ABSTRACT
Recently, pixelated spatial carrier interferograms have been used in optical metrology and are an industry standard nowadays. The main feature of these interferometers is that each pixel over the video camera may be phase-modulated by any (however fixed) desired angle within [0,2pi] radians. The phase at each pixel is shifted without cross-talking from their immediate neighborhoods. This has opened new possibilities for experimental spatial wavefront modulation not dreamed before, because we are no longer constrained to introduce a spatial-carrier using a tilted plane. Any useful mathematical model to phase-modulate the testing wavefront in a pixel-wise basis can be used. However we are nowadays faced with the problem that these pixelated interferograms have not been correctly demodulated to obtain an error-free (exact) wavefront estimation. The purpose of this paper is to offer the general theory that allows one to demodulate, in an exact way, pixelated spatial-carrier interferograms modulated by any thinkable two-dimensional phase carrier.
Subject(s)
Interferometry/methods , Interferometry/standards , Models, Theoretical , Optical Devices/standards , Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods , Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/standards , Reproducibility of Results , Video RecordingABSTRACT
An interferometer that measures the refractive index changes due to bacterial metabolism is described. The apparatus permits simultaneous and real time measurement of bacterial growth in several samples of slowly growing mycobacteria. The error sources are discussed and the sensitivity of the apparatus is tested. For the species Mycobacterium bovis BCG and M. smegmatis, a relation between refractive index change and bacterial concentration is determined experimentally and the time constant of bacterial growth is measured.
Subject(s)
Energy Metabolism/physiology , Interferometry/instrumentation , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolation & purification , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/physiology , Refractometry/instrumentation , Calibration , Cell Proliferation , Equipment Design , Equipment Failure Analysis , Interferometry/standards , Refractometry/methods , Reproducibility of Results , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
A technique is presented for filtering and normalizing noisy fringe patterns, which may include closed fringes, so that single-frame demodulation schemes may be successfully applied. It is based on the construction of an adaptive filter as a linear combination of the responses of a set of isotropic bandpass filters. The space-varying coefficients are proportional to the envelope of the response of each filter, which in turn is computed by using the corresponding monogenic image [Felsberg and Sommer, IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 49, 3136 (2001)]. Some examples of demodulation of real Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI) images patterns are presented.