Innovations thérapeutiques dans la prise en charge de l'anémie de la maladie rénale chronique Therapeutic innovations in the management of chronic kidney disease-associated anemia.

Anemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The insufficient erythropoietin (EPO) production by the kidneys and iron deficiency are the main causes. Iron supplementation and the administration of recombinant EPO are the main treatment modalities. New iron formulations that can be administered orally, intravenously or directly via the dialysate have recently been developed to improve efficacy and tolerance. Ferric citrate administered orally can effectively corrects anemia in case of iron deficiency and in addition chelate phosphate in the gut lumen. Ferric carboxymaltose allows intravenous administration of larger doses given less frequently. Ferric pyrophosphate citrate administered directly via the dialysate allows the compensation of iron losses during the hemodialysis session. HIF-prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitors are a new therapeutic class of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents. Orally administered, they act by stabilizing the HIF transcription factor involved in the initiation of erythropoietin production by hypoxia. Several clinical studies have recently evaluated these new molecules in comparison with recombinant EPO. In CKD patients not yet on dialysis or undergoing dialysis therapy non-inferiority in correcting anemia has been demonstrated compared with recombinant EPO. The decrease in circulating hepcidin they induce appears greater than that induced by injectable recombinant EPO. Presently available reports on the safety of HIF-prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitors are reassuring but need to be confirmed in longer-term studies of larger size. © 2022 Published by Elsevier Masson SAS on behalf of Société francophone de néphrologie, dialyse et transplantation.

The mutual crosstalk between iron and erythropoiesis.

Iron homeostasis and erythropoiesis are strongly interconnected. On one side iron is essential to terminal erythropoiesis for hemoglobin production, on the other erythropoiesis may increase iron absorption through the production of erythroferrone, the erythroid hormone that suppresses hepcidin expression Also erythropoietin production is modulated by iron through the iron regulatory proteins-iron responsive elements that control the hypoxia inducible factor 2-α. The second transferrin receptor, an iron sensor both in the liver and in erythroid cells modulates erythropoietin sensitivity and is a further link between hepcidin and erythropoiesis. When erythropoietin is decreased in iron deficiency the erythropoietin sensitivity is increased because the second transferrin receptor is removed from cell surface. A deranged balance between erythropoiesis and iron/hepcidin may lead to anemia, as in the case of iron deficiency, defective iron uptake and erythroid utilization or subnormal recycling. Defective control of hepcidin production may cause iron deficiency, as in the recessive disorder iron refractory iron deficiency anemia or in anemia of inflammation, or in iron loading anemias, which are characterized by excessive but ineffective erythropoiesis. The elucidation of the mechanisms that regulates iron homeostasis and erythropoiesis is leading to the development of drugs for the benefit of both iron and erythropoiesis disorders.

Assessment of serum iron stores in regular plateletpheresis donors.

BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency anaemia is the most common nutritional deficiency disorder in the world. Iron deficiency is a potential complication in repeated apheresis donation. The present study was aimed to evaluate serum iron stores in regular plateletpheresis donors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 60 donors were included in this study, which included 30 regular plateletpheresis donors as cases and controls were 30 first time donors. The donor samples were collected before donation for complete hemogram, transfusion transmissible infections screening and serum iron, total iron binding capacity, percentage saturation of transferrin and serum ferritin. RESULTS: Out of 60 donors, more than half of the donors (56.6 %) had serum ferritin less than 30 ng/mL. Out of these 34 donors, 25 were from the case group and 9 donors in the control group. The median serum ferritin level in cases and controls was 11.86 ng/mL (Interquartile range 4.18-17.34 ng/mL) and 37.92 ng/mL (Interquartile range 27.87-86.20 ng/mL) respectively (p < 0.001). The mean serum iron in cases and controls was 71.23 ± 31.32 µg/dL and 93.53 ± 33.53 µg/dL respectively (p = 0.016). The mean percentage saturation in cases and controls was 20.09 ± 9.31 % and 26.26 ± 9.03 % respectively (p = 0.012). A significant decline in mean serum ferritin with increase in number of annual donations and decrease in donation interval was observed. DISCUSSION: Regular plateletpheresis donation may lead to depletion of iron stores and subclinical iron deficiency. Donors with high platelet count are more likely to exhibit iron deficiency. Periodic serum ferritin estimation in donors participating in regular plateletpheresis donation is warranted.

