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1.
Hear Res ; 294(1-2): 153-65, 2012 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22967486

ABSTRACT

Loss of mechanosensory hair cells in the inner ear accounts for many hearing loss and balance disorders. Several beneficial pharmaceutical drugs cause hair cell death as a side effect. These include aminoglycoside antibiotics, such as neomycin, kanamycin and gentamicin, and several cancer chemotherapy drugs, such as cisplatin. Discovering new compounds that protect mammalian hair cells from toxic insults is experimentally difficult because of the inaccessibility of the inner ear. We used the zebrafish lateral line sensory system as an in vivo screening platform to survey a library of FDA-approved pharmaceuticals for compounds that protect hair cells from neomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin and cisplatin. Ten compounds were identified that provide protection from at least two of the four toxins. The resulting compounds fall into several drug classes, including serotonin and dopamine-modulating drugs, adrenergic receptor ligands, and estrogen receptor modulators. The protective compounds show different effects against the different toxins, supporting the idea that each toxin causes hair cell death by distinct, but partially overlapping, mechanisms. Furthermore, some compounds from the same drug classes had different protective properties, suggesting that they might not prevent hair cell death by their known target mechanisms. Some protective compounds blocked gentamicin uptake into hair cells, suggesting that they may block mechanotransduction or other routes of entry. The protective compounds identified in our screen will provide a starting point for studies in mammals as well as further research discovering the cellular signaling pathways that trigger hair cell death.


Subject(s)
Aminoglycosides/antagonists & inhibitors , Cisplatin/antagonists & inhibitors , Hair Cells, Auditory/drug effects , Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology , Aminoglycosides/toxicity , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/antagonists & inhibitors , Anti-Bacterial Agents/toxicity , Antineoplastic Agents/antagonists & inhibitors , Antineoplastic Agents/toxicity , Cell Death/drug effects , Cell Line, Tumor , Cisplatin/toxicity , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Drug Interactions , Gentamicins/antagonists & inhibitors , Gentamicins/toxicity , Hair Cells, Auditory/pathology , Humans , Kanamycin/antagonists & inhibitors , Kanamycin/toxicity , Lateral Line System/drug effects , Lateral Line System/pathology , Mechanotransduction, Cellular/drug effects , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Neomycin/antagonists & inhibitors , Neomycin/toxicity , Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators/pharmacology , Zebrafish
2.
Hear Res ; 167(1-2): 61-70, 2002 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12117531

ABSTRACT

This study demonstrates the attenuation of aminoglycoside ototoxicity by cochlear infusion of dexamethasone (Dex) using a microcannulation-osmotic pump delivery system. The results indicate that treating the cochlea with Dex both before and after kanamycin administration was more effective in preventing ototoxicity than Dex treatment only after kanamycin administration. A concentration of 1 ng/ml Dex showed the greatest protective effect on both kanamycin-induced threshold shift of the auditory brainstem response and outer hair cell survival. These results show that the Dex treatment attenuates both functional and structural damage of the inner ear from aminoglycoside toxicity.


Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/toxicity , Cochlea/drug effects , Cochlea/injuries , Dexamethasone/administration & dosage , Kanamycin/toxicity , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Anti-Bacterial Agents/antagonists & inhibitors , Cell Survival/drug effects , Cochlea/pathology , Cochlea/physiopathology , Drug Delivery Systems , Ethacrynic Acid/administration & dosage , Ethacrynic Acid/antagonists & inhibitors , Ethacrynic Acid/toxicity , Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem/drug effects , Glucocorticoids/administration & dosage , Guinea Pigs , Hair Cells, Auditory, Outer/drug effects , Hair Cells, Auditory, Outer/pathology , Kanamycin/administration & dosage , Kanamycin/antagonists & inhibitors , Male
3.
Hear Res ; 158(1-2): 165-78, 2001 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11506949

