Radius of Care in Secondary Schools in the Midwest: Are Automated External Defibrillators Sufficiently Accessible to Enable Optimal Patient Care?

CONTEXT: Sudden cardiac arrest is the leading cause of death among young athletes. According to the American Heart Association, an automated external defibrillator (AED) should be available within a 1- to 1.5-minute brisk walk from the patient for the highest chance of survival. Secondary school personnel have reported a lack of understanding about the proper number and placement of AEDs for optimal patient care. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether fixed AEDs were located within a 1- to 1.5-minute timeframe from any location on secondary school property (ie, radius of care). DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Public and private secondary schools in northwest Ohio and southeast Michigan. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Thirty schools (24 public, 6 private) volunteered. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Global positioning system coordinates were used to survey the entire school properties and determine AED locations. From each AED location, the radius of care was calculated for 3 retrieval speeds: walking, jogging, and driving a utility vehicle. Data were analyzed to expose any property area that fell outside the radius of care. RESULTS: Public schools (37.1% ± 11.0%) possessed more property outside the radius of care than did private schools (23.8% ± 8.0%; F1,28 = 8.35, P = .01). After accounting for retrieval speed, we still observed differences between school types when personnel would need to walk or jog to retrieve an AED ( F1.48,41.35 = 4.99, P = .02). The percentages of school property outside the radius of care for public and private schools were 72.6% and 56.3%, respectively, when walking and 34.4% and 12.2%, respectively, when jogging. Only 4.2% of the public and none of the private schools had property outside the radius of care when driving a utility vehicle. CONCLUSION: Schools should strategically place AEDs to decrease the percentage of property area outside the radius of care. In some cases, placement in a centralized location that is publicly accessible may be more important than the overall number of AEDs on site.

Assessment of the influence of jogging on the shape of female foot arches.

INTRODUCTION: Both walking and its faster, running, consist of cyclical subsequent phases of swing and support; however, they differ in their time proportions as well as magnitude of acting forces. There is a lack of studies concerning the long-term consequences of repeated jogging cycles on the function of feet and, above all, on their permanent impact on the shape of foot arches. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to answer the question whether regular jogging changes the shape of the transverse and medial longitudinal arches of the feet. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The research material consisted of 96 women with an average age of 26.57, and included 50 actively jogging women, and 46 of non-joggers. The study was performed with the use of EMED-SF force platform. The plantar surface of the foot was divided into 10 regions according to Cavanagh, for which peak pressure and contact time were established. Two indicators were defined: metatarsal bone pressure distribution pattern acc. to Kantali, and longitudinal arch index acc. to Cavanagh. RESULTS: The data obtained revealed more frequent occurrence of the greatest pressure under the centrally located metatarsal heads (lack of functional foot transverse arch) among the female joggers, compared with the non-joggers. Moreover, the findings indicate the higher frequency of medial longitudinal foot arch flattening among female runners, with a great deal of consistency between both feet, whereas results for the control group show asymmetrical medial arch shapes with right foot propensity to normal arch shape and left foot tendency for excessive arch. CONCLUSIONS: The observed differences in feet arch shapes between female joggers and non-joggers indicate the influence of jogging on feet functional adaptations.

Levels and patterns of physical activity and sedentary time among superdiverse adolescents in East London: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: Little is known about the physical activity (PA) and sedentary time (ST) habits of adolescents from superdiverse communities in the UK. The objectives of this study are to examine and report the patterns of PA/ST among adolescents in East London living in superdiverse communities, to identify opportunities/barriers to PA and inform policy/practice. DESIGN: A total of 1260 young people (aged 11-13 years) from seven secondary schools in East London completed a questionnaire on PA/ST over the past seven days as part of the Newham's Every Child a Sports Person (NECaSP) intervention. Socio-demographic and anthropometric data were obtained. Significance tests were conducted to determine differences between socio-demographic and anthropometric predictors and PA/ST. Multinomial logit regression was used to explore the effects of ethnicity, sex, and body mass index (BMI) on PA levels. RESULTS: Males were significantly more likely to engage in PA at least five times during school in the past week (U = 5.07, z = -11.76, p < .05). Obese participants were less likely to report engaging in PA five times in the past week (U = 4.11, z =-1.17, p < .05). Black Caribbean girls (U = 5.08, z = -1.92, p < .05) were significantly more likely to report engaging in no activity. Multinomial logit regression analyses revealed that girls with higher BMI were less likely to engage in PA at least four times after school in the last week than boys (b = .11, Wald X2(1) = 9.81, p < .01). Walking (36.4%), jogging/running (29.9%), and football (28%) were the most frequently reported activities. CONCLUSION: Engaging girls in PA during and after school is important and making sports clubs and activities available and attractive to this target group may help increase engagement in PA and reduce ST. Findings support the need for more sex-specific and culturally responsive pedagogy in schools with curricula that respects diversity and individuality and has meaning and value amongst superdiverse young people. Finally, we need to extend current work presented and provide substantial evidence of the ways young people from minority ethnic groups process and act on the public health policy and the ways they understand and enact PA.

Actividad física: ¿es la intensidad importante? / Physical activity: is intensity important?

Introducción: El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la asociación entre el jogging (intensidad y frecuencia) y la mortalidad a largo plazo. Métodos: Para ello se comparó, dentro del estudio del corazón de la ciudad de Copenhague (Copenhagen City Heart Study) a 1.098 sujetos sanos que hacían jogging frente a 3.950 individuos sanos que no hacían jogging. Los pacientes fueron seguidos de forma prospectiva desde 2001. Resultados: En comparación con los sujetos sedentarios, aquellos sujetos que realizaron jogging entre 1 y 2,4 h a la semana presentaron una reducción significativa de la mortalidad del 71%. La mortalidad fue menor en los sujetos que hacían jogging con una intensidad ligera (HR: 0,22; IC 95%: 0,10-0,47), seguidos de que los hacían jogging con una intensidad moderada (HR: 0,66; IC 95%: 0,32-1,38), frente a los que hacían jogging con una elevada intensidad (HR: 1,97; IC 95%: 0,48-8,14). Conclusiones: Aunque el ejercicio físico se asocia con un descenso de la mortalidad total, parece que existe una curva en J, de tal forma que mientras que realizar jogging con una intensidad leve o moderada se asociaba con un descenso de la mortalidad, este beneficio se perdía en los sujetos que realizan jogging con una gran intensidad, en comparación con el grupo de sujetos sedentarios (AU)

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Professional rugby league positional match-play analysis through the use of global positioning system.

The purpose of this study was to quantify the movement demands of all 9 individual playing positions in professional rugby league. The movement demands of 135 professional rugby league players were recorded during 28 National Rugby League games in 2011, using a nondifferential 5 Hz global positioning system. The mean total distances covered in a game for fullback, wing, center, five-eight, halfback, hooker, lock, back row, and prop players were 7,760, 7,457, 7,301, 8,402, 8,500, 6,988, 5,481, 6,936, and 4,597 m, respectively. The average occurrence of high-intensity runs per match was 42, 35, 34, 86, 120, 74, 52, 26, and 18 for fullback, wing, center, five-eight, halfback, hooker, lock, back row, and prop players, respectively. The average distance traveled greater than 18 km·h-1 for fullback were 17 ± 2 m, wing 18 ± 2 m, center 18 ± 3 m, five-eight 16 ± 3 m, and halfback 17 ± 4 m. The average distance and range traveled greater than 18 km·h for hooker were 14 ± 3 m, lock 16 ± 2 m, back row 18 ± 3 m, and prop 16 ± 2 m. The use of global positioning systems has demonstrated plausibility to eliminate the use of grouping of positions in rugby league and for coaches to make specific training protocols for each position. Given the differences in movement demands of all 9 positions in rugby league, some positions would lack specificity to their positional requirements if using collective grouping for planning of training regimens.