Prevalence and Predictors of Iron Deficiency in Adolescent and Young Adult Outpatients: Implications for Screening.

Current screening guidelines may not be adequate to identify iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in adolescent and young adults. Adolescent and young adult outpatients from 4 hospital-based clinics (N = 493) reported on diet, health, and bleeding, and had phlebotomy for iron and hematologic tests. We examined sex-specific factors associated with ID and IDA and ability of universal and risk factor-based screening using hemoglobin and hemoglobin plus ferritin to detect ID and IDA. Among females (n = 350), 34.6% had ID and 6.3% had IDA. Nearly 1 in 3 females with ID had no risk factors. Among males, 12.6% had ID; none had IDA. More than 1 in 3 males with ID did not have risk factors. Current screening approaches would have missed ID in 47% to 82% of females and 95% to 100% of males. ID was prevalent in both male and female adolescents and young adult outpatients. New approaches to screening for ID are needed to accurately evaluate iron status in this population.

Iron Deficiency Caused by Intestinal Iron Loss-Novel Candidate Genes for Severe Anemia.

The adult human body contains about 4 g of iron. About 1-2 mg of iron is absorbed every day, and in healthy individuals, the same amount is excreted. We describe a patient who presents with severe iron deficiency anemia with hemoglobin levels below 6 g/dL and ferritin levels below 30 ng/mL. Although red blood cell concentrates and intravenous iron have been substituted every month for years, body iron stores remain depleted. Diagnostics have included several esophago-gastro-duodenoscopies, colonoscopies, MRI of the liver, repetitive bone marrow biopsies, psychological analysis, application of radioactive iron to determine intact erythropoiesis, and measurement of iron excretion in urine and feces. Typically, gastrointestinal bleeding is a major cause of iron loss. Surprisingly, intestinal iron excretion in stool in the patient was repetitively increased, without gastrointestinal bleeding. Furthermore, whole exome sequencing was performed in the patient and additional family members to identify potential causative genetic variants that may cause intestinal iron loss. Under different inheritance models, several rare mutations were identified, two of which (in CISD1 and KRI1) are likely to be functionally relevant. Intestinal iron loss in the current form has not yet been described and is, with high probability, the cause of the severe iron deficiency anemia in this patient.

Iron Deficiency and Anemia 10 Years After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass for Severe Obesity.

Iron deficiency with or without anemia is a well-known long-term complication after Roux-en-Y, gastric bypass (RYGB) as the procedure alters the gastrointestinal absorption of iron. Iron is essential for hemoglobin synthesis and a number of cellular processes in muscles, neurons, and other organs. Ferritin is the best marker of iron status, and in a patient without inflammation, iron deficiency occurs when ferritin levels are below 15 µg/L, while iron insufficiency occurs when ferritin levels are below 50 µg/L. Lifelong regular blood tests are recommended after RYGB, but the clinical relevance of iron deficiency and iron insufficiency might be misjudged as long as the hemoglobin levels are normal. The aim of this study was to explore the frequency of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia one decade or more after RYGB, the use of per oral iron supplements, and the frequency of intravenous iron treatment. Nine hundred and thirty patients who underwent RYGB for severe obesity at three public hospitals in Norway in the period 2003-2009 were invited to a follow-up visit 10-15 years later. Results from blood tests and survey data on the use of oral iron supplements and intravenous iron treatment were analyzed. Ferritin and hemoglobin levels more than 10 years after RYGB were available on 530 patients [423 (79.8%) women]. Median (IQR) ferritin was 33 (16-63) µg/L, and mean (SD) hemoglobin was 13.4 (1.3) g/dl. Iron deficiency (ferritin ≤ 15 µg/L) was seen in 125 (23.6%) patients; in addition, iron insufficiency (ferritin 16-50 µg/L) occurred in 233 (44%) patients. Mean (SD) hemoglobin levels were 12.5 (1.4) g/dl in patients with iron deficiency, 13.5 (1.2) g/dl in patients with iron insufficiency, 13.8 (1.3) g/dl in the 111 (21%) patients with ferritin 51-100 µg/L, and 13.8 (1.2) g/dl in the 55 (10%) patients with ferritin >100 µg/L. Two hundred and seventy-five (56%) patients reported taking oral iron supplements, and 138 (27.5%) had received intravenous iron treatment after the RYGB procedure. Iron deficiency or iron insufficiency occurred in two-thirds of the patients 10 years after RYGB, although more than half of them reported taking oral iron supplements.

Iron deficiency in proteinuric children with nephrotic syndrome: A cross-sectional pilot study.

Massive proteinuria in nephrotic syndrome causes depletion of various proteins. Iron deficiency can occur due to urinary loss of iron, transferrin, and soluble transferrin receptors. We conducted this cross-sectional study of 52 children with proteinuric nephrotic syndrome, aged 1-12 years (mean 7.1±2.7 years). Hemoglobin (Hb), RBC indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC), percentage of hypochromic RBCs (Hypo-He), reticulocyte hemoglobin content (Ret-He), and serum ferritin were examined. Seven (13%) patients had iron deficiency anemia and another 10 (19%) exhibited iron deficiency. A higher proportion of children with steroid-resistant disease had anemia than did steroid-sensitive children (P=0.076). Thus, children with nephrotic syndrome may have iron deficiency (32.7%), which needs to be screened.

A multicentre prospective double blinded randomised controlled trial of intravenous iron (ferric Derisomaltose (FDI)) in Iron deficient but not anaemic patients with chronic kidney disease on functional status.

BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency (ID) is common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Intravenous (IV) iron in heart failure leads to improvement in exercise capacity and improvement in quality-of-life measurements; however, data in patients with CKD are lacking. METHODS: The Iron and the Heart Study was a prospective double blinded randomised study in non-anaemic CKD stages 3b-5 patients with ID which investigated whether 1000 mg of IV iron (ferric derisomaltose (FDI)) could improve exercise capacity in comparison to placebo measured at 1 and 3 months post infusion. Secondary objectives included effects on haematinic profiles and haemoglobin, safety analysis and quality of life questionnaires (QoL). RESULTS: We randomly assigned 54 patients mean (SD) age for FDI (n = 26) 61.6 (10.1) years vs placebo (n = 28; 57.8 (12.9) years) and mean eGFR (33.2 (9.3) vs. 29.1 (9.6) ml/min/1.73m2) at baseline, respectively. Adjusting for baseline measurements, six-minute walk test (6MWT) showed no statistically significant difference between arms at 1 month (p = 0.736), or 3 months (p = 0.741). There were non-significant increases in 6MWT from baseline to 1 and 3 months in the FDI arm. Haemoglobin (Hb) at 1 and 3 months remained stable. There were statistically significant increases in ferritin (SF) and transferrin saturation (TSAT) at 1 and 3 months (p < 0.001). There was a modest numerical improvement in QoL parameters. There were no adverse events attributable to IV iron. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated a short-term beneficial effect of FDI on exercise capacity, but it was not significant despite improvements in parameters of iron status, maintenance of Hb concentration, and numerical increases in functional capacity and quality of life scores. A larger study will be required to confirm if intravenous iron is beneficial in iron deficient non-anaemic non-dialysis CKD patients without heart failure to improve the 6MWT. TRIAL REGISTRATION: European Clinical Trials Database (EudraCT) No: 2014-004133-16 REC no: 14/YH/1209 Date First Registered: 2015-02-17 and date of end of trail 2015-05-23 Sponsor ref R1766 and Protocol No: IHI 141.

Intravenous iron supplement for iron deficiency in cardiac transplant recipients (IronIC): A randomized clinical trial.

AIMS: Heart transplant recipients have reduced exercise capacity despite preserved graft function. The IronIC trial was designed to test the hypothesis that intravenous iron therapy would improve peak oxygen consumption in these patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: This randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial was performed at our national center for heart transplantation. One hundred and 2 heart transplant recipients with a serum ferritin <100 µg/liter or 100 to 300 µg/liter, in combination with transferrin saturation of <20%, and hemoglobin level >100 g/liter were enrolled ≥1 year after transplantation. A cardiopulmonary exercise test was performed before administration of the study drug and at 6 months follow-up. The primary endpoint was peak oxygen consumption. Key secondary outcomes included iron status, handgrip strength, quality of life, and safety. Fifty-two patients were randomized to receive ferric derisomaltose 20 mg/kg, and 50 to placebo. The between-group difference in baseline-adjusted peak oxygen consumption was 0.3 ml/kg/min (95% confidence interval -0.9 to 1.4, p = 0.66). In patients with a baseline ferritin <30 µg/liter, peak oxygen consumption was significantly higher in the ferric derisomaltose arm. At 6 months, iron stores were restored in 86% of the patients receiving ferric derisomaltose vs 20% in patients receiving placebo (p < 0.001). Quality of life was significantly better in patients receiving ferric derisomaltose. Twenty-seven adverse events occurred in the intravenous iron group vs 30 in the placebo group (p = 0.39). CONCLUSION: Intravenous iron treatment did not improve peak oxygen consumption in heart transplant recipients with ferritin <100 µg/liter or 100 to 300 µg/liter in combination with transferrin saturation <20%. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: http//www.clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT03662789.

The impact of blood donation on blood counts and ferritin levels: A multi-center study from the Eastern Mediterranean region.

Regular donation of whole blood may lead to iron deficiency. In this study, we aimed to assess the impact of frequent whole blood donation on hematological parameters. Whole blood donors were enrolled from four blood banks located in Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Libya and Oman, between 2016 and 2017. SPSS version 21.0 was used to generate descriptive and inferential statistics. A total number of 3096 blood donors were screened (males 93.8 %, females; 6.2 %), with a mean donor age of 35.29 ± 9.31 years. For male blood donors, the majority (1073) had 1-3 previous donations. Increased frequency of donations was significantly associated with increases in age and weight, decreases in Hemoglobin (Hb) and ferritin measures, and increases in Red Blood Cells (RBC) counts. A General Linear Model (GLM) adjusted for age and weight indicated negative impacts on White Blood Cells (WBC) counts and ferritin. A weak correlation between the Hb and ferritin levels was observed (r = 0.160, P > 0.001). For female donors, the majority (63 out of 114) were first time donors. Increased frequency of donations was significantly associated with an increase in age and a decrease in HCT readings. A GLM adjusted for age and weight indicated a negative impact on ferritin. A strong correlation was observed between the Hb and ferritin levels for the most frequent female donors (r = 0.636, P > 0.001). In conclusion, regular whole blood donation impacts hematological parameters in particular the levels of ferritin in the serum.

Prevalencia y etiología de anemia en el embarazo: estudio observacional descriptivo en el Instituto de Maternidad de Tucumán / Prevalence and etiology of anemia in pregnancy: a descriptive observational study in the Maternity Institute of Tucumán

INTRODUCCIÓN: En Argentina, la anemia por deficiencia de hierro (ADH) constituye la patología de mayor prevalencia en el grupo materno-infantil. OBJETIVO: Determinar la prevalencia y etiología de anemia en embarazadas que efectuaron su control prenatal en el primer o segundo trimestre del embarazo en la Maternidad de Tucumán, entre octubre de 2009 y mayo de 2010. MÉTODOS: Se efectuó un estudio observacional descriptivo. Se realizó hemograma, análisis de ferremia,transferrina, ferritina, vitamina B12, ácido fólico y electroforesis de hemoglobina a 122 embarazadas. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de anemia fue del 7,4% (9/122; intervalo de confianza [IC]95% = 2,8%-12%). De las gestantes, 4 tenían ADH y 5, anemia no ferropénica. El 29,5 % (IC 95% = 21-37%) de la población estaba en alguna etapa de ADH (manifiesta, latente o silente);un 4,4% tenía deficiencia de vitamina B12, mientras que el ácido fólico era normal. No se detectaron anemias hereditarias. CONCLUSIONES: El diagnóstico de ADH debería comprender la determinación de hemoglobina y ferritina para poder brindar a la gestante el tratamiento adecuado.

INTRODUCTION: In Argentina, iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most prevalent disease in the mother childgroup. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and etiology of anemia in pregnant women who made their prenatal control in the 1st or 2nd trimester of pregnancy at the Maternity Institute of Tucumán, between October 2009 and May 2010. METHODS: A descriptive observational study was conducted. The analysis included blood count, serum iron, transferrin, ferritin, vitamin B12, folic acid and hemoglobin electrophoresis in 122 pregnant women. RESULTS: The prevalence of anemia was 7,4% (9/122 ; confidence interval[CI] 95% = 2,8-12,0%). 4 pregnant women had IDA, and 5, non-IDA. 29,5% (CI 95% = 21-37%) of the population was in some stage of IDA (evident, latent, silent), 4,4% had vitaminB12 deficiency, and folic acid level was normal. Hereditary anemia was not found. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis of IDA should include the determination of hemoglobin and ferritin, in order to provide an appropriate treatment for pregnant women.

Evolução de indicadores nutricionais de saúde infantil entre 2003 e 2007 em área urbana de Acrelândia, Acre / Evolution of nutritional indicators of child health between 2003 and 2007 in urban area of Acrelândia, Acre

Introdução: O panorama nutricional da infância brasileira nas últimas décadas caracteriza-se por tendência ao declínio da prevalência da desnutrição com manutenção da prevalência de anemia, principalmente a ferropriva. Contudo, desigualdades regionais ainda persistem especialmente na região norte do país. A substituição precoce e inadequada do aleitamento materno por outros alimentos tem sido considerada principal responsável pelas deficiências nutricionais entre menores de dois anos. Objetivo: Caracterizar a evolução das práticas de aleitamento materno, prevalências de anemia, deficiência de ferro e desnutrição em crianças menores de 2 anos em área urbana de Acrelândia, Estado do Acre. Métodos: Análise temporal de dois inquéritos transversais de base populacional realizados em 2003 (n igual a 170) e 2007 (n igual a 224). Informações sobre condições socioeconâmicas, morbidade e aleitamento materno foram obtidas por meio de questionário estruturado. Peso e comprimento das crianças foram medidos pela equipe de pesquisa, sendo considerada desnutrida a criança cujo indicador de altura para idade encontrava-se abaixo de -2 escores z, segundo padrão da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). Avaliaram-se as concentrações de hemoglobina sanguínea (maiores de 6 meses de idade), ferritina e receptor de transferrina plasmáticos para diagnóstico de anemia e deficiência de ferro segundo critérios da OMS. Resultados: Na comparação entre os inquéritos 2003 e 2007, não houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes nas prevalências (intervalo com 95 por cento de confiança) de aleitamento materno total de 46 por cento (39 por cento-54 por cento) para 53 por cento (46 por cento-59 por cento), aleitamento materno exclusivo em menores de 6 meses de 23 por cento (10 por cento-41 por cento) para 16 por cento (6 por cento-34 por cento), desnutrição de 9 por cento (5 por cento-14 por cento) para 11 por cento (8 por cento-16 por cento), anemia de 48 por cento (39 por cento-56 por cento) para 40 por cento (33 por cento-47 por cento) e anemia ferropriva de 36 por cento (28 por cento-45 por cento) para 36 por cento (29 por cento-44 por cento), respectivamente. No entanto, houve aumento na prevalência de deficiência de ferro de 62 por cento (53 por cento-70 por cento) para 81 por cento (75 por cento-86 por cento) (teste do X2, p menor ou igual a 0,001).

Deficiência de ferro e desenvolvimento cognitivo / Iron deficiency and cognitive development

É aceito que a deficiência de ferro acarreta conseqüências deletérias para o desenvolvimento cognitivo, no entanto, é difícil quantificar esse papel uma vez que ele é determinado conjuntamente com fatores sócio-econômico-ambientais. Mesmo assim, o controle da anemia diminui uma fração do risco do subdesenvolvimento cognitivo e isso significa um avanço positivo na qualidade de vida. Tendo em mente a ampliação do conceito de saúde para o de preservação da vida com qualidade, as ações dirigidas à atenção à saúde devem ser incorporadas às ações governamentais programáticas mais abrangentes e intersetoriais. Este trabalho tem como objetivo fazer uma reflexão sobre o papel da escola no desenvolvimento global da criança destacando o atendimento das necessidades nutricionais de ferro tendo em vista evitar que a deficiência marcial seja um limitante para a capacitação social do indivíduo

Fatores associados à ocorrência de anemia em crianças menores de seis anos: uma revisão sistemática dos estudos populacionais / Associated factors of anemia in children under six years old: a systematic review of the population studies

OBJECTIVES: to review the articles published between 1997 and 2010 with representative population samples for children under six years, estimating prevalence of anemia and/or iron deficiency and their associated factors by laboratorial analyses of hemoglobin or ferritin. METHODS: articles were systematically reviewed using the following keywords searched on the PubMed, SciELO and LILACS databases: anemia, iron-deficiency; anemia, iron-deficiency/epidemiology; anemia, iron-deficiency/etiology; child, preschool e risk factors. RESULTS: factors which presented statistical association to anemia/iron-deficiency included: children's age, maternal scholar, familiar income, diarrhea, geographic area, household wealth index, birth weight, height/age indicator, weight/height indicator, ethnics, sex, iron density and calories from cow milk. Childrenïs age was a common factor in the international and national studies. Maternal scholar and socioeconomics and environment factors showed association with anemia in the development regions studies. Overweight and passive smoking appear as slow investigated variables. CONCLUSIONS: study analyzes shows the multiplicity of anemia/iron-deficiency associated factors at different contexts.

OBJETIVOS: revisar os artigos publicados de 1997 a 2010, com amostras populacionais representativas para crianças menores de seis anos, que estimaram a prevalência da anemia e/ou deficiência de ferro e seus fatores associados, por meio da análise laboratorial de hemoglobina ou ferritina. MÉTODOS: os artigos foram revisados sistematicamente, utilizando as palavras-chaves: anemia, iron-deficiency; anemia, iron-deficiency/epidemiology; anemia, iron-deficiency/etiology; child, preschool e risk factors nas bases de dados PubMed, SciELO e LILACS. RESULTADOS: os fatores mais citados foram: idade da criança, escolaridade materna, renda familiar, diarréia, área geográfica, índice de riqueza do domicílio, peso ao nascer, indicador altura/idade, indicador peso/altura, etnia, sexo, densidade de ferro e calorias provenientes do leite de vaca. A idade da criança foi comum nos estudos nacionais e internacionais. A escolaridade materna e fatores socio-econômicos e ambientais mostraram associação com a anemia nos estudos realizados nas regiões em desenvolvimento. O sobrepeso e a exposição passiva ao fumo surgem como variáveis pouco investigadas. CONCLUSÕES: a análise demonstra a multiplicidade de fatores associados à anemia/deficiência de ferro existentes em diferentes contextos.

Plumbemia en niños de la ciudad de La Plata, Argentina y su relación con la deficiencia de hierro y los factores de exposición al plomo / Blood lead levels in children from the city of La Plata, Argentina. Relationship with iron deficiency and lead esposure risk factors

La exposición ambiental al plomoconstituye un problema de salud pública en todo el mundo y los niños son más vulnerables a sus efectos tóxicos. Numerosas publicaciones demuestran que la deficiencia de hierro y la intoxicación por plomo pueden asociarse, pero en la Argentina los estudios publicados sobre poblaciónpediátrica son escasos. Nuestro objetivofue establecer la plumbemia en niños y determinar su relación con la deficiencia de hierro y con factores de exposición.Población, material y métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal en 93 niños (6 meses-5 años) que concurrieron al Hospital de Niños de La Plata para controles de salud. Se aplicó una encuesta socioambientaly se determinaron las concentracionesde plomo, hemoglobina y ferritina en sangre.Resultados. La media geométrica de plomo en sangre fue 4,26 μg/dl (IC 95 por ciento: 3,60-5,03), conuna prevalencia de plumbemias ≥ 10 μg/dl de 10,8 por ciento. Se encontraron concentraciones de plomomás elevadas en los niños en cuyos hogares se desarrollaban actividades contaminantes (6,74 contra 3,78 μg/dl; p= 0,005) y en quienes habitabanen viviendas precarias (5,68 contra 3,71μg/dl; p= 0,020). Las plumbemias ≥ 10 μg/dl se asociaron significativamente con la deficiencia de hierro (OR: 5,7; IC 95 por ciento: 1,34-23,41) y conla actividad domiciliaria contaminante (OR: 4,8 IC 95 por ciento: 1,12-20,16).Conclusión. La prevalencia de plumbemias ≥ 10 μg/dl es preocupante en la población estudiada.Los factores de riesgo asociados a dichas concentraciones fueron la deficiencia de hierro y el desarrollo en el hogar de actividades relacionadascon la manipulación de plomo

Plumbemia en niños de la ciudad de La Plata, Argentina y su relación con la deficiencia de hierro y los factores de exposición al plomo / Blood lead levels in children from the city of La Plata, Argentina. Relationship with iron deficiency and lead esposure risk factors

La exposición ambiental al plomoconstituye un problema de salud pública en todo el mundo y los niños son más vulnerables a sus efectos tóxicos. Numerosas publicaciones demuestran que la deficiencia de hierro y la intoxicación por plomo pueden asociarse, pero en la Argentina los estudios publicados sobre poblaciónpediátrica son escasos. Nuestro objetivofue establecer la plumbemia en niños y determinar su relación con la deficiencia de hierro y con factores de exposición.Población, material y métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal en 93 niños (6 meses-5 años) que concurrieron al Hospital de Niños de La Plata para controles de salud. Se aplicó una encuesta socioambientaly se determinaron las concentracionesde plomo, hemoglobina y ferritina en sangre.Resultados. La media geométrica de plomo en sangre fue 4,26 μg/dl (IC 95 por ciento: 3,60-5,03), conuna prevalencia de plumbemias ≥ 10 μg/dl de 10,8 por ciento. Se encontraron concentraciones de plomomás elevadas en los niños en cuyos hogares se desarrollaban actividades contaminantes (6,74 contra 3,78 μg/dl; p= 0,005) y en quienes habitabanen viviendas precarias (5,68 contra 3,71μg/dl; p= 0,020). Las plumbemias ≥ 10 μg/dl se asociaron significativamente con la deficiencia de hierro (OR: 5,7; IC 95 por ciento: 1,34-23,41) y conla actividad domiciliaria contaminante (OR: 4,8 IC 95 por ciento: 1,12-20,16).Conclusión. La prevalencia de plumbemias ≥ 10 μg/dl es preocupante en la población estudiada.Los factores de riesgo asociados a dichas concentraciones fueron la deficiencia de hierro y el desarrollo en el hogar de actividades relacionadascon la manipulación de plomo (AU)

¿Es la deficiencia de hierro un factor de riesgo para crisis epilépticas febriles?: 2do premio LII Congreso Nacional de Pediatría 2006 / Is iron defficiency a risk factor for febriles seizures?: 2nd prize Pedriatric Nacional Congreso 2006

Las crisis epilépticas febriles son un motivo de consulta frecuente en Neurología Infantil; su presentación coincide con el período de mayor prevalencia de deficiencia de hierro en la edad pediátrica. Evaluar la relación entre crisis epilépticas febriles y el estado del hierro. Se realizó un estudio no experimental de casos y controles en pacientes de 6 meses a 5 años de edad, evaluados en los Servicios de Neurología, Triaje, Emergencia, Niños Sanos y Consulta Externa del Hospital de Niños "J.M de Los Ríos" en Caracas, Venezuela, en el lapso comprendido entre enero 2004 y septiembre 2005. Se incluyeron 52 pacientes en cada grupo, a quienes se les determinó el estado del hierro utilizando como indicadores: Hemoglobina, Hematocrito e Índices Hematimétricos y Ferritina. Las variables cualitativas se expresaron en porcentaje y las cuantitativas a través de las medidas de tendencia central y dispersión, se aplicó la prueba de t de Student y la prueba de Wilcoxon, para un nivel del 5 por ciento como significancia estadística. No hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los valores de Hemoglobina, Hematocrito e Índices Hematimétricos entre los casos y los controles. La ferritina fue más baja en los pacientes con crisis febriles, siendo esta diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p=0,0005). Los pacientes con deficiencia de hierro podrían tener mayor probabilidad de presentar crisis febriles.

Febrile seizures are a very common consultation cause in Pediatric Neurology; their appearance coincides with the period of greater prevalence of iron deficiency in the pediatric age. To evaluate the relationship between febrile seizures and iron status. A non experimental study of cases and controls in patients between 6 months and 5 years from the Services of Pediatric Neurology, Emergency, Healthy Children and External Consultation of the Hospital de Niños “J. M de Los Ríos” in Caracas, Venezuela was performed from January 2004 to September 2005. Fifty two patients were included in each group. The iron status was determined in all the patients by using as indicators: hemoglobin, hematocrit, hematologic indices and serum ferritin. Qualitative variables were expressed in percentages and the quantitative ones by using their summary measures; Student t-test and Wilcoxon Test were applied, significance of 5% level. There was not a statistically significant difference among the values of hemoglobin, hematocrit and hematologic indices between cases and controls. Ferritin was lower in patients with febrile seizures and this difference was statistically significant (p=0.0005). Patients with iron deficiency could have a greater probability for presenting febrile seizures.

Deficiência de ferro: conseqüências biológicas e propostas de prevenção / Iron deficiency: biological consequences and prevention strategies

A deficiência de ferro é, isoladamente, a deficiência nutricional mais comum no mundo. Embora afete adultos, particularmente mulheres em idade reprodutiva e durante a gestação, as maiores vítimas são as crianças menores de dois anos de idade. Atinge principalmente a população de países em desenvolvimento que possui menor acesso a dietas equilibradas e a serviços de saúde e é mais exposta a condições sanitárias precárias. A deficiência de ferro tem impacto sobre a resposta imune, a capacidade de trabalho de adultos e o desenvolvimento cognitivo de crianças. O combate e a prevenção da deficiência de ferro é uma das prioridades na promoção da saúde. As estratégias para se alcançar este objetivo incluem a avaliação e correção da deficiência de ferro em gestantes, a estimulação ao aleitamento materno, a realização de profilaxia com sulfato ferroso oral em prematuros e recém nascidos de baixo peso, enriquecimento de alimentos e o envolvimento da comunidade.

Ectasia vascular antral: tratamiento quirúrgico / Watermelon stomach: surgical treatment

La ectasia vascular gástrica antral es una entidad reconocida clínica e histopatológicamente, de etiología no precisada, siendo a su vez una causa infrecuente de sangrado digestivo crónico o agudo. Existen muy pocos casos clínicos documentados en la literatura. Existen variadas formas de enfrentar esta patología, existiendo consenso que las más exitosas son la cirugía invasiva y/o terapia endoscópica ND:YAG láser. Se presenta un caso clínico de una mujer de 70 años atendida en nuestro hospital en el cual no contamos con terapia endoscópica, siendo sometida a tratamiento quirúrgico convencional (Antrectomía) con buen resultado.