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1.
J Am Heart Assoc ; 13(9): e033744, 2024 May 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38686853

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The heart can metabolize the microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acid butyrate. Butyrate may have beneficial effects in heart failure, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. We tested the hypothesis that butyrate elevates cardiac output by mechanisms involving direct stimulation of cardiac contractility and vasorelaxation in rats. METHODS AND RESULTS: We examined the effects of butyrate on (1) in vivo hemodynamics using parallel echocardiographic and invasive blood pressure measurements, (2) isolated perfused hearts in Langendorff systems under physiological conditions and after ischemia and reperfusion, and (3) isolated coronary arteries mounted in isometric wire myographs. We tested Na-butyrate added to injection solutions or physiological buffers and compared its effects with equimolar doses of NaCl. Butyrate at plasma concentrations of 0.56 mM increased cardiac output by 48.8±14.9%, stroke volume by 38.5±12.1%, and left ventricular ejection fraction by 39.6±6.2%, and lowered systemic vascular resistance by 33.5±6.4% without affecting blood pressure or heart rate in vivo. In the range between 0.1 and 5 mM, butyrate increased left ventricular systolic pressure by up to 23.7±3.4% in isolated perfused hearts and by 9.4±2.9% following ischemia and reperfusion, while reducing myocardial infarct size by 81.7±16.9%. Butyrate relaxed isolated coronary septal arteries concentration dependently with an EC50=0.57 mM (95% CI, 0.23-1.44). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that butyrate elevates cardiac output through mechanisms involving increased cardiac contractility and vasorelaxation. This effect of butyrate was not associated with adverse myocardial injury in damaged hearts exposed to ischemia and reperfusion.


Subject(s)
Butyrates , Cardiotonic Agents , Myocardial Contraction , Vasodilation , Vasodilator Agents , Ventricular Function, Left , Animals , Male , Myocardial Contraction/drug effects , Ventricular Function, Left/drug effects , Vasodilation/drug effects , Cardiotonic Agents/pharmacology , Butyrates/pharmacology , Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology , Isolated Heart Preparation , Rats , Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/physiopathology , Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/prevention & control , Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/metabolism , Cardiac Output/drug effects , Stroke Volume/drug effects , Rats, Wistar , Coronary Vessels/drug effects , Coronary Vessels/physiopathology , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Disease Models, Animal , Rats, Sprague-Dawley
2.
J Am Heart Assoc ; 13(9): e033317, 2024 May 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38686869

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Although moderate endurance exercise has been reported to improve cardiovascular health, its effects on cardiac structure and function are not fully characterized, especially with respect to sexual dimorphism. We aimed to assess the effects of moderate endurance exercise on cardiac physiology in male versus female mice. METHODS AND RESULTS: C57BL/6J mice of both sexes were run on a treadmill for 6 weeks. ECG and echocardiography were performed every 2 weeks. After 6 weeks of exercise, mice were euthanized, and triple parametric optical mapping was performed on Langendorff perfused hearts to assess cardiac electrophysiology. Arrhythmia inducibility was tested by programmed electrical stimulation. Left ventricular tissue was fixed, and RNA sequencing was performed to determine exercise-induced transcriptional changes. Exercise-induced left ventricular dilatation was observed in female mice alone, as evidenced by increased left ventricular diameter and reduced left ventricular wall thickness. Increased cardiac output was also observed in female exercised mice but not males. Optical mapping revealed further sexual dimorphism in exercise-induced modulation of cardiac electrophysiology. In female mice, exercise prolonged action potential duration and reduced voltage-calcium influx delay. In male mice, exercise reduced the calcium decay constant, suggesting faster calcium reuptake. Exercise increased arrhythmia inducibility in both male and female mice; however, arrhythmia duration was increased only in females. Lastly, exercise-induced transcriptional changes were sex dependent: females and males exhibited the most significant changes in contractile versus metabolism-related genes, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that moderate endurance exercise can significantly alter multiple aspects of cardiac physiology in a sex-dependent manner. Although some of these effects are beneficial, like improved cardiac mechanical function, others are potentially proarrhythmic.


Subject(s)
Arrhythmias, Cardiac , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Physical Conditioning, Animal , Animals , Female , Male , Arrhythmias, Cardiac/physiopathology , Arrhythmias, Cardiac/etiology , Physical Conditioning, Animal/physiology , Mice , Sex Factors , Ventricular Function, Left/physiology , Action Potentials , Physical Endurance/physiology , Ventricular Remodeling/physiology , Heart Rate/physiology , Isolated Heart Preparation , Sex Characteristics
3.
Basic Res Cardiol ; 119(3): 403-418, 2024 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38528175