Jogging after total hip arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: Jogging has been classified as a high-impact sport, and jogging after total hip arthroplasty (THA) has not been well documented. PURPOSE: To investigate the participation rate for postoperative jogging as well as jogging parameters and the influence of jogging on implant stability and bearing wear. STUDY DESIGN: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: Included in this study were 804 hips in 608 patients (85 men, 523 women) who underwent THA between 2005 and 2011 with follow-up longer than 1 year. The mean patient age was 62 years (range, 26-98 years), and mean follow-up duration was 4.8 years (range, 2.3-7.8 years). Hip resurfacing arthroplasty (HRA) was performed in 81 patients and conventional THA in 527 patients. During routine postsurgical visits, patients were given a questionnaire concerning preoperative and postoperative jogging routines. For joggers, frequency, distance, duration, and velocity of jogging were recorded. Patients who did not jog postoperatively were asked to provide reasons for not jogging. Radiographs concerning implant migration and polyethylene wear were evaluated with specialized software, and serum cobalt and chromium ion concentrations were investigated for patients with metal-on-metal articulation. RESULTS: A total of 33 patients (5.4%) performed jogging preoperatively, and 23 patients (3.8%) performed jogging postoperatively. Of the 23 who jogged postoperatively, conventional THA was performed in 13 patients and HRA in 10 patients. Postoperatively, joggers trained a mean of 4 times (range, 1-7 times) per week, covering a mean distance of 3.6 km (range, 0.5-15 km) in a mean time of 29 minutes (range, 5-90 minutes) per session and at a mean speed of 7.7 km/h (range, 3-18 km/h). No patient complained of pain or showed serum cobalt and chromium ion elevation greater than 7 ppb. No hip showed loosening, abnormal component migration, or excessive wear at a mean 5-year follow-up. There were 74 postoperative non-joggers with an interest in jogging. The reasons given for avoiding jogging included anxiety (45 patients; 61%); impossible because of several reasons, including pain, decreased range of motion, and muscle weakness (18 patients; 24%); and lumbar or knee pain (11 patients; 15%). Multivariate analysis revealed that male sex and a history of preoperative jogging demonstrated significant relationships with postoperative jogging. CONCLUSION: A total of 3.8% of THA patients participated in postoperative jogging. Short-term postoperative follow-up did not identify any negative influence of jogging on implant survival.

Associations of Tai Chi, walking, and jogging with mortality in Chinese men.

Moderate-intensity exercise has attracted considerable attention because of its safety and many health benefits. Tai Chi, a form of mind-body exercise that originated in ancient China, has been gaining popularity. Practicing Tai Chi may improve overall health and well-being; however, to our knowledge, no study has evaluated its relationship with mortality. We assessed the associations of regular exercise and specifically participation in Tai Chi, walking, and jogging with total and cause-specific mortality among 61,477 Chinese men in the Shanghai Men's Health Study (2002-2009). Information on exercise habits was obtained at baseline using a validated physical activity questionnaire. Deaths were ascertained through biennial home visits and linkage with a vital statistics registry. During a mean follow-up of 5.48 years, 2,421 deaths were identified. After adjustment for potential confounders, men who exercised regularly had a hazard ratio for total mortality of 0.80 (95% confidence interval: 0.74, 0.87) compared with men who did not exercise. The corresponding hazard ratios were 0.80 (95% confidence interval: 0.72, 0.89) for practicing Tai Chi, 0.77 (95% confidence interval: 0.69, 0.86) for walking, and 0.73 (95% confidence interval: 0.59, 0.90) for jogging. Similar inverse associations were also found for cancer and cardiovascular mortality. The present study provides the first evidence that, like walking and jogging, practicing Tai Chi is associated with reduced mortality.

Longevity in male and female joggers: the Copenhagen City Heart Study.

Since 1970, jogging has become an increasingly popular form of exercise, but concern about harmful effects has been raised following reports of deaths during jogging. The purpose of this study was to investigate if jogging, which can be very vigorous, is associated with increased all-cause mortality in men and women. Jogging habits were recorded in a random sample of 17,589 healthy men and women aged 20-98 years, invited between 1976 and 2003 to the Copenhagen City Heart Study. The expected lifetime was calculated by integrating the predicted survival curve estimated in the Cox model. In this study 1,878 persons (1,116 men and 762 women) were classified as joggers. During the 35-year maximum follow-up period, we registered 122 deaths among joggers and 10,158 deaths among nonjoggers. The age-adjusted hazard ratio of death among joggers was 0.56 (95% confidence interval: 0.46, 0.67) for men and 0.56 (95% confidence interval: 0.40, 0.80) for women. The age-adjusted increase in survival with jogging was 6.2 years in men and 5.6 years in women. This long-term study of joggers showed that jogging was associated with significantly lower all-cause mortality and a substantial increase in survival for both men and women.

