Validation of the AJCC 8th lung cancer staging system among patients with small cell lung cancer

Background. The current study tried to validate the prognostic significance of the 8th American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system among small cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients recorded within the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) database. Patients and methods. SEER database (2004-2014) has been queried through SEER*Stat program, and both AJCC 7th and 8th edition stages were constructed. Cancer-specific and overall survival analyses according to both editions were performed through Kaplan-Meier analysis. The cause-specific Cox regression hazard for both AJCC editions (adjusted for age, gender, race, and surgery) was calculated and pair-wise comparisons of hazard ratios were conducted. Results. A total of 39,286 patients with SCLC were recruited in the period from 2004 to 2014. For overall and cancer-specific survival assessment, according to the AJCC 7th edition, P values for all pair-wise comparisons among different stages were significant (<0.0001) except for the comparisons between stage IB vs. stage IIA, and stage IIB vs. stage IIIA. For overall survival assessment, according to AJCC 8th, P values for all pair-wise comparisons were significant (<0.05) except for IA2 vs. IA3, IA3 vs. IB, IB vs. IIA, IIA vs. IIB, and IIIB vs. IIIC. For cancer-specific survival, according to AJCC 8th, P values for all pair-wise comparisons among different stages were significant (<0.05) except IA1 vs. IA2, IA2 vs. IA3, and IIA vs. IIB. When conducting pair-wise hazard ratio comparisons among different AJCC stages (for both editions), similar findings to the Kaplan-Meier analyses were reported. Conclusion. While there is a clear improvement for both the AJCC 7th and 8th systems compared to the old veterans’ administration system, there is a modest improvement for the 8th compared to the 7th system among patients with SCLC (AU)

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Otitis externa maligna en España / Malignant external otitis in Spain

Introducción. La otitis externa maligna, una infección necrosante, se extiende desde el epitelio escamoso del conducto auditivo externo hasta tejidos adyacentes. Se estimó la incidencia y otros datos epidemiológicos de esta enfermedad en España con la serie más amplia de casos descrita. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de la población ingresada en los hospitales españoles con los datos del conjunto mínimo básico de datos (CMBD) durante el periodo 2008-2013. Se consideró «caso» a los pacientes cuyo diagnóstico (principal o secundario) al alta hospitalaria se hubiera codificado, de acuerdo al CIE 9-MC, como 380.14 (otitis externa maligna). Se calculó la tasa de incidencia por sexo, por grupos etarios, además de la estacionalidad y la mortalidad. Resultados. Se diagnosticaron 355 pacientes (302 como diagnóstico principal y 53 como secundario). La tasa de incidencia global por 1.000.000 de habitantes y año en España fue de 1,30 (IC 95%: 1,17 a 1,44), aunque varió de unas zonas geográficas a otras. La mediana de edad de los casos con diagnostico principal de OEM fue de 74 años (rango: 10 a 95 años). La mayor incidencia se situó por encima de los 84 años (19,3 casos por 106 de habitantes y año). La incidencia fue mayor en hombres y el riesgo relativo hombre-mujer de 2,4. El 74,6% de los pacientes fue diagnosticado de diabetes. El diagnóstico predominó en el último cuatrimestre del año. La tasa de mortalidad bruta intrahospitalaria fue del 3,7%. Conclusiones. La otitis externa maligna, con una incidencia y mortalidad baja, afecta principalmente a varones diabéticos de mayor edad (AU)

Introduction. Malignant external otitis is a necrotizing infection, which extends from the squamous epithelium of the ear canal to the adjacent tissue. The objective of the study was to investigate its incidence and other epidemiological data in Spain, reporting the largest case series to date. Methods. A descriptive, retrospective study of the Spanish population was carried out using the minimum basic data set (MBDS) based on data of patients admitted to hospitals in the 2008-2013 period. Patients whose diagnosis (principal or secondary) at discharge was encoded as 380.14 (malignant external otitis), according to ICD-9-CM, were included as cases. The Spanish incidence rate was calculated for all its communities and provinces, as well as by season and mortality. Results. A total of 355 patients (302 as principal diagnosis and 53 as secondary) were diagnosed. The incidence rate was 1.30 (95% CI, 1.17 to 1.44) per 106 inhabitants and year, although there were variations among geographical areas. The median age of cases with main diagnosis was 74 years (range 10-95 years). The predominant age group was in patients over 84 years old (19.3 cases per 106 inhabitants and year). The incidence was higher in men and the male-female relative risk was 2.4. Diabetes was present in 74.6% of patients. The diagnosis was predominant in the last quarter of the year. The gross in-hospital mortality rate was 3.7%. Conclusions. Malignant external otitis is seen mostly among male elderly and diabetic patients. The incidence and mortality rate are low in Spain (AU)

Adaptación en español del nuevo sistema de codificación de enfermedad renal primaria de la European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association (ERA-EDTA) / A Spanish version for the new ERA-EDTA coding system for primary renal disease

Antecedentes: La European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association (ERA-EDTA) ha publicado, en lengua inglesa, una nueva lista de códigos de enfermedad renal primaria (ERP), con el fin de solventar los problemas detectados en la «Lista de diagnóstico renal primario» que se venía utilizando desde hacía más de 40 años. Objetivos: En el seno del Registro Español de Enfermos Renales (REER) se consideró conveniente traducir y adaptar los términos, definiciones y notas de los nuevos códigos de la ERA-EDTA para facilitar su uso por parte de quienes usan como lengua de trabajo el español. Métodos: Se realizó un proceso de traducción profesional y adaptación terminológica que contó con la participación de nefrólogos bilingües con varias fases de contraste del resultado de la traducción, en las que se revisaron los códigos, literales, definiciones y criterios diagnósticos y se marcaron los acuerdos y discrepancias surgidos para cada término. Finalmente se acordó la versión aceptada por la mayoría de los revisores. Resultados: El acuerdo en la primera fase de revisión fue amplio, con solo 5 puntos de discrepancia que se acordaron en la fase final. Conclusiones: La traducción y adaptación al español representa una mejora para la introducción y uso del nuevo sistema de codificación de ERP, ya que puede contribuir a reducir el tiempo dedicado a la codificación y también el período de adaptación de los profesionales a los nuevos códigos (AU)

Background: The European Renal Association and the European Dialysis and Transplant Association (ERA-EDTA) have issued an English-language new coding system for primary kidney disease (PKD) aimed at solving the problems that were identified in the list of “Primary renal diagnoses” that has been in use for over 40 years. Purpose: In the context of Registro Español de Enfermos Renales (Spanish Registry of Renal Patients, [REER]), the need for a translation and adaptation of terms, definitions and notes for the new ERA-EDTA codes was perceived in order to help those who have Spanish as their working language when using such codes. Methods: Bilingual nephrologists contributed a professional translation and were involved in a terminological adaptation process, which included a number of phases to contrast translation outputs. Codes, paragraphs, definitions and diagnostic criteria were reviewed and agreements and disagreements aroused for each term were labelled. Finally, the version that was accepted by a majority of reviewers was agreed. Results: A wide agreement was reached in the first review phase, with only 5 points of discrepancy remaining, which were agreed on in the final phase. Conclusions: Translation and adaptation into Spanish represent an improvement that will help to introduce and use the new coding system for PKD, as it can help reducing the time devoted to coding and also the period of adaptation of health workers to the new codes (AU)

Obsessive-compulsive disorder for ICD-11: proposed changes to the diagnostic guidelines and specifiers.

Since the approval of the ICD-10 by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1990, global research on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has expanded dramatically. This article evaluates what changes may be needed to enhance the scientific validity, clinical utility, and global applicability of OCD diagnostic guidelines in preparation for ICD-11. Existing diagnostic guidelines for OCD were compared. Key issues pertaining to clinical description, differential diagnosis, and specifiers were identified and critically reviewed on the basis of the current literature. Specific modifications to ICD guidelines are recommended, including: clarifying the definition of obsessions (i.e., that obsessions can be thoughts, images, or impulses/urges) and compulsions (i.e., clarifying that these can be behaviors or mental acts and not calling these "stereotyped"); stating that compulsions are often associated with obsessions; and removing the ICD-10 duration requirement of at least 2 weeks. In addition, a diagnosis of OCD should no longer be excluded if comorbid with Tourette syndrome, schizophrenia, or depressive disorders. Moreover, the ICD-10 specifiers (i.e., predominantly obsessional thoughts, compulsive acts, or mixed) should be replaced with a specifier for insight. Based on new research, modifications to the ICD-10 diagnostic guidelines for OCD are recommended for ICD-11.

¿Nos pasamos al DSM-5? Un debate con implicaciones clínicas, sociales y económicas / Have we moved on to the DSM-5? A debate with clinical, social and financial implications

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder for ICD-11: proposed changes to the diagnostic guidelines and specifiers

Since the approval of the ICD-10 by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1990, global research on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has expanded dramatically. This article evaluates what changes may be needed to enhance the scientific validity, clinical utility, and global applicability of OCD diagnostic guidelines in preparation for ICD-11. Existing diagnostic guidelines for OCD were compared. Key issues pertaining to clinical description, differential diagnosis, and specifiers were identified and critically reviewed on the basis of the current literature. Specific modifications to ICD guidelines are recommended, including: clarifying the definition of obsessions (i.e., that obsessions can be thoughts, images, or impulses/urges) and compulsions (i.e., clarifying that these can be behaviors or mental acts and not calling these “stereotyped”); stating that compulsions are often associated with obsessions; and removing the ICD-10 duration requirement of at least 2 weeks. In addition, a diagnosis of OCD should no longer be excluded if comorbid with Tourette syndrome, schizophrenia, or depressive disorders. Moreover, the ICD-10 specifiers (i.e., predominantly obsessional thoughts, compulsive acts, or mixed) should be replaced with a specifier for insight. Based on new research, modifications to the ICD-10 diagnostic guidelines for OCD are recommended for ICD-11.

Systematic review of predictive performance of injury severity scoring tools.

Many injury severity scoring tools have been developed over the past few decades. These tools include the Injury Severity Score (ISS), New ISS (NISS), Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS) and International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-based Injury Severity Score (ICISS). Although many studies have endeavored to determine the ability of these tools to predict the mortality of injured patients, their results have been inconsistent. We conducted a systematic review to summarize the predictive performances of these tools and explore the heterogeneity among studies. We defined a relevant article as any research article that reported the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve as a measure of predictive performance. We conducted an online search using MEDLINE and Embase. We evaluated the quality of each relevant article using a quality assessment questionnaire consisting of 10 questions. The total number of positive answers was reported as the quality score of the study. Meta-analysis was not performed due to the heterogeneity among studies. We identified 64 relevant articles with 157 AUROCs of the tools. The median number of positive answers to the questionnaire was 5, ranging from 2 to 8. Less than half of the relevant studies reported the version of the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) and/or ICD (37.5%). The heterogeneity among the studies could be observed in a broad distribution of crude mortality rates of study data, ranging from 1% to 38%. The NISS was mostly reported to perform better than the ISS when predicting the mortality of blunt trauma patients. The relative performance of the ICSS against the AIS-based tools was inconclusive because of the scarcity of studies. The performance of the ICISS appeared to be unstable because the performance could be altered by the type of formula and survival risk ratios used. In conclusion, high-quality studies were limited. The NISS might perform better in the mortality prediction of blunt injuries than the ISS. Additional studies are required to standardize the derivation of the ICISS and determine the relative performance of the ICISS against the AIS-based tools.

The primary health care version of ICD-11: the detection of common mental disorders in general medical settings.

BACKGROUND: The primary health care version of the ICD-11 is currently being revised. AIM: To test two brief sets of symptoms for depression and anxiety in primary care settings, and validate them against diagnoses of major depression and current generalised anxiety made by the CIDI. METHOD: The study took place in general medical or primary care clinics in 14 different countries, using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview adapted for primary care (CIDI-PC) in 5,438 patients. The latent structure of common symptoms was explored, and two symptom scales were derived from item response theory (IRT), these were then investigated against research diagnoses. RESULTS: Correlations between dimensions of anxious, depressive and somatic symptoms were found to be high. For major depression the 5 item depression scale has marked superiority over the usual 2 item scales used by both the ICD and DSM systems, and for anxiety there is some superiority. If the questions are used with patients that the clinician suspects may have a psychological disorder, the positive predictive value of the scale is between 78 and 90%. CONCLUSION: The two scales allow clinicians to make diagnostic assessments of depression and anxiety with a high positive predictive value, provided they use them only when they suspect that a psychological disorder is present.

Influence of the introduction of the ICD-10 on tendencies of mortality by causes (1980–2004)

Objective: To evaluate the influence of the tenth revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) on tendencies of annual mortality rates, corrected and uncorrected to the ICD-9. Methods: Starting with the causes with a significant comparability ratio, we calculated the annual age adjusted rates from 1980 to 2004. The comparability ratio was applied to the rates for 1999–2004, obtaining the corrected series for the whole period. This series was then compared with the uncorrected series using join point regression. Results: Mortality decreased between 1999 and 2004. Differences were found in blood diseases, hypertensive diseases, cancer of ill defined sites, respiratory insufficiency, and myelodys plastic syndrome. Conclusions: The tendency of the main causes of mortality has been largely unaffected by the revisions in the ICD-10, except in infrequent or less specific diseases (AU)

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Los límites conceptuales de la esquizofrenia / No disponible

El concepto de esquizofrenia ha sufrido variaciones alo largo de la historia y, actualmente, se discute la necesidadde su propia existencia. A pesar del desarrollo delos sistemas diagnósticos operacionales y del aumentode la confiabilidad interjuicios en el diagnóstico psiquiátrico,la validez de la esquizofrenia continúa siendocuestionada. Las propuestas de reemplazar la esquizofreniay otras psicosis por un síndrome psicótico generalo por nosologías no categoriales (dimensiones) están ala vanguardia de las discusiones vinculadas a la edicióndel DSM-V. En el presente trabajo, se revisa el problemanosológico de la esquizofrenia y sus consecuenciasy se aportan propuestas alternativas para mejorar lavalidez del trastorno(AU)

The concept of schizophrenia had variations alonghistory and the existence of the illness is currently indoubt. Although operational diagnostic systemsimproved interrater reliability, schizophrenia validity isquestioned. In this paper the proposal to change schizophreniaand other disorders for a general psychotic syndromeor a dimensional nosology in DSM-V is discussedand put forward other ideas to improvedisorder’s validity(AU)

Reliability in assigning ICF codes to children with special health care needs using a developmentally structured interview.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine if two teams of raters could reliably assign codes and performance qualifiers from the Activities and Participation component of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) to children with special health care needs based on the results of a developmentally structured interview. METHOD: Children (N = 40), ages 11 months to 12 years 10 months, with a range of health conditions, were evaluated using a structured interview consisting of open-ended questions and scored using developmental guidelines. For each child, two raters made a binary decision indicating whether codes represented an area of need or no need for that child. Raters assigned a performance qualifier, based on the ICF guidelines, to each code designated as an area of need. Cohen's kappa statistic was used as the measure of inter-rater reliability. RESULTS: Team I reached good to excellent agreement on 39/39 codes and Team II on 38/39 codes. Team I reached good to excellent agreement on 5/5 qualifiers and Team II on 10/14 qualifiers. CONCLUSIONS: A developmentally structured interview was an effective clinical tool for assigning ICF codes to children with special health care needs. The interview resulted in higher rates of agreement than did results from standardized functional assessments. Guidelines for assigning performance qualifiers must be modified for use with children.