ABSTRACT

Decreased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels contribute to various pathologies such as ageing, diabetes, heart failure and ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Nicotinamide riboside (NR) has emerged as a promising therapeutic NAD+ precursor due to efficient NAD+ elevation and was recently shown to be the only agent able to reduce cardiac IRI in models employing clinically relevant anesthesia. However, through which metabolic pathway(s) NR mediates IRI protection remains unknown. Furthermore, the influence of insulin, a known modulator of cardioprotective efficacy, on the protective effects of NR has not been investigated. Here, we used the isolated mouse heart allowing cardiac metabolic control to investigate: (1) whether NR can protect the isolated heart against IRI, (2) the metabolic pathways underlying NR-mediated protection, and (3) whether insulin abrogates NR protection. NR protection against cardiac IRI and effects on metabolic pathways employing metabolomics for determination of changes in metabolic intermediates, and 13C-glucose fluxomics for determination of metabolic pathway activities (glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and mitochondrial/tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) activities), were examined in isolated C57BL/6N mouse hearts perfused with either (a) glucose + fatty acids (FA) ("mild glycolysis group"), (b) lactate + pyruvate + FA ("no glycolysis group"), or (c) glucose + FA + insulin ("high glycolysis group"). NR increased cardiac NAD+ in all three metabolic groups. In glucose + FA perfused hearts, NR reduced IR injury, increased glycolytic intermediate phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), TCA intermediate succinate and PPP intermediates ribose-5P (R5P) / sedoheptulose-7P (S7P), and was associated with activated glycolysis, without changes in TCA cycle or PPP activities. In the "no glycolysis" hearts, NR protection was lost, whereas NR still increased S7P. In the insulin hearts, glycolysis was largely accelerated, and NR protection abrogated. NR still increased PPP intermediates, with now high 13C-labeling of S7P, but NR was unable to increase metabolic pathway activities, including glycolysis. Protection by NR against IRI is only present in hearts with low glycolysis, and is associated with activation of glycolysis. When activation of glycolysis was prevented, through either examining "no glycolysis" hearts or "high glycolysis" hearts, NR protection was abolished. The data suggest that NR's acute cardioprotective effects are mediated through glycolysis activation and are lost in the presence of insulin because of already elevated glycolysis.


Subject(s)
Glycolysis , Insulin , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Myocardial Reperfusion Injury , Niacinamide , Pyridinium Compounds , Animals , Pyridinium Compounds/pharmacology , Glycolysis/drug effects , Insulin/metabolism , Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/metabolism , Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/prevention & control , Niacinamide/pharmacology , Niacinamide/analogs & derivatives , Male , Myocardium/metabolism , Mice , Isolated Heart Preparation , Metabolomics , NAD/metabolism , Disease Models, Animal , Citric Acid Cycle/drug effects
4.
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol ; 326(6): H1337-H1349, 2024 Jun 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38551482

ABSTRACT

Nicotine is the primary addictive component of tobacco products. Through its actions on the heart and autonomic nervous system, nicotine exposure is associated with electrophysiological changes and increased arrhythmia susceptibility. To assess the underlying mechanisms, we treated rabbits with transdermal nicotine (NIC, 21 mg/day) or control (CT) patches for 28 days before performing dual optical mapping of transmembrane potential (RH237) and intracellular Ca2+ (Rhod-2 AM) in isolated hearts with intact sympathetic innervation. Sympathetic nerve stimulation (SNS) was performed at the first to third thoracic vertebrae, and ß-adrenergic responsiveness was additionally evaluated following norepinephrine (NE) perfusion. Baseline ex vivo heart rate (HR) and SNS stimulation threshold were higher in NIC versus CT (P = 0.004 and P = 0.003, respectively). Action potential duration alternans emerged at longer pacing cycle lengths (PCL) in NIC versus CT at baseline (P = 0.002) and during SNS (P = 0.0003), with similar results obtained for Ca2+ transient alternans. SNS shortened the PCL at which alternans emerged in CT but not in NIC hearts. NIC-exposed hearts tended to have slower and reduced HR responses to NE perfusion, but ventricular responses to NE were comparable between groups. Although fibrosis was unaltered, NIC hearts had lower sympathetic nerve density (P = 0.03) but no difference in NE content versus CT. These results suggest both sympathetic hypoinnervation of the myocardium and regional differences in ß-adrenergic responsiveness with NIC. This autonomic remodeling may contribute to the increased risk of arrhythmias associated with nicotine exposure, which may be further exacerbated with long-term use.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here, we show that chronic nicotine exposure was associated with increased heart rate, increased susceptibility to alternans, and reduced sympathetic electrophysiological responses in the intact rabbit heart. We suggest that this was due to sympathetic hypoinnervation of the myocardium and diminished ß-adrenergic responsiveness of the sinoatrial node following nicotine treatment. Though these differences did not result in increased arrhythmia propensity in our study, we hypothesize that prolonged nicotine exposure may exacerbate this proarrhythmic remodeling.


Subject(s)
Action Potentials , Heart Rate , Heart , Nicotine , Sympathetic Nervous System , Animals , Nicotine/toxicity , Nicotine/adverse effects , Rabbits , Heart Rate/drug effects , Action Potentials/drug effects , Heart/innervation , Heart/drug effects , Sympathetic Nervous System/drug effects , Sympathetic Nervous System/physiopathology , Male , Nicotinic Agonists/toxicity , Nicotinic Agonists/administration & dosage , Calcium Signaling/drug effects , Arrhythmias, Cardiac/chemically induced , Arrhythmias, Cardiac/physiopathology , Arrhythmias, Cardiac/metabolism , Transdermal Patch , Isolated Heart Preparation , Administration, Cutaneous , Norepinephrine/metabolism
5.
Transplantation ; 108(6): 1350-1356, 2024 Jun 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38411562

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Cold static storage and normothermic ex vivo heart perfusion are routinely limited to 6 h. This report describes intermittent left atrial (LA) perfusion that allows cardiac functional assessment in a working heart mode. METHODS: Using our adult porcine model, general anesthesia was induced and a complete cardiectomy was performed following cardioplegic arrest. Back-table instrumentation was completed and normothermic ex vivo heart perfusion (NEHP) was initiated in a nonworking heart mode (Langendorff). After 1 h of resuscitation and recovery, LA perfusion was initiated and the heart was transitioned to a coronary flow-only working heart mode for 30 min. Baseline working heart parameters were documented and the heart was returned to nonworking mode. Working heart assessments were performed for 30 min every 6 h for 24 h. RESULTS: Twenty-four-hour NEHP on 9 consecutive hearts (280 ±â€…42.1 g) was successful and no significant differences were found between working heart parameters at baseline and after 24 h of perfusion. There was no difference between initial and final measurements of LA mean pressures (5.0 ±â€…3.1 versus 9.0 ±â€…6.5 mm Hg, P  = 0.22), left ventricular systolic pressures (44.3 ±â€…7.2 versus 39.1 ±â€…9.0 mm Hg, P  = 0.13), mean aortic pressures (30.9 ±â€…5.8 versus 28.1 ±â€…8.1 mm Hg, P  = 0.37), and coronary resistance (0.174 ±â€…0.046 versus 0.173 ±â€…0.066 mL/min/g, P  = 0.90). There were also no significant differences between lactate (2.4 ±â€…0.5 versus 2.6 ±â€…0.4 mmol/L, P  = 0.17) and glucose (173 ±â€…75 versus 156 ±â€…70 mg/dL, P  = 0.37). CONCLUSIONS: A novel model using intermittent LA perfusion to create a coronary flow-only working heart mode for assessment of ex vivo cardiac function has been successfully developed.


Subject(s)
Models, Animal , Perfusion , Animals , Perfusion/methods , Time Factors , Isolated Heart Preparation , Swine , Coronary Circulation , Organ Preservation/methods , Ventricular Function, Left , Heart Transplantation , Sus scrofa
6.
J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol ; 33(6): 1290-1297, 2022 06.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35304782

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Several case reports have suggested an increased risk of sudden cardiac death due to energy drinks. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess acute electrophysiologic effects of caffeine and taurine, two of the main ingredients of energy drinks, in an experimental whole-heart model. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty-five rabbit hearts were excised, retrogradely perfused, and assigned to two groups. Hearts were perfused with caffeine (2, 10, and 50 µM) or taurine (2, 10, and 50 µM) after generating baseline data. Eight monophasic action potentials and electrocardiography recordings showed a significant abbreviation of action potential duration (APD90 ), QT interval, and effective refractory periods (ERP) after caffeine treatment. With taurine, cardiac repolarization duration and ERP were significantly shortened. A ventricular vulnerability was assessed by a predefined pacing protocol. With caffeine, we observed a trend towards more ventricular arrhythmias in a dose-dependent manner. After treatment with taurine, significantly more episodes of ventricular arrhythmias occurred. CONCLUSION: In this experimental whole-heart study, treatment with caffeine and taurine provoked ventricular arrhythmias. The underlying mechanism was an abbreviation of cardiac repolarizations and effective refractory periods that may facilitate re-entry and thereby provokes arrhythmias. These findings help to understand the potentially hazardous and fatal outcomes after intoxication with energy drinks.


Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases , Energy Drinks , Action Potentials , Animals , Arrhythmias, Cardiac/chemically induced , Arrhythmias, Cardiac/diagnosis , Caffeine/adverse effects , Energy Drinks/adverse effects , Heart Disease Risk Factors , Humans , Isolated Heart Preparation , Rabbits , Risk Factors , Taurine/pharmacology
7.
J Vis Exp ; (181)2022 03 04.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35311818

ABSTRACT

The use of the ex-vivo retrograde perfused heart has long been a cornerstone of ischemia-reperfusion investigation since its development by Oskar Langendorff over a century ago. Although this technique has been applied to mice over the last 25 years, its use in this species has been limited to adult animals. Development of a successful method to consistently cannulate the neonatal murine aorta would allow for the systematic study of the isolated retrograde perfused heart during a critical period of cardiac development in a genetically modifiable and low-cost species. Modification of the Langendorff preparation enables cannulation and establishment of reperfusion in the neonatal murine heart while minimizing ischemic time. Optimization requires a two-person technique to permit successful cannulation of the newborn mouse aorta using a dissecting microscope and a modified commercially available needle. The use of this approach will reliably establish retrograde perfusion within 3 min. Because the fragility of the neonatal mouse heart and ventricular cavity size prevents direct measurement of intraventricular pressure generated using a balloon, use of a force transducer connected by a suture to the apex of the left ventricle to quantify longitudinal contractile tension is necessary. This method allows investigators to successfully establish an isolated constant-flow retrograde-perfused newborn murine heart preparation, permitting the study of developmental cardiac biology in an ex-vivo manner. Importantly, this model will be a powerful tool to investigate the physiological and pharmacological responses to ischemia-reperfusion in the neonatal heart.


Subject(s)
Heart Ventricles , Heart , Animals , Heart/physiology , Heart Rate , Humans , Isolated Heart Preparation/methods , Mice , Myocardium , Perfusion/methods
8.
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol ; 322(2): C296-C310, 2022 02 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35044856

ABSTRACT

Aging chronically increases endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress that contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction. Activation of calpain 1 (CPN1) impairs mitochondrial function during acute ER stress. We proposed that aging-induced ER stress led to mitochondrial dysfunction by activating CPN1. We posit that attenuation of the ER stress or direct inhibition of CPN1 in aged hearts can decrease cardiac injury during ischemia-reperfusion by improving mitochondrial function. Male young (3 mo) and aged mice (24 mo) were used in the present study, and 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA) was used to decrease the ER stress in aged mice. Subsarcolemmal (SSM) and interfibrillar mitochondria (IFM) were isolated. Chronic 4-PBA treatment for 2 wk decreased CPN1 activation as shown by the decreased cleavage of spectrin in cytosol and apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) and the α1 subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) in mitochondria. Treatment improved oxidative phosphorylation in 24-mo-old SSM and IFM at baseline compared with vehicle. When 4-PBA-treated 24-mo-old hearts were subjected to ischemia-reperfusion, infarct size was decreased. These results support that attenuation of the ER stress decreased cardiac injury in aged hearts by improving mitochondrial function before ischemia. To challenge the role of CPN1 as an effector of the ER stress, aged mice were treated with MDL-28170 (MDL, an inhibitor of calpain 1). MDL treatment improved mitochondrial function in aged SSM and IFM. MDL-treated 24-mo-old hearts sustained less cardiac injury following ischemia-reperfusion. These results support that age-induced ER stress augments cardiac injury during ischemia-reperfusion by impairing mitochondrial function through activation of CPN1.


Subject(s)
Calpain/antagonists & inhibitors , Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Dipeptides/pharmacology , Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress/drug effects , Mitochondria, Heart/drug effects , Myocardial Infarction/prevention & control , Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/prevention & control , Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects , Age Factors , Animals , Calpain/metabolism , Disease Models, Animal , Enzyme Activation , Isolated Heart Preparation , Male , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mitochondria, Heart/enzymology , Mitochondria, Heart/pathology , Myocardial Infarction/enzymology , Myocardial Infarction/pathology , Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/enzymology , Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/pathology , Myocytes, Cardiac/enzymology , Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology , Oxidative Phosphorylation/drug effects , Phenylbutyrates/pharmacology
9.
Sci Rep ; 12(1): 138, 2022 01 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34997008

ABSTRACT

Calpain 1 and 2 (CPN1/2) are calcium-dependent cysteine proteases that exist in cytosol and mitochondria. Pharmacologic inhibition of CPN1/2 decreases cardiac injury during ischemia (ISC)-reperfusion (REP) by improving mitochondrial function. However, the protein targets of CPN1/2 activation during ISC-REP are unclear. CPN1/2 include a large subunit and a small regulatory subunit 1 (CPNS1). Genetic deletion of CPNS1 eliminates the activities of both CPN1 and CPN2. Conditional cardiomyocyte specific CPNS1 deletion mice were used in the present study to clarify the role of CPN1/2 activation in mitochondrial damage during ISC-REP with an emphasis on identifying the potential protein targets of CPN1/2. Isolated hearts from wild type (WT) or CPNS1 deletion mice underwent 25 min in vitro global ISC and 30 min REP. Deletion of CPNS1 led to decreased cytosolic and mitochondrial calpain 1 activation compared to WT. Cardiac injury was decreased in CPNS1 deletion mice following ISC-REP as shown by the decreased infarct size compared to WT. Compared to WT, mitochondrial function was improved in CPNS1 deletion mice following ischemia-reperfusion as shown by the improved oxidative phosphorylation and decreased susceptibility to mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening. H2O2 generation was also decreased in mitochondria from deletion mice following ISC-REP compared to WT. Deletion of CPNS1 also resulted in less cytochrome c and truncated apoptosis inducing factor (tAIF) release from mitochondria. Proteomic analysis of the isolated mitochondria showed that deletion of CPNS1 increased the content of proteins functioning in regulation of mitochondrial calcium homeostasis (paraplegin and sarcalumenin) and complex III activity. These results suggest that activation of CPN1 increases cardiac injury during ischemia-reperfusion by impairing mitochondrial function and triggering cytochrome c and tAIF release from mitochondria into cytosol.


