ABSTRACT
Cell migration is a stepwise process that coordinates multiple molecular machineries. Using in vitro angiogenesis screens with short interfering RNA and chemical inhibitors, we define here a MAP4K4-moesin-talin-ß1-integrin molecular pathway that promotes efficient plasma membrane retraction during endothelial cell migration. Loss of MAP4K4 decreased membrane dynamics, slowed endothelial cell migration, and impaired angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. In migrating endothelial cells, MAP4K4 phosphorylates moesin in retracting membranes at sites of focal adhesion disassembly. Epistasis analyses indicated that moesin functions downstream of MAP4K4 to inactivate integrin by competing with talin for binding to ß1-integrin intracellular domain. Consequently, loss of moesin (encoded by the MSN gene) or MAP4K4 reduced adhesion disassembly rate in endothelial cells. Additionally, α5ß1-integrin blockade reversed the membrane retraction defects associated with loss of Map4k4 in vitro and in vivo. Our study uncovers a novel aspect of endothelial cell migration. Finally, loss of MAP4K4 function suppressed pathological angiogenesis in disease models, identifying MAP4K4 as a potential therapeutic target.
Subject(s)
Cell Movement , Endothelial Cells/cytology , Endothelial Cells/metabolism , Integrins/metabolism , Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism , Amino Acid Motifs , Animals , Cell Membrane/drug effects , Cell Membrane/metabolism , Cell Shape/drug effects , Endothelial Cells/drug effects , Epistasis, Genetic , Focal Adhesions/metabolism , Humans , Integrin alpha1/drug effects , Integrin alpha1/metabolism , Integrin beta1/chemistry , Integrin beta1/drug effects , Integrin beta1/metabolism , Integrins/drug effects , Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/deficiency , Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics , Male , Mice , Microfilament Proteins/deficiency , Microfilament Proteins/genetics , Microfilament Proteins/metabolism , Neovascularization, Pathologic , Phosphorylation , Protein Binding , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/deficiency , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics , Protein Structure, Tertiary , Talin/chemistry , Talin/metabolismABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The periodontal ligament (PDL) is the connective tissue that anchors the cementum of the teeth to the alveolar bone. PDL fibroblasts are responsible for the production of collagen and remodeling of the PDL. Periodontal disease is increased among smokers in both incidence and severity. This study examines the direct effect of smoking on PDL fibroblasts and their production of various matrix components and remodeling enzymes. METHODS: PDL cells were plated for 1 day and then treated with various concentrations of cigarette smoke extract (CSE). Survival of PDL cells was quantified after exposure to CSE, and their ability to contract three-dimensional collagen gels was examined. Changes in transcript expression after CSE treatment was compared using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis for matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), collagens, and integrins. RESULTS: Treatment with CSE-induced cell death at concentrations of ≥5%. PDL-cell-induced collagen gel contraction was reduced at concentrations of 1.5% CSE. Treatment with CSE selectively increased the expression of collagen Vα3 and decreased collagen XIα1. CSE increased the expression of MMP1 and MMP3 and, to a lesser extent, MMP2 and MMP8. CSE also increased the expression of integrins α1, α2, and α10 (collagen receptors) and α9 (a tenascin receptor). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that cigarette smoking has local effects on the cells of the PDL. CSE reduced survival of PDL cells and their ability to contract collagen matrices. CSE also altered the expression of molecules known to provide the structural integrity of the ligament by altering collagen synthesis and remodeling as well as cell adhesion.
Subject(s)
Complex Mixtures/pharmacology , Fibroblasts/drug effects , Integrins/drug effects , Matrix Metalloproteinases/drug effects , Nicotiana , Periodontal Ligament/drug effects , Smoke , Cell Adhesion/drug effects , Cell Culture Techniques , Cell Death/drug effects , Cell Shape/drug effects , Cell Survival/drug effects , Collagen/drug effects , Collagen/metabolism , Collagen Type I/drug effects , Collagen Type I/metabolism , Collagen Type V/drug effects , Collagen Type XI/antagonists & inhibitors , Fibroblasts/enzymology , Gels , Humans , Integrin alpha Chains/drug effects , Integrin alpha1/drug effects , Integrin alpha2/drug effects , Matrix Metalloproteinase 1/drug effects , Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/drug effects , Matrix Metalloproteinase 3/drug effects , Matrix Metalloproteinase 8/drug effects , Periodontal Ligament/cytologyABSTRACT
Phenotypic modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in atherosclerosis and restenosis involves responses to the surrounding microenvironment. SMCs obtained by enzymatic digestion from tunica media of newborn, young adult (YA) and old rats and from the thickened intima (TI) and underlying media of young adult rat aortas 15 days after ballooning were entrapped in floating populated collagen lattice (PCL). TI-SMCs elongated but were poor at PCL contraction and remodeling and expressed less alpha2 integrin compared to other SMCs that appeared more dendritic. During early phases of PCL contraction, SMCs showed a marked decrease in the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin and myosin. SMCs other than TI-SMCs required 7 days to re-express alpha-smooth muscle actin and myosin. Only TI-SMCs in PCL were able to divide in 48 h, with a greater proportion in S and G2-M cell cycle phases compared to other SMCs. Anti-alpha2 integrin antibody markedly inhibited contraction but not proliferation in YA-SMC-PLCs; anti-alpha1 and anti-alpha2 integrin antibodies induced a similar slight inhibition in TI-SMC-PCLs. Finally, TI-SMCs rapidly migrated from PCL on plastic reacquiring their epithelioid phenotype. Heterogeneity in proliferation and cytoskeleton as well the capacity to remodel the extracellular matrix are maintained, when SMCs are suspended in PCLs.
Subject(s)
Aorta/cytology , Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology , Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/ultrastructure , Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/physiology , Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/ultrastructure , Actins/metabolism , Animals , Antibodies/pharmacology , Cell Cycle , Cell Proliferation , Collagen/chemistry , Integrin alpha1/drug effects , Integrin alpha1/metabolism , Integrin alpha2/drug effects , Integrin alpha2/metabolism , Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology , Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/chemistry , Phenotype , Rats , Smooth Muscle Myosins/metabolism , Tunica Intima/cytologyABSTRACT
A growing body of evidence obtained using in vitro model systems indicates that the deposition of fibrillar beta-amyloid (Abeta) results in neurite degeneration and cell death in central neurons. Little is known, however, about the molecular mechanisms underlying these neurotoxic effects. We have shown previously that fibrillar Abeta induced sustained activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) followed by hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins in aging hippocampal neurons. Furthermore, the blockage of MAPK activation using specific inhibitors prevented neurite degeneration in these cells. These results suggested that the MAPK signal transduction pathway could play a key role in Abeta-induced neurite degeneration. We sought to identify upstream elements of the MAPK signaling cascade activated by Abeta deposition. We evaluated the participation of the integrins in this pathway by monitoring the activation of MAPK in the presence of specific integrin inhibitors. Our results indicate that pretreatment of mature hippocampal neurons with either echistatin or alpha(1) integrin-blocking antibodies prevented Abeta-induced MAPK activation. In addition, the blockage of alpha(1) activation prevented cell death induced by Abeta. Similar results were obtained when alpha(1) and beta(1) integrin blocking antibodies were used combined. Taken collectively, these results identify alpha(1) integrin and the alpha(1) plus beta(1) integrin complexes as potential targets for therapeutic intervention in the Abeta signaling pathway in aging neurons.
