteria of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), describe problems with maintaining and monitoring adequate blood glucose, especially in type 1 diabetes, and provide a brief overview of the currently approved glucose-lowering therapies in pregnancy. RECENT FINDINGS: After the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes (HAPO) study, the definition of GDM was revised under the auspices of the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups. The guidelines, with minor modifications, were endorsed by WHO in 2013. Intensive debate continues, focused on the expected large increase in prevalence of GDM and shortage of experimental evidence of clinical benefits from the new diagnostic criteria. Despite a very good glycaemic control, the prevalence of macrosomia remains high. This indicates a serious deficiency in current monitoring tools and the available therapies. So far, the only glucose-lowering medications approved for use during pregnancy are insulins. SUMMARY: The HAPO study provides a very suggestive evidence for a strong, continuous association of maternal glucose levels with an increased risk of excessive foetal weight gain. The new definition of GDM results in higher healthcare expenditure, but remains cost-effective. The current therapeutic goals require careful revision to further reduce the risk of adverse outcomes. New glucose-monitoring strategies and markers, and approval of new pharmacotherapies are needed.


Subject(s)
Diabetes, Gestational/therapy , Evidence-Based Medicine , Global Health , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Pregnancy in Diabetics/therapy , Combined Modality Therapy , Consensus , Diabetes, Gestational/diagnosis , Diabetes, Gestational/epidemiology , Diabetes, Gestational/physiopathology , Diet, Diabetic , Female , Fetal Macrosomia/epidemiology , Fetal Macrosomia/etiology , Fetal Macrosomia/prevention & control , Health Transition , Humans , Hypoglycemic Agents/chemistry , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Insulin, Regular, Human/analogs & derivatives , Insulin, Regular, Human/genetics , Insulin, Regular, Human/therapeutic use , Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Pregnancy , Pregnancy in Diabetics/diagnosis , Pregnancy in Diabetics/epidemiology , Pregnancy in Diabetics/physiopathology , Prenatal Diagnosis/trends , Recombinant Proteins/chemistry , Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use , Risk
8.
Diabetes Metab Res Rev ; 30(2): 104-19, 2014 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24026961

ABSTRACT

Insulin remains the most effective and consistent means of controlling blood glucose levels in diabetes. Since 1946, neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) has been the predominant basal insulin in clinical use. However, absorption is variable due to the need for resuspension and the time-action profile (peak activity 4-6 h after subcutaneous administration) confers an increased propensity for between-meal and nocturnal hypoglycaemia. In the 1980s, recombinant DNA technology enabled modifications to the insulin molecule resulting in the soluble long-acting insulin analogues, glargine and detemir. Both exhibit a lower risk of hypoglycaemia compared with neutral protamine Hagedorn due to improved time-action profiles and reduced day-to-day glucose variability. Glargine is indicated for administration once daily and detemir once or twice daily. Degludec is the latest prolonged-acting insulin which forms long subcutaneous multi-hexamers that delay absorption. Recent phase III trials in type 1 and type 2 diabetes show that degludec was non-inferior to comparators (predominantly glargine) with a minimal although inconsistent reduction in overall hypoglycaemia and a small absolute difference in nocturnal hypoglycaemia. Newer developmental agents include LY2605541 and glargine U300. LY2605541 comprises insulin lispro combined with polyethylene glycol, thereby increasing its hydrodynamic size and retarding absorption from the subcutaneous tissue. Glargine U300 is a new formulation of glargine resulting in a flatter and more prolonged time-action profile than its predecessor. This article reviews recent advances in basal insulin analogues, including a critical appraisal of the degludec trials.


Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/drug therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Drugs, Investigational/therapeutic use , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Insulin, Long-Acting/therapeutic use , Insulin, Regular, Human/analogs & derivatives , Animals , Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/trends , Clinical Trials as Topic , Drugs, Investigational/adverse effects , Drugs, Investigational/chemistry , Humans , Hypoglycemic Agents/adverse effects , Hypoglycemic Agents/chemistry , Insulin, Long-Acting/adverse effects , Insulin, Long-Acting/chemistry , Insulin, Long-Acting/genetics , Insulin, Regular, Human/chemistry , Insulin, Regular, Human/genetics , Insulin, Regular, Human/therapeutic use , Recombinant Proteins/adverse effects , Recombinant Proteins/chemistry , Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use
9.
Brasília; CONITEC; 2014. graf, tab.
Non-conventional in Portuguese | LILACS, BRISA/RedTESA | ID: biblio-875505

ABSTRACT

A DOENÇA: Diabetes Mellitus (DM), de acordo com a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), é o termo que descreve uma desordem metabólica de etiologia múltipla, caracterizada por hiperglicemia crônica e distúrbios no metabolismo de carboidratos, lipídios e proteínas resultantes de defeitos na secreção de insulina, na ação da insulina ou em ambos. Para a Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes (SDB), a classificação atual do DM deve levar em conta a sua etiologia. Assim, convergente com associações internacionais e com a própria OMS, a Diabetes Mellitus é classificada em quatro classes clínicas: DM tipo 1, DM tipo 2, outros tipos específicos de DM e DM gestacional. O diabetes tipo 2 (DM2) é a forma mais presente destas manifestações, atingindo mais de 90% dos casos e caracteriza-se por defeitos na ação e secreção de insulina. Desenvolve-se geralmente em adultos e tem sido relacionada à obesidade, falta de atividade física e hábitos alimentares não saudáveis. TRATAMENTO: No tratamento do diabetes tipo 2, é recomendado um plano terapêutico que vise o controle glicêmico e a prevenção de complicações crônicas decorrentes da doença. Para isso, este plano deve englobar não apenas o tratamento farmacológico, mas medidas que conduzam à mudança de estilo vida, com orientação nutricional e atividade física, pois existem comprovadas evidências do impacto do tratamento não farmacológico na melhoria de parâmetros importantes para a doença, como redução da hemoglobina glicada, sensibilidade à insulina, diminuição do colesterol, perda de peso e gordura visceral, diminuição do risco de doença cardiovascular e melhora da qualidade de vida. Em relação ao tratamento farmacológico, atualmente está disponível no SUS para o tratamento da DM2 as insulinas de ação intermediária (insulina NPH) e de ação rápida (insulina regular), além de medicamentos hipoglicemiantes (biguanidas, derivados da uréia, sulfonamidas). A TECNOLOGIA: Insulinas análogas de longa ação: As insulinas análogas de longa ação são resultantes de mudanças estruturais na molécula de insulina humana, obtida a partir da tecnologia do DNA-recombinante, com o objetivo de estender a duração do efeito e diminuir a variação intra-individual. São consideradas alternativas terapêuticas para o controle glicêmico basal, possuindo o mesmo objetivo da insulina NPH. EVIDÊNCIAS CIENTÍFICAS: A Secretaria-Executiva da CONITEC realizou busca na literatura por artigos científicos, com o objetivo de localizar a melhor evidência científica disponível sobre o tema. Considerando o grande número de publicações sobre o tema, restringiram-se os resultados apenas às revisões sistemáticas disponíveis, entendendo que esta é a melhor evidência para avaliar a eficácia de uma tecnologia para tratamento. A busca por evidências sobre a eficácia das insulinas glargina e detemir em comparação à insulina NPH no controle do DM2 foi realizada nas bases de dados MEDLINE (via Pubmed), Cochrane Library (via Bireme) e Centre for Reviews and Dissemination. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: A evidência atualmente disponível sobre eficácia e segurança das insulinas análogas de longa ação (glargina e detemir) no tratamento do diabetes mellitus tipo 2 não mostrou que esta fosse superior à insulina NPH em relação ao controle glicêmico medido pela hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1c), glicemia em jejum, redução da hipoglicemia severa e presença de efeitos adversos (segurança). No que diz respeito à menor ocorrência de hipoglicemia noturna, os resultados tendem a favorecer as insulinas análogas, mas deve-se avaliar o real benefício clínico frente à diferença aferida nos estudos. Deve-se, também, considerar as limitações metodológicas dos estudos, como a avaliação subjetiva e as diferentes definições para o episódio de hipoglicemia, o desenho aberto dos estudos, o potencial conflito de interesse de alguns autores e estudos patrocinados pelo produtor farmacêutico. Além disso, o curto período de seguimento dos estudos impede a mensuração de efeitos primordiais (morbidade, mortalidade, complicações em longo prazo), impossibilitando a medida da real relevância clínica das insulinas análogas de longa ação em relação ao tratamento convencional (insulina NPH). Assim, observa-se que a literatura científica internacional aponta na direção de que não há evidências de que as insulinas análogas trazem melhoras significativas nas condições de saúde dos pacientes e que o benefício clínico associado ao uso das insulinas análogas é ainda discreto frente aos custos relacionados ao tratamento. As insulinas análogas de longa ação (detemir e glargina) parecem não ser inferiores à insulina humana NPH, mas também não está claro se apresentariam alguma superioridade em benefício clínico. O impacto orçamentário também se apresentou como um obstáculo na incorporação destas insulinas análogas, quando consideramos o grande aporte de recursos necessários para a sua introdução e o seu benefício clínico incerto frente à insulina NPH. DELIBERAÇÃO FINAL: Os membros da CONITEC presentes na 24ª reunião ordinária do plenário do dia 09/04/2014, por unanimidade, ratificaram a deliberação de não recomendar a incorporação das insulinas análogas de longa ação (detemir e glargina) para o tratamento do Diabetes Mellitus tipo II. DECISÃO: PORTARIA Nº 30, de 4 de setembro de 2014 - Torna pública a decisão de não incorporar as insulinas análogas para diabetes mellitus tipo II no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS.


Subject(s)
Humans , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy , Insulin, Regular, Human/analogs & derivatives , Insulin Detemir/analogs & derivatives , Insulin Glargine/analogs & derivatives , Insulin, Isophane/therapeutic use , Unified Health System , Brazil , Cost-Benefit Analysis/economics , Insulin Detemir , Insulin Glargine
10.
Brasília; CONITEC; 2014. graf, tab.
Non-conventional in Portuguese | LILACS, BRISA/RedTESA | ID: biblio-875372

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: O relatório em questão objetiva avaliar as insulinas análogas lentas e rápidas no tratamento do diabetes do tipo 1, em comparação às insulinas NPH e Regular, quanto aos parâmetros de eficácia, segurança, custo-efetividade e impacto orçamentário para o SUS. CONTEXTO: O diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1), também conhecido como diabetes mellitus insulino dependente, é uma forma menos frequente do diabetes, atingindo 5% a 10% dos casos, em geral crianças e adolescentes, embora possa ocorrer em qualquer fase da vida. O DM1 caracteriza-se pela hiperglicemia crônica devido a uma deficiência absoluta da produção de insulina pelo pâncreas (destruição das células ß deste órgão), necessitando assim da administração de insulina exógena ao longo da vida para a sobrevivência do paciente. Trata-se de uma doença de grande relevância principalmente porque o não tratamento leva à morte e o seu descontrole agrava o quadro clínico, podendo levar a desfechos graves com complicações macro e microvasculares, oculares, renais e neurológicas. A insulina é sempre necessária no tratamento do DM1. Atualmente estão disponíveis no SUS para o tratamento do DM1 as insulinas de ação longa (insulina NPH) e de ação rápida (Insulina Regular), sendo ambas insulinas humanas recombinantes. As insulinas análogas de longa ação (detemir e glargina) e de ação rápida (lispro, aspart e glulisina), estão disponíveis no mercado farmacêutico e podem ser usadas como substitutas das insulinas humanas recombinantes NPH e Regular no controle do diabetes. A TECNOLOGIA: Constituem-se os análogos de insulina uma forma modificada do hormônio, com objetivo de alterar seu perfil farmacocinético de absorção, distribuição, metabolismo e excreção. Tais modificações, feitas utilizando-se da engenharia genética, se dão no nível da sequência de aminoácidos da insulina humana recombinante. Insulinas análogas de longa ação: As insulinas análogas de longa ação são resultantes de mudanças estruturais na molécula de insulina humana, utilizando a tecnologia do DNA-recombinante, com o objetivo de estender a duração do efeito e diminuir a variação intra-individual. São consideradas alternativas terapêuticas para o controle glicêmico basal, possuindo o mesmo objetivo da insulina NPH neste sentido, ou seja, destina-se a mimetizar a secreção basal pancreática. Após a inoculação, a droga é lentamente liberada durante um período que varia entre 8 e 24 horas. Neste grupo estão a insulina glargina e a insulina detemir. Insulinas análogas de curta ação (rápidas): A principal diferença das insulinas dessa classe está no seu perfil de absorção, em relação à insulina regular, sendo mais rapidamente absorvida em comparação com esta. Destina-se, pois, a fornecer controle glicêmico pós-prandial. As principais representantes deste grupo são as insulinas lispro, aspart e a glulisina. EVIDÊNCIAS CIENTÍFICAS: Foram realizadas metanálises dos estudos identificados na busca estruturada. Não foram encontrados estudos que tivessem avaliado os desfechos mais importantes clinicamente: morte, infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM), doença vascular periférica (DVP) e acidente vascular cerebral (AVC). A medida de efeito nas análises das hipoglicemias foi a razão entre as taxas cumulativas desse evento. Nas análises utilizando o resultado da hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c) ao final do seguimento, sempre por períodos mais curtos do que o recomendado, a medida de efeito utilizada foi a diferença média padronizada (g de Hedges ajustado). A presença de viés foi avaliada informalmente pela inspeção do gráfico de funil e formalmente pelo teste de Egger. No desfecho hipoglicemia total, o benefício dos análogos foi estatisticamente não significativo ou pequeno. Houve redução da hipoglicemia grave pelos análogos de ação rápida (especialmente o aspart). As estimativas agregadas também favoreceram as insulinas análogas (tanto as de ação rápida quanto as de ação lenta) nos desfechos hipoglicemia noturna e HbA1c ao final do seguimento. No entanto, a maioria dos ensaios é de baixa qualidade metodológica e em todos os desfechos houve heterogeneidade substancial ou grave. As fontes de heterogeneidade não foram identificadas nos testes estatísticos, o que demonstra a necessidade de realização de mais estudos para comprovar a eficácia desses medicamentos. Assim as evidências estudadas, não são suficientes para garantir que as insulinas análogas, de ação rápida e de longa ação, sejam inferiores, equivalentes ou superiores à terapia padrão utilizada atualmente. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: Os estudos identificados na busca, bem como as metanálises realizadas a partir dos desfechos de interesse sugerem que não é possível atestar inferioridade, similaridade ou superioridade entre as insulinas análogas de ação longa e rápida em relação aos seus comparadores existentes no SUS, insulina NPH e regular, respectivamente. Apesar de alguns desfechos parecerem favorecer as insulinas análogas (como menor risco de hipoglicemia noturna), a baixa qualidade metodológica e potenciais vieses da maioria dos estudos comprometem os resultados extraídos. Os análogos de insulina podem oferecer vantagens para o tratamento do DM1 em pacientes selecionados, mas nenhum estudo demonstrou maior benefício sobre os desfechos em longo prazo. O alto custo das insulinas análogas de longa e curta ação, aliado à falta de evidências que demonstrem a superioridade em desfechos clínicos finais (duros) contraindicam a incorporação das insulinas análogas para pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1 no sistema de saúde público brasileiro. DELIBERAÇÃO FINAL: Os membros da CONITEC presentes na 24ª reunião ordinária do plenário do dia 09/04/2014, por unanimidade, ratificaram a deliberação de não recomendar a incorporação das insulinas análogas de curta ação (asparte, lispro e glulisina) e de longa ação (detemir e glargina) para o tratamento do Diabetes Mellitus tipo I. DECISÃO: PORTARIA Nº 31, de 4 de setembro de 2014 - Torna pública a decisão de não incorporar as insulinas análogas para diabetes mellitus tipo I no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS.


Subject(s)
Humans , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/therapy , Insulin Lispro/analogs & derivatives , Insulin Lispro , Insulin, Regular, Human/analogs & derivatives , Insulin Detemir/analogs & derivatives , Insulin Detemir , Unified Health System , Brazil , Cost-Benefit Analysis/economics
11.
Islets ; 5(2): 67-78, 2013.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23584214

ABSTRACT

Diabetes is a pandemic disease characterized by autoimmune, genetic and metabolic abnormalities. While insulin deficiency manifested as hyperglycemia is a common sequel of both Type-1 and Type-2 diabetes (T1DM and T2DM), it does not result from a single genetic defect--rather insulin deficiency results from the functional loss of pancreatic ß cells due to multifactorial mechanisms. Since pancreatic ß cells of patients with T1DM are destroyed by autoimmune reaction, these patients require daily insulin injections. Insulin resistance followed by ß cell dysfunction and ß cell loss is the characteristics of T2DM. Therefore, most patients with T2DM will require insulin treatment due to eventual loss of insulin secretion. Despite the evidence of early insulin treatment lowering macrovascular (coronary artery disease, peripheral arterial disease and stroke) and microvascular (diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy and retinopathy) complications of T2DM, controversy exists among physicians on how to initiate and intensify insulin therapy. The slow acting nature of regular human insulin makes its use ineffective in counteracting postprandial hyperglycemia. Instead, recombinant insulin analogs have been generated with a variable degree of specificity and action. Due to the metabolic variability among individuals, optimum blood glucose management is a formidable task to accomplish despite the presence of novel insulin analogs. In this article, we present a recent update on insulin analog structure and function with an overview of the evidence on the various insulin regimens clinically used to treat diabetes.


Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/drug therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Diabetic Angiopathies/prevention & control , Evidence-Based Medicine , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Insulin/therapeutic use , Animals , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/blood , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism , Drug Monitoring , Humans , Hyperglycemia/prevention & control , Hypoglycemic Agents/administration & dosage , Hypoglycemic Agents/chemistry , Hypoglycemic Agents/metabolism , Insulin/administration & dosage , Insulin/analogs & derivatives , Insulin/metabolism , Insulin, Regular, Human/administration & dosage , Insulin, Regular, Human/analogs & derivatives , Insulin, Regular, Human/genetics , Insulin, Regular, Human/therapeutic use , Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage , Recombinant Proteins/chemistry , Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use
12.
Protein Sci ; 22(3): 296-305, 2013 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23281053

ABSTRACT

Insulin is a key hormone controlling glucose homeostasis. All known vertebrate insulin analogs have a classical structure with three 100% conserved disulfide bonds that are essential for structural stability and thus the function of insulin. It might be hypothesized that an additional disulfide bond may enhance insulin structural stability which would be highly desirable in a pharmaceutical use. To address this hypothesis, we designed insulin with an additional interchain disulfide bond in positions A10/B4 based on Cα-Cα distances, solvent exposure, and side-chain orientation in human insulin (HI) structure. This insulin analog had increased affinity for the insulin receptor and apparently augmented glucodynamic potency in a normal rat model compared with HI. Addition of the disulfide bond also resulted in a 34.6°C increase in melting temperature and prevented insulin fibril formation under high physical stress even though the C-terminus of the B-chain thought to be directly involved in fibril formation was not modified. Importantly, this analog was capable of forming hexamer upon Zn addition as typical for wild-type insulin and its crystal structure showed only minor deviations from the classical insulin structure. Furthermore, the additional disulfide bond prevented this insulin analog from adopting the R-state conformation and thus showing that the R-state conformation is not a prerequisite for binding to insulin receptor as previously suggested. In summary, this is the first example of an insulin analog featuring a fourth disulfide bond with increased structural stability and retained function.


Subject(s)
Antigens, CD/metabolism , Cystine/chemistry , Glucose/metabolism , Hypoglycemic Agents/chemistry , Insulin, Regular, Human/analogs & derivatives , Receptor, Insulin/metabolism , Adipocytes/cytology , Adipocytes/drug effects , Adipocytes/metabolism , Amino Acid Substitution , Animals , Biological Transport/drug effects , Blood Glucose/analysis , Cells, Cultured , Cystine/metabolism , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Stability , Humans , Hypoglycemic Agents/administration & dosage , Hypoglycemic Agents/metabolism , Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology , Insulin, Regular, Human/chemistry , Insulin, Regular, Human/genetics , Insulin, Regular, Human/metabolism , Insulin, Regular, Human/pharmacology , Mutant Proteins/administration & dosage , Mutant Proteins/chemistry , Mutant Proteins/metabolism , Mutant Proteins/pharmacology , Protein Conformation , Protein Stability , Rats , Rats, Mutant Strains , Rats, Wistar , Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage , Recombinant Proteins/chemistry , Recombinant Proteins/metabolism , Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology , Zinc/metabolism
13.
Int J Biol Macromol ; 49(4): 548-54, 2011 Nov 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21704065

ABSTRACT

A tertiary structure of recombinant A22(G)-B31(K)-B32(R)-human insulin monomer (insulin GKR) has been characterized by (1)H, (13)C NMR at natural isotopic abundance using NOESY, TOCSY, (1)H/(13)C-GHSQC, and (1)H/(13)C-GHSQC-TOCSY spectra. Translational diffusion studies indicate the monomer structure in water/acetonitrile (65/35vol.%). CSI analysis confirms existence of secondary structure motifs present in human insulin standard (HIS). Both techniques allow to establish that in this solvent recombinant insulin GKR exists as a monomer. Starting from structures calculated by the program CYANA, two different refinement protocols used molecular dynamics simulated annealing with the program AMBER; in vacuum (AMBER_VC), and including a generalized Born solvent model (AMBER_GB). From these calculations an ensemble of 20 structures of lowest energy was chosen which represents the tertiary structure of studied insulin. Here we present novel insulin with added A22(G) amino acid which interacts with ß-turn environment resulting in high flexibility of B chain C-terminus.


Subject(s)
Acetonitriles/chemistry , Amino Acid Substitution , Insulin, Regular, Human/analogs & derivatives , Insulin, Regular, Human/chemistry , Protein Engineering , Water/chemistry , Amino Acid Motifs , Diffusion , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Protein Structure, Quaternary , Protein Structure, Tertiary , Reference Standards , Solutions
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