Media, Advertising and Inventing (Anna)rexia.

Too many Australians suffer from poor body image and eating disorders. The Israeli, French and Norwegian Governments have created body image legislation to try to address this: it responds to concerns that the countless images of thin women people see can contribute to poor body image. By contrast, Australia does not have a Body Image Law: it has a voluntary code that the advertising industry generally does not follow. This article argues that Australia should enact a Body Image Law that reflects health evidence that body image needs to be improved. The Body Image Law would require disclaimers on images that were not retouched, create a specialised government body to evaluate images and attract civil penalties for breaching it. The authors believe that this is the first Australian article to suggest an Australian Body Image Law of this kind.

How Do Policymakers Regulate AI and Accommodate Innovation in Research and Medicine?

In this Medical News article, JAMA Editor in Chief Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo, PhD, MD, MAS, and Alondra Nelson, PhD, the Harold F. Linder Professor at the Institute for Advanced Study, discuss effective AI regulation frameworks to accommodate innovation.

Hope-hype of green innovation, corporate governance index, and impact on firm financial performance: a comparative study of Southeast Asian countries.

The current production and conception have impacted the environmental hazards. Green innovation (GI) is the ideal solution for sustainable production, consumption, and ecological conservation. The objective of the study is to compare comprehensive green innovation (green product, process, service, and organization) impact on firm financial performance in Malaysia and Indonesia, along with the first study to measure the moderation role of the corporate governance index. This study has addressed the gap by developing the green innovation and corporate governance index. Collected panel data from the top 188 publicly listed firms for 3 years and analyzed it using the general least square method. The empirical evidence demonstrates that the green innovation practice is better in Malaysia, and the outcome also shows that the significance level is higher in Indonesia. This study also provides empirical evidence that board composition has a positive moderation relationship betwixt GI and business performance in Malaysia but is insignificant in Indonesia. This comparative study provides new insights to the policymakers and practitioners of both countries to monitor and manage green innovation practices.

La ética de los agentes cibernéticos (Una ética de plástico para seres de plástico) / The ethics of cybernetic agents (A plastic ethics for plastic beings)

Entre las cuestiones que suscita la nueva tecnología de la IAtenemos la llamada Ética de la IA. De hecho, la reciente Resolución UE Marco de los aspectos éticos de la inteligencia artificial, la robótica y las tecnologías conexas de 20 de octubre 2020, declara que las cuestiones de carácter ético y jurídico relacionadas con la inteligencia artificial deben abordarse a través de un marco regulador del Derecho de la Unión efectivo, global y con visión de futuro que refleje los principios y valores de la Unión consagrados en los Tratados y en la Carta de los Derechos Fundamentales. Es decir, se está pidiendo una reglamentación de la ética europea dela IA. Además, se adjunta como Anexo una Propuesta de Reglamento del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo sobre los principios éticos para el desarrollo, el despliegue y el uso de la IA, en 24 artículos. Este trabajo explora el significado de esta Ética para robots, Roboética o Ciberética, distinguiendo la ética que se dirige a los seres humanosen su relación con las máquinas de la que se programa en el sistema inteligente como medida de control y seguridad. (AU)

Among the issues raised by the new AI technology we have the so-called Ethics of AI. In fact, the recent EU Resolution Framework on the ethical aspects of artificial intelligence, robotics and related technologies of October 20, 2020, declares that ethical and legal issues related to artificial intelligence must be addressed through a framework an effective, comprehensive and forward-looking regulator of Union law that reflects the principles and values of the Union enshrined in the Treaties and in the Charter of Fundamental Rights. In other words, a regulation of the European ethics of AI is being requested. In addition, a Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the ethical principles for the development, deployment and use of AI, in 24 articles, is attached as an Annex. This work explores the meaning of this Ethics for robots, Roboethics or Cyberethics, distinguishing the ethics that addresses human beings in their relationship with machines from those that are programmed in the intelligent system as a control and security measure. (AU)

Overcoming the Patent Gap: A Guide to Patenting for Plastic Surgeons.

BACKGROUND: Patenting protects innovation, fosters academic incentives, promotes competition, and generates new revenue for clinician-inventors and their institutions. Despite these benefits, and despite plastic surgery's history of innovation, plastic surgery-related patent applications are few. The goal of this article was to use unpublished data and formulate a robust discussion. METHODS: The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office's boolean search was investigated between the timeline of 1975 and June 23, 2020, to identify patents related to the key phrases to contrast patent (both, issued and filed) tally in each specialty. Queries for two key phrases related to plastic surgery and a core plastic surgical activity, both with and without the added term "plastic surgery," were performed. RESULTS: Total patents with "cardiology" outnumber those with "plastic surgery" by 22,450 versus 7749 (i.e., almost 3:1). The overwhelming number of patents with "cosmetic" are non-plastic-surgery related: 87,910 total versus 2782 for those with plastic surgery. The corresponding numbers for "wound healing" are 36,359 versus 2703. Reasons for the patent gap between clinical innovations in plastic surgery and number of patents in our field are identified. Clear steps to bridge this gap are delineated that include a step-by-step process for patenting, from idea creation through commercialization. The authors propose "breakthrough to bank," a framework wherein academic medical centers can create an environment of innovative freedom, establish the infrastructure for technological transfer of intellectual property, and generate a pipeline toward commercial applications. CONCLUSIONS: Innovation and inventions are important hallmarks for the progress of plastic surgery. Using a stepwise process, it may be possible to convert ideas into patents.

Environmental regulation and financial performance of Chinese listed companies.

OBJECTIVE: The answer to this article lies in: Does the financial activities of physical enterprises have an adverse impact on their main business? Is it conducive to the sustainable development of the national economy? However, when most scholars study the impact of environmental regulations on companies performance, they have not classified companies performance. This article will study the relationship between environmental regulations and performance levels based on the classification of companies performance, and then divide the nature of industry pollution, companies location and nature of property for in-depth research. METHODS: First, this article uses a random effect variable-intercept model to measure companies financial performance and non-financial performance. Then, the variables are divided into two variable groups: light pollution and heavy pollution according to the nature of industry pollution. Next, the companies are divided into three variable groups: the eastern region, the central region, and the western region. Finally, the company is divided into two variable groups: state-owned and non-state-owned according to the nature of property. CONCLUSIONS: The study found that: (1) Environmental regulations have inhibited companies financial activities. And the inhibitory effect of environmental regulations on the financial performance of enterprises is more obvious in the heavily polluting industries and enterprises in central and eastern regions. (2) Environmental regulations and companies non-financial performance are also negatively related, environmental regulations have also inhibited the non-financial performance of companies, this effect is more pronounced in heavily polluting industries and enterprises in western regions. (3) Income crowding effect brought by China's environmental regulations is greater than the income compensation effect brought by stimulating technological innovation.

Synergy effect of science and technology policies on innovation: Evidence from China.

This paper explores the synergy effect of the government subsidies, tax incentives, and government procurement on innovation based on synergy theory, and further analyzes its path and mechanism in the process of innovation. We find that government subsidies, tax incentives, and government procurement exert positive synergy effect on innovation. Furthermore, in the process of innovation, government subsidies are shown to play strongest roles in the stages of innovation input and technological development, while government procurement is the most crucial in the transformation stage of technological innovation, and tax incentives play balanced roles. We also find that innovation resource input, innovation technology spillover, and innovation cooperation all play partial mediating roles in the synergy effect of science and technology policies on innovation. This paper applies the synergy theory to the field of innovation policies, which enriches and expands relevant researches, and provides micro-evidence for in-depth understanding of the effect of science and technology policies on innovation.

New technologies and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis - Which step forward rushed by the COVID-19 pandemic?

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a fast-progressive neurodegenerative disease leading to progressive physical immobility with usually normal or mild cognitive and/or behavioural involvement. Many patients are relatively young, instructed, sensitive to new technologies, and professionally active when developing the first symptoms. Older patients usually require more time, encouragement, reinforcement and a closer support but, nevertheless, selecting user-friendly devices, provided earlier in the course of the disease, and engaging motivated carers may overcome many technological barriers. ALS may be considered a model for neurodegenerative diseases to further develop and test new technologies. From multidisciplinary teleconsults to telemonitoring of the respiratory function, telemedicine has the potentiality to embrace other fields, including nutrition, physical mobility, and the interaction with the environment. Brain-computer interfaces and eye tracking expanded the field of augmentative and alternative communication in ALS but their potentialities go beyond communication, to cognition and robotics. Virtual reality and different forms of artificial intelligence present further interesting possibilities that deserve to be investigated. COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented opportunity to speed up the development and implementation of new technologies in clinical practice, improving the daily living of both ALS patients and carers. The present work reviews the current technologies for ALS patients already in place or being under evaluation with published publications, prompted by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Regional innovation distribution and its dynamic evolution: Policy impact and spillover effect-Based on the perspective of innovation motivation.

This study aims to explore the direct effect and spillover effect of innovation policy in the distribution and dynamic evolution of the regional innovation from the perspective of innovation motivation using the spatial econometric model. Substantive innovation and strategic innovation in one region could affect innovation in another region. In addition, the direct effect and spatial spillover effect of innovation policy could significantly affect innovation; however, they exert a higher impact on substantive innovation. Considering different policy tools, we found that government subsidies exert a significant positive impact on substantive innovation and strategic innovation, whereas financial institution loans exert a significant negative impact on substantive innovation and strategic innovation. And for the impact range, the government subsidies are higher than that of financial institution loans. Furthermore, this study reveals the leading environmental factors affecting regional innovation and provide a policy basis to promote the construction of an innovation-oriented country.

A Concept for a Japanese Regulatory Framework for Emerging Medical Devices with Frequently Modified Behavior.

Recent progress in the Internet of Things and artificial intelligence has made it possible to utilize the vast quantity of personal health records, clinical data, and scientific findings for prognosis, diagnosis, and therapy. These innovative technologies provide new possibilities with the development of medical devices (MDs), whose behaviors can be continuously modified. A novel regulatory framework covering these MDs is now under discussion in Japan. In this review, we introduce the regulatory initiative for MDs and the importance of a paradigm shift from regulation to innovation regarding MDs.

Early patient access to health technologies: Is innovation needed for early management?

The question of early patient access to innovative health technologies arises from the assumption that, once a certain level of effectiveness or efficiency is achieved, waiting for mainstream coverage would represent a loss of opportunity for patients or for the community. This was the premise on which the round table based its dialogue. Early access is understood as the funding of a technology that comes within this field and is CE-marked but has not yet attained "mainstream" coverage. There are several early access schemes in France ("forfait innovation", early coverage, exceptional coverage, RIHN). This round table was an opportunity to establish mapping, extended to devices not dedicated to early access but which could nevertheless provide some patients with access to non-mainstreamed technologies (Article 51, ETAPES experiments, DGOS call for projects, local schemes). It is an initial step that would need to be further developed and complemented by the dissemination of common communication materials available to all, including patients. The existing schemes are in fact still poorly known. Consideration would also have to be given to the advisability of developing these schemes in order to adapt them to the new European requirements. More generally, early access schemes must be integrated into an ecosystem that is conducive for their relevance: consideration of procedures associated with medical devices benefiting from early access; short time frames of examination; patient information. Finally, the round table proposes the creation of a new early access scheme, complementary to those that exist and that would be positioned, after CE marking, between the "forfait innovation" and mainstreaming: PRESTO (Prise En charge Sécurisée et Temporaire de technologies innOvantes) (secure and temporary coverage for innovative technologies).

Models of Governance for Innovation in Medicine and Health Research.

Personalised medicine, digital innovations, and neuro-technologies all offer significant potential benefit for human health and welfare, but also raise complex governance challenges. A variety of approaches have been adopted in the governance of innovative medicines and health technologies, including risk assessment, ethics and self-governance. Recently anticipatory or 'upstream' modes of governance have garnered favour. Anticipatory regulation demands a closer relationship between regulators and innovators, to shape the trajectories of the technology. In the EU context, responsible research and innovation has emerged as a key mechanism of governance. This is linked but distinct from a human rights governance which has the advantage of exerting both legal and moral force. What is needed in the healthcare context are governance models which ensure human rights considerations are taken into account from the earliest stages of innovation, to maximise the likelihood that developments are from the outset beneficial and oriented towards protecting ethical values.

Comparative overview of innovation and patent filings in Radiopharmacy.

OBJECTIVE: To expose the current situation of the Brazilian Nuclear Medicine in relation to innovation, taking into account the Intellectual Property protection and the particularities of this field. METHODS: The number and the origin of patents filings from Brazil, United States and European Patent Convention countries were retrospectively compared in a 20-year period. RESULTS: The number of accumulated patents filings of conventional pharmaceuticals was ten times higher compared to the radiopharmaceuticals in the three regions studied. CONCLUSION: The largest number of Brazilian patents filings corresponded to the international patent applications, which is related to the country development conditions, as well as to the difficulties in the process of patent filing.