ABSTRACT

The availability of genetic information, transgenic and knock-out animals make the mouse a primary model in biomedical research. Aminoglycoside ototoxicity, however, has rarely been studied in mature mice because they are considered highly resistant to the drugs. This study presents models for kanamycin ototoxicity in adult CBA/J, C57BL/6 and BALB/c mouse strains and a comparison to Sprague-Dawley rats. Five-week-old mice were injected subcutaneously twice daily with 400-900 mg kanamycin base/kg body weight for 15 days. Kanamycin induced dose-dependent auditory threshold shifts of up to 70 dB at 24 kHz as measured by auditory brain stem-evoked responses. Vestibular function was also affected in all strains. The functional deficits were accompanied by hair cell loss in both cochlear and vestibular neurosensory epithelia. Concomitant administration of the antioxidant 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate significantly attenuated the kanamycin-induced threshold shifts. In adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, doses of 1 x 500 mg or 2 x 300 mg kanamycin base/kg body weight/day x 14 days induced threshold shifts of approximately 50 dB at 20 kHz. These were accompanied by loss of outer hair cells. The order of susceptibility, BALB>CBA>C57, was not due to differences in the pharmacokinetics of kanamycin. It also did not correlate with the presence of Ahl/Ahl2 genes which predispose C57 and BALB strains, respectively, to accelerated age-related hearing loss. Pigmentation, however, paralleled this rank order suggesting an influence of melanin on cochlear antioxidant status.


Subject(s)
Aminoglycosides/poisoning , Ear, Inner/drug effects , Kanamycin/poisoning , Aminoglycosides/antagonists & inhibitors , Aminoglycosides/blood , Animals , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Auditory Threshold/drug effects , Cell Survival/drug effects , Cochlea/drug effects , Cochlea/pathology , Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem/drug effects , Hair Cells, Auditory/drug effects , Hair Cells, Auditory/physiology , Hydroxybenzoates/pharmacology , Kanamycin/antagonists & inhibitors , Kanamycin/blood , Kidney/drug effects , Kidney/physiology , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred Strains , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Vestibule, Labyrinth/drug effects , Vestibule, Labyrinth/pathology
5.
Vestn Otorinolaringol ; (2): 3-5, 1989.
Article in Russian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2728176

ABSTRACT

On the basis of clinical and audiological examinations of 102 tuberculosis patients who were on a combined treatment which included aminoglycoside antibiotics (streptomycin and canamycin), neurosensory disorders of the hearing function were detected in 75% of them. A clinical trial of obsidan, a beta-blocking agent, was performed in which it was used as a protective drug against ototoxic antibiotics given to 112 patients. Its combined application with antibiotics of the aminoglycoside series decreased their toxic effect from 75.6% to 21.4%.


Subject(s)
Evoked Potentials, Auditory/drug effects , Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/chemically induced , Kanamycin/adverse effects , Propranolol/therapeutic use , Tuberculosis/drug therapy , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Drug Therapy, Combination , Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/prevention & control , Humans , Kanamycin/administration & dosage , Kanamycin/antagonists & inhibitors , Middle Aged , Propranolol/administration & dosage , Tuberculosis/physiopathology
6.
Antibiot Med Biotekhnol ; 31(6): 422-6, 1986 Jun.
Article in Russian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3527060

ABSTRACT

The effect of cationic polymers and surface active substances (SAS) on sensitivity of Klebsiella aerogenes 600, Escherichia coli 154 and Proteus vulgaris 7470 to kanamycin was studied. A decrease in the resistance of the above organisms to kanamycin on its use in combination with cationic polymers and SAS was observed. It was shown that such substances inhibited the activity of the enzymes inactivating kanamycin. Their effect was suggested to be due to changes in the lipid surrounding of the enzymes.


Subject(s)
Bacteria/drug effects , Kanamycin/antagonists & inhibitors , Polymers/pharmacology , Surface-Active Agents/pharmacology , Bacteria/enzymology , Cations , Drug Resistance, Microbial , Enzyme Inhibitors , Escherichia coli/drug effects , Escherichia coli/enzymology , Klebsiella/drug effects , Klebsiella/enzymology , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Proteus vulgaris/drug effects , Proteus vulgaris/enzymology
7.
Am J Otol ; 7(1): 19-24, 1986 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3946576

ABSTRACT

In a previous study we demonstrated an increased ototoxicity in pigmented compared with albino guinea pigs given high doses of kanamycin. In the present investigation using scanning electron microscopy we studied the fine structure of the surface preparation of the organ of Corti to examine whether a qualitative difference in lesion pattern exists between albino and pigmented guinea pigs. Kanamycin was given by daily subcutaneous injections in the amounts of 20, 60, and 200 mg per kilogram of body weight until hearing impairment was noted. No difference in the pattern of degeneration was observed in the albino and pigmented guinea pigs. No giant cilia were seen. The classic gradient of degeneration of the outer hair cells (OHCs), with the most pronounced damage in the first row of OHCs in the basal coil and progressively diminishing lesions in the second and third rows, as observed in both species.