Use of a community trail among new and habitual exercisers: a preliminary assessment.

INTRODUCTION: We evaluated physical activity patterns and trail use among new and habitually active exercisers using onsite trail interviews. METHODS: Using a cross-sectional study design, 414 adults who accessed two new trails that bisect a rural community of 26,809 residents were interviewed during the first summer of the trails' official operation (2001). The trails comprise 12 miles of level and paved surface and run parallel to adjacent water sheds, businesses, and neighborhoods. Recent trail activity patterns were obtained, including the following: frequency of use, mode of activity, duration, distance traveled on trail, access points, time of day used, use of exercise companions, and distance traveled to get to trail. Perceived enablers and barriers related to trail use were also obtained. Data were compared between newly adopted exercisers (new exercisers) and individuals active prior to development of the trails (habitually active exercisers). RESULTS: Twenty-three percent of the trail users were new exercisers. New exercisers were more dependent on the trails as a primary outlet for physical activity than were habitually active exercisers (P < .001). New exercisers traveled shorter distances to access the trails and rated convenience as a primary reason for using them. Both safety and terrain issues emerged as enablers for trail use, and unsafe conditions emerged as a concern among new exercisers. CONCLUSION: A community trail may be an important vehicle for promoting physically active lifestyles. However, new exercisers must overcome issues of proximal and safe access from residential areas in addition to other safety concerns to achieve regular physical activity.

Effect of antipronation tape and temporary orthotic on vertical navicular height before and after exercise.

STUDY DESIGN: A randomized controlled, crossover, within-subjects study evaluating 2 antipronation treatments. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the antipronation effect of 2 treatments designed to reduce abnormal pronation, and the effect of an exercise challenge on the treatments. BACKGROUND: Control of abnormal pronation in order to ameliorate inappropriate stresses on injured soft tissues is frequently sought in the treatment of overuse injuries of the lower limb. Tape and temporary soft orthotics are used to control abnormal pronation. The effects of these treatments remain largely untested. METHODS AND MEASURES: Fourteen subjects (age = 23.8 +/- 3.5 years) who had at least a 10-mm navicular drop were studied. The dependent variable was vertical navicular height. The two independent variables were the treatment conditions (temporary felt orthotics, augmented LowDye tape, and control) and the exercise challenge (0, 10, and 20 minutes of controlled jogging). The subjects' vertical navicular height was measured before and after the application of the treatment conditions, and then after 10 and 20 minutes of jogging. RESULTS: Tape and orthotic treatments produced approximately a 19% and 14% increase in vertical navicular height, respectively, which were both significantly greater than the control condition (0%). The treatment effect, although significantly diminished following exercise challenge, remained superior to control (6.5% for orthotic and 3.5% for tape compared to -7.3% for control). CONCLUSION: Antipronation tape and temporary orthotics help to control excessive foot pronation initially after application and following exercise. These treatments may be useful in the assessment and treatment of lower limb injuries that are associated with abnormal foot pronation.

Seasonal variation in leisure time physical activity.

In this paper seasonal variation in leisure time physical activity for exercise is studied and quantified with regard to several popular exercise activities and taking the respondents gender, occupational status, and age into consideration. The analysis concerns data collected by telephone in Scotland between January 1989 and March 1992. Data from 7,202 male and 9,284 female respondents is used in the analysis; cosinor analysis using GLIM is applied. Considerable seasonal variation was found affecting both outdoor and indoor activities. During the peak phase in July, 32% of the respondents reported exercising for at least 20 min three or more times during the previous week, in the winter period this decreased to 23%. Older respondents were found to exercise more later in the year and also showed seasonal variation to a larger extent than younger respondents. This is particularly so for those respondents who exercise at a relatively high frequency.