Subject(s)
Calpain/metabolism , Mitochondria, Heart/enzymology , Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/enzymology , Myocytes, Cardiac/enzymology , ATPases Associated with Diverse Cellular Activities/metabolism , Animals , Apoptosis Inducing Factor/metabolism , Calpain/genetics , Cytochromes c/metabolism , Disease Models, Animal , Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism , Isolated Heart Preparation , Membrane Proteins/metabolism , Metalloendopeptidases/metabolism , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Knockout , Mitochondria, Heart/genetics , Mitochondria, Heart/pathology , Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore/metabolism , Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/genetics , Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/pathology , Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology , Oxidative Phosphorylation , Signal Transduction
10.
Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol ; 130(1): 103-109, 2022 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34634184

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have raised serious concerns on cardiovascular safety of widely prescribed nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize the electrophysiological effects of certain NSAIDs in an established whole heart model of proarrhythmia. METHODS AND RESULTS: Thirty-eight hearts of New Zealand White rabbits were harvested and retrogradely perfused employing a Langendorff setup, and electrophysiology studies were performed to investigate action potential duration at 90% of repolarization (APD90 ), QT intervals, and effective refractory period (ERP). After generating baseline data, hearts were perfused with ibuprofen (Group 1, n = 12; 10 and 30 µM), indomethacin (Group 2, n = 13; 10 and 20 µM) and diclofenac (Group 3, n = 13; 10 and 20 µM), respectively, and the pacing protocols were repeated for each concentration. In all groups, perfusion with the NSAIDs resulted in a significant and reproducible shortening of APD90 and QT interval. In all groups, the arrhythmia susceptibility was significantly raised as occurrence of monomorphic ventricular tachycardia under programmed ventricular stimulation was significantly increased under perfusion with ibuprofen, indomethacin and diclofenac in all concentrations. CONCLUSION: The perfusion with ibuprofen, indomethacin and diclofenac in commonly used doses raised the arrhythmia susceptibility in an established rabbit whole-heart model while APD shortening and shortened ERP seem to be crucial for arrhythmogenesis.


Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/toxicity , Arrhythmias, Cardiac/chemically induced , Tachycardia, Ventricular/chemically induced , Action Potentials/drug effects , Animals , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/administration & dosage , Cardiac Electrophysiology , Diclofenac/administration & dosage , Diclofenac/toxicity , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Electrocardiography , Female , Ibuprofen/administration & dosage , Ibuprofen/toxicity , Indomethacin/administration & dosage , Indomethacin/toxicity , Isolated Heart Preparation , Rabbits
11.
Toxicology ; 465: 153055, 2022 01 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34864093

ABSTRACT

Both long-term and short-term alcohol consumption can cause internal homeostasis imbalance, and they have been proved to be related to the initiation and development of atrial fibrillation (AF). Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of non-apoptotic oxidative death which also regulate the cell death homeostasis, but whether it involves in AF induced by alcohol consumption remains unclear. Here, we report a study on the effect of ferroptosis on susceptibility to AF at different alcohol consumption frequencies. We divided the mice into single or frequent excessive alcohol consumption group which given sterile drinking water or alcohol by gavage at different frequencies. Meanwhile, the experimental group was given an intraperitoneal injection of ferroptosis inhibitor (Fer-1) before alcohol drinking. It was found that once exposure to 5 g/kg/d frequent excessive alcohol consumption, compared with the single excessive alcohol consumption group, the mice serum non-heme iron concentration, accumulation of iron and oxidative stress reaction in atrial tissues were increased, while the body weight, heart weight and heart weight to tibia length (HW/TL) ratio were decreased. In addition, the inducibility rate of AF increased, while RR interval, effective refractory periods (ERPs) and 90 % action potential duration (APD90) shortened, as well as QTc interval prolonged. Furthermore, the protein and mRNA expression levels of GPx4, FTL, FTH1, Kv1.5, Kv2.1, Kv4.3, Cav1.2, Serca2α, p-PLB were down-regulated, while PTGS2 was up-regulated. Most of the changes can be partially or completely reversed by Fer-1. These results suggest that frequent excessive alcohol consumption activates ferroptosis and increases the inducibility rate of AF. Nevertheless, inhibition of ferroptosis can balance iron overload disorders and reduce the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), eventually decrease the susceptibility to AF. Our results highlight the importance of guidance and warnings for unhealthy alcohol-abuse lifestyle.


Subject(s)
Alcohol Drinking/adverse effects , Anti-Arrhythmia Agents/pharmacology , Atrial Fibrillation/prevention & control , Ethanol/toxicity , Ferroptosis/drug effects , Heart Rate/drug effects , Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects , Action Potentials/drug effects , Animals , Atrial Fibrillation/chemically induced , Atrial Fibrillation/metabolism , Atrial Fibrillation/pathology , Blood Alcohol Content , Cell Line , Isolated Heart Preparation , Male , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism , Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology , Rats , Risk Assessment
12.
Cardiovasc Res ; 118(1): 282-294, 2022 01 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33386841

ABSTRACT

AIMS: Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of mitochondrial fission induced by acute myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) has been shown to reduce myocardial infarct size. The clinically used anti-hypertensive and heart failure medication, hydralazine, is known to have anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic effects. Here, we investigated whether hydralazine confers acute cardioprotection by inhibiting Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission. METHODS AND RESULTS: Pre-treatment with hydralazine was shown to inhibit both mitochondrial fission and mitochondrial membrane depolarisation induced by oxidative stress in HeLa cells. In mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), pre-treatment with hydralazine attenuated mitochondrial fission and cell death induced by oxidative stress, but this effect was absent in MEFs deficient in the mitochondrial fission protein, Drp1. Molecular docking and surface plasmon resonance studies demonstrated binding of hydralazine to the GTPase domain of the mitochondrial fission protein, Drp1 (KD 8.6±1.0 µM), and inhibition of Drp1 GTPase activity in a dose-dependent manner. In isolated adult murine cardiomyocytes subjected to simulated IRI, hydralazine inhibited mitochondrial fission, preserved mitochondrial fusion events, and reduced cardiomyocyte death (hydralazine 24.7±2.5% vs. control 34.1±1.5%, P=0.0012). In ex vivo perfused murine hearts subjected to acute IRI, pre-treatment with hydralazine reduced myocardial infarct size (as % left ventricle: hydralazine 29.6±6.5% vs. vehicle control 54.1±4.9%, P=0.0083), and in the murine heart subjected to in vivo IRI, the administration of hydralazine at reperfusion, decreased myocardial infarct size (as % area-at-risk: hydralazine 28.9±3.0% vs. vehicle control 58.2±3.8%, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: We show that, in addition to its antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects, hydralazine, confers acute cardioprotection by inhibiting IRI-induced mitochondrial fission, raising the possibility of repurposing hydralazine as a novel cardioprotective therapy for improving post-infarction outcomes.


Subject(s)
Dynamins/antagonists & inhibitors , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Hydralazine/pharmacology , Mitochondria, Heart/drug effects , Mitochondrial Dynamics/drug effects , Myocardial Infarction/prevention & control , Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/prevention & control , Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects , Animals , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Apoptosis/drug effects , Disease Models, Animal , Dynamins/metabolism , Female , HeLa Cells , Humans , Isolated Heart Preparation , Male , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Transgenic , Mitochondria, Heart/metabolism , Mitochondria, Heart/pathology , Myocardial Infarction/enzymology , Myocardial Infarction/pathology , Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/enzymology , Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/pathology , Myocytes, Cardiac/enzymology , Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Signal Transduction
14.
Sci Rep ; 11(1): 23940, 2021 12 14.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34907251

ABSTRACT

Previous studies suggest an impact of dexmedetomidine on cardiac electrophysiology. However, experimental data is sparse. Therefore, purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of dexmedetomidine on different experimental models of proarrhythmia. 50 rabbit hearts were explanted and retrogradely perfused. The first group (n = 12) was treated with dexmedetomidine in ascending concentrations (3, 5 and 10 µM). Dexmedetomidine did not substantially alter action potential duration (APD) but reduced spatial dispersion of repolarization (SDR) and rendered the action potentials rectangular, resulting in no proarrhythmia. In further 12 hearts, erythromycin (300 µM) was administered to simulate long-QT-syndrome-2 (LQT2). Additional treatment with dexmedetomidine reduced SDR, thereby suppressing torsade de pointes. In the third group (n = 14), 0.5 µM veratridine was added to reduce the repolarization reserve. Further administration of dexmedetomidine did not influence APD, SDR or the occurrence of arrhythmias. In the last group (n = 12), a combination of acetylcholine (1 µM) and isoproterenol (1 µM) was used to facilitate atrial fibrillation. Additional treatment with dexmedetomidine prolonged the atrial APD but did not reduce AF episodes. In this study, dexmedetomidine did not significantly alter cardiac repolarization duration and was not proarrhythmic in different models of ventricular and atrial arrhythmias. Of note, dexmedetomidine might be antiarrhythmic in acquired LQT2 by reducing SDR.


Subject(s)
Arrhythmias, Cardiac/physiopathology , Dexmedetomidine/pharmacology , Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac , Heart Conduction System/physiopathology , Animals , Disease Models, Animal , Isolated Heart Preparation , Rabbits
15.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 118(45)2021 11 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34732573

ABSTRACT

Propagation of electromechanical waves in excitable heart muscles follows complex spatiotemporal patterns holding the key to understanding life-threatening arrhythmias and other cardiac conditions. Accurate volumetric mapping of cardiac wave propagation is currently hampered by fast heart motion, particularly in small model organisms. Here we demonstrate that ultrafast four-dimensional imaging of cardiac mechanical wave propagation in entire beating murine heart can be accomplished by sparse optoacoustic sensing with high contrast, ∼115-µm spatial and submillisecond temporal resolution. We extract accurate dispersion and phase velocity maps of the cardiac waves and reveal vortex-like patterns associated with mechanical phase singularities that occur during arrhythmic events induced via burst ventricular electric stimulation. The newly introduced cardiac mapping approach is a bold step toward deciphering the complex mechanisms underlying cardiac arrhythmias and enabling precise therapeutic interventions.


Subject(s)
Arrhythmias, Cardiac/diagnostic imaging , Cardiac Imaging Techniques , Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography , Heart/diagnostic imaging , Photoacoustic Techniques , Animals , Arrhythmias, Cardiac/physiopathology , Female , Heart/physiopathology , Isolated Heart Preparation , Mice
16.
Physiol Rep ; 9(22): e15093, 2021 11.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34806317

ABSTRACT

We have previously demonstrated that inhibition of extracellularly oriented carbonic anhydrase (CA) isoforms protects the myocardium against ischemia-reperfusion injury. In this study, our aim was to assess the possible further contribution of CA intracellular isoforms examining the actions of the highly diffusible cell membrane permeant inhibitor of CA, ethoxzolamide (ETZ). Isolated rat hearts, after 20 min of stabilization, were assigned to the following groups: (1) Nonischemic control: 90 min of perfusion; (2) Ischemic control: 30 min of global ischemia and 60 min of reperfusion (R); and (3) ETZ: ETZ at a concentration of 100 µM was administered for 10 min before the onset of ischemia and then during the first 10 min of reperfusion. In additional groups, ETZ was administered in the presence of SB202190 (SB, a p38MAPK inhibitor) or chelerythrine (Chel, a protein kinase C [PKC] inhibitor). Infarct size, myocardial function, and the expression of phosphorylated forms of p38MAPK, PKCε, HSP27, and Drp1, and calcineurin Aß content were assessed. In isolated mitochondria, the Ca2+ response, Ca2+ retention capacity, and membrane potential were measured. ETZ decreased infarct size by 60%, improved postischemic recovery of myocardial contractile and diastolic relaxation increased P-p38MAPK, P-PKCε, P-HSP27, and P-Drp1 expression, decreased calcineurin content, and normalized calcium and membrane potential parameters measured in isolated mitochondria. These effects were significantly attenuated when ETZ was administered in the presence of SB or Chel. These data show that ETZ protects the myocardium and mitochondria against ischemia-reperfusion injury through p38MAPK- and PKCε-dependent pathways and reinforces the role of CA as a possible target in the management of acute cardiac ischemic diseases.


Subject(s)
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Ethoxzolamide/pharmacology , Heart/drug effects , Mitochondria, Heart/drug effects , Myocardium/metabolism , Animals , Benzophenanthridines/pharmacology , Calcium/metabolism , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Imidazoles/pharmacology , Isolated Heart Preparation , Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/drug effects , Mitochondria, Heart/metabolism , Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore/metabolism , Myocardial Reperfusion Injury , Protein Kinase C/antagonists & inhibitors , Pyridines/pharmacology , Rats , p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
17.
Cell Rep ; 37(3): 109846, 2021 10 19.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34686324

ABSTRACT

Optical methods for measuring intracellular ions including Ca2+ revolutionized our understanding of signal transduction. However, these methods are not extensively applied to intact organs due to issues including inner filter effects, motion, and available probes. Mitochondrial Ca2+ is postulated to regulate cell energetics and death pathways that are best studied in an intact organ. Here, we develop a method to optically measure mitochondrial Ca2+ and demonstrate its validity for mitochondrial Ca2+ and metabolism using hearts from wild-type mice and mice with germline knockout of the mitochondria calcium uniporter (MCU-KO). We previously reported that germline MCU-KO hearts do not show an impaired response to adrenergic stimulation. We find that these MCU-KO hearts do not take up Ca2+, consistent with no alternative Ca2+ uptake mechanisms in the absence of MCU. This approach can address the role of mitochondrial Ca2+ to the myriad of functions attributed to alterations in mitochondrial Ca2+.


Subject(s)
Calcium Channels/metabolism , Calcium Signaling , Calcium/metabolism , Energy Metabolism , Mitochondria, Heart/metabolism , Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism , Myocardial Contraction , Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism , Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacology , Animals , Calcium Channels/genetics , Calcium Signaling/drug effects , Energy Metabolism/drug effects , Fluorescent Dyes , HEK293 Cells , Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring , Humans , Isolated Heart Preparation , Isoproterenol/pharmacology , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Knockout , Mitochondria, Heart/drug effects , Mitochondria, Heart/genetics , Mitochondrial Proteins/genetics , Myocardial Contraction/drug effects , Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects , Optical Imaging , Time Factors
18.
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol ; 321(6): H1042-H1055, 2021 12 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34623182

ABSTRACT

Cardiac voltage-gated sodium channel gain-of-function prolongs repolarization in the long-QT syndrome type 3 (LQT3). Previous studies suggest that narrowing the perinexus within the intercalated disc, leading to rapid sodium depletion, attenuates LQT3-associated action potential duration (APD) prolongation. However, it remains unknown whether extracellular sodium concentration modulates APD prolongation during sodium channel gain-of-function. We hypothesized that elevated extracellular sodium concentration and widened perinexus synergistically prolong APD in LQT3. LQT3 was induced with sea anemone toxin (ATXII) in Langendorff-perfused guinea pig hearts (n = 34). Sodium concentration was increased from 145 to 160 mM. Perinexal expansion was induced with mannitol or the sodium channel ß1-subunit adhesion domain antagonist (ßadp1). Epicardial ventricular action potentials were optically mapped. Individual and combined effects of varying clefts and sodium concentrations were simulated in a computational model. With ATXII, both mannitol and ßadp1 significantly widened the perinexus and prolonged APD, respectively. The elevated sodium concentration alone significantly prolonged APD as well. Importantly, the combination of elevated sodium concentration and perinexal widening synergistically prolonged APD. Computational modeling results were consistent with animal experiments. Concurrently elevating extracellular sodium and increasing intercalated disc edema prolongs repolarization more than the individual interventions alone in LQT3. This synergistic effect suggests an important clinical implication that hypernatremia in the presence of cardiac edema can markedly increase LQT3-associated APD prolongation. Therefore, to our knowledge, this is the first study to provide evidence of a tractable and effective strategy to mitigate LQT3 phenotype by means of managing sodium levels and preventing cardiac edema in patients.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to demonstrate that the long-QT syndrome type 3 (LQT3) phenotype can be exacerbated or concealed by regulating extracellular sodium concentrations and/or the intercalated disc separation. The animal experiments and computational modeling in the current study reveal a critically important clinical implication: sodium dysregulation in the presence of edema within the intercalated disc can markedly increase the risk of arrhythmia in LQT3. These findings strongly suggest that maintaining extracellular sodium within normal physiological limits may be an effective and inexpensive therapeutic option for patients with congenital or acquired sodium channel gain-of-function diseases.


Subject(s)
Action Potentials , Edema, Cardiac/complications , Edema, Cardiac/metabolism , Heart Rate , Hypernatremia/blood , Hypernatremia/complications , Long QT Syndrome/metabolism , Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism , NAV1.5 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel/metabolism , Sodium/blood , Animals , Cnidarian Venoms , Computer Simulation , Disease Models, Animal , Edema, Cardiac/pathology , Edema, Cardiac/physiopathology , Guinea Pigs , Hypernatremia/physiopathology , Isolated Heart Preparation , Long QT Syndrome/chemically induced , Long QT Syndrome/physiopathology , Male , Models, Cardiovascular , Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
19.
PLoS One ; 16(9): e0257287, 2021.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34559811

ABSTRACT

AIMS: Recently, a new defibrillation modality using nanosecond pulses was shown to be effective at much lower energies than conventional 10 millisecond monophasic shocks in ex vivo experiments. Here we compare the safety factors of 300 nanosecond and 10 millisecond shocks to assess the safety of nanosecond defibrillation. METHODS AND RESULTS: The safety factor, i.e. the ratio of median effective doses (ED50) for electroporative damage and defibrillation, was assessed for nanosecond and conventional (millisecond) defibrillation shocks in Langendorff-perfused New Zealand white rabbit hearts. In order to allow for multiple shock applications in a single heart, a pair of needle electrodes was used to apply shocks of varying voltage. Propidium iodide (PI) staining at the surface of the heart showed that nanosecond shocks had a slightly lower safety factor (6.50) than millisecond shocks (8.69), p = 0.02; while PI staining cross-sections in the electrode plane showed no significant difference (5.38 for 300 ns shocks and 6.29 for 10 ms shocks, p = 0.22). CONCLUSIONS: In Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts, nanosecond defibrillation has a similar safety factor as millisecond defibrillation, between 5 and 9, suggesting that nanosecond defibrillation can be performed safely.


Subject(s)
Electroporation/methods , Heart/physiology , Isolated Heart Preparation/methods , Animals , Electric Countershock/methods , Electrodes , Electrophysiology , Female , Male , Propidium , Rabbits , Safety , Ventricular Fibrillation
20.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther ; 379(3): 223-234, 2021 11.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34535565

ABSTRACT

In an integrative approach, we studied cardiac effects of recently published novel H2 receptor agonists in the heart of mice that overexpress the human H2 receptor (H2-TG mice) and littermate wild type (WT) control mice and in isolated electrically driven muscle preparations from patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Under our experimental conditions, the H2 receptor agonists UR-Po563, UR-MB-158, and UR-MB-159 increased force of contraction in left atrium from H2-TG mice with pEC50 values of 8.27, 9.38, and 8.28, respectively, but not in WT mice. Likewise, UR-Po563, UR-MB-158, and UR-MB-159 increased the beating rate in right atrium from H2-TG mice with pEC50 values of 9.01, 9.24, and 7.91, respectively, but not from WT mice. These effects could be antagonized by famotidine, a H2 receptor antagonist. UR-Po563 (1 µM) increased force of contraction in Langendorff-perfused hearts from H2-TG but not WT mice. Similarly, UR-Po563, UR-MB-158, or UR-MB-159 increased the left ventricular ejection fraction in echocardiography of H2-TG mice. Finally, UR-Po563 increased force of contraction in isolated human right atrial muscle strips. The contractile effects of UR-Po563 in H2-TG mice were accompanied by an increase in the phosphorylation state of phospholamban. In summary, we report here three recently developed agonists functionally stimulating human cardiac H2 receptors in vitro and in vivo. We speculate that these compounds might be of some merit to treat neurologic disorders if their cardiac effects are blocked by concomitantly applied receptor antagonists that cannot pass through the blood-brain barrier or might be useful to treat congestive heart failure in patients. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Recently, a new generation of histamine H2 receptor (H2R) agonists has been developed as possible treatment option for Alzheimer's disease. Here, possible cardiac (side) effects of these novel H2R agonists have been evaluated.


Subject(s)
Heart Atria/drug effects , Heart Atria/metabolism , Histamine Agonists/pharmacology , Myocardial Contraction/drug effects , Receptors, Histamine H2/metabolism , Aged , Animals , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Female , Histamine/pharmacology , Humans , Isolated Heart Preparation/methods , Male , Mice , Mice, Transgenic , Middle Aged , Myocardial Contraction/physiology
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