Subject(s)
Hair Cells, Auditory, Inner/ultrastructure , Hair Cells, Auditory/ultrastructure , Melanins/physiology , Organ of Corti/ultrastructure , Animals , Cicatrix/chemically induced , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Guinea Pigs , Kanamycin/antagonists & inhibitors , Kanamycin/toxicity , Labyrinth Diseases/chemically induced , Male , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
8.
Am J Otol ; 7(1): 11-8, 1986 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3946575

ABSTRACT

Ototoxic drugs of the aminoglycoside type have been shown to accumulate to melanin, suggesting a possible mechanism for their ototoxicity. The present study was undertaken by combining electrophysiologic and morphologic methods to investigate whether the ototoxicity of kanamycin is different in pigmented and albino guinea pigs. In pigmented animals a kanamycin dose of 200 mg per kilogram of body weight per day resulted in hearing loss together with loss of both inner and outer hair cells. The albino animals in the same dose group showed significantly less hearing loss and hair cell degeneration. With daily doses of 20 and 60 mg/kg/day, no difference in ototoxicity was found between the pigmented and albino animals. The results support the hypothesis that affinity of kanamycin to inner ear melanin might be responsible for the difference in ototoxicity between albino and pigmented guinea pigs.


Subject(s)
Hair Cells, Auditory/drug effects , Kanamycin/toxicity , Melanins/physiology , Animals , Audiometry, Evoked Response , Guinea Pigs , Hair Cells, Auditory, Inner/drug effects , Hearing Loss/chemically induced , Kanamycin/antagonists & inhibitors , Kanamycin/blood , Kanamycin/pharmacology , Male
9.
Antibiot Med Biotekhnol ; 30(8): 565-72, 1985 Aug.
Article in Russian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3904618

ABSTRACT

The restriction maps of the hybrid pSU1, pSU2 ..., pSU13 plasmids were constructed. The plasmids are the derivatives of SLP1.2 plasmid and the kanamycin resistance determinant of S. rimosus. Jt was shown that all the 13 hybrid plasmids are capable of tandem reiteration in the genome (amplification) of S. lividans. The conditions for amplification of the hybrid plasmids by one-stage selection of the variants with increased resistance to kanamycin were developed. It was found that the constructed plasmids could be used for cloning and coamplification of additional DNA fragments in them. All the plasmids determined the synthesis of APH(3')--aminoglycoside phosphotransferase responsible for the in-vivo resistance of the strains containing it to neomycin and paromomycin. It is suggested that kanamycin resistance is determined by some other gene and mechanism. An increase in the number of the copies of gene aph1 on amplification resulted in a 50-fold increase in production of APH(3') by it.


Subject(s)
Gene Amplification , Hybridization, Genetic , Kanamycin/antagonists & inhibitors , Plasmids , Streptomyces/genetics , Chemical Phenomena , Chemistry, Physical , Chromosome Mapping , DNA, Bacterial/genetics , Drug Resistance, Microbial , Genetic Techniques , Streptomyces/drug effects , Streptomyces/enzymology
10.
Antibiot Med Biotekhnol ; 30(8): 592-5, 1985 Aug.
Article in Russian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3904620

ABSTRACT

Products of kanamycin inactivation were identified chromatographically and radiometrically in E. coli 154, K. aerogenes 600 and P. vulgaris 7470. It was shown that the efficiency of kanamycin inactivation in the membrane fraction was 2 times higher than that in cytosol. A decrease in the culture resistance to kanamycin was observed, when the antibiotic was used in combination with the main proteins or phosphonites: a 16-64-fold decrease in the kanamycin MIC. Comparison of the data on the efficiency of the inactivation inhibition by intact cells and in acellular extracts suggests that the effect of protamine on this process is mediated by the cell membrane, whereas phosphonites can also directly interact with the enzymes inactivating the antibiotic.


Subject(s)
Escherichia coli/drug effects , Kanamycin/antagonists & inhibitors , Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects , Organophosphorus Compounds/pharmacology , Proteus vulgaris/drug effects , Drug Resistance, Microbial , Escherichia coli/enzymology , Klebsiella pneumoniae/enzymology , Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods , Proteus vulgaris/enzymology
11.
Antibiotiki ; 29(11): 851-5, 1984 Nov.
Article in Russian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-6524887

ABSTRACT

The effect of calcium pantothenate (CPN)B 4'-phospho-CPN (PCP), pantetheine (PT) and calcium S-sulfopantetheine (SPN) on acute toxicity of kanamycin sulfate was studied on albino mice. The above derivatives of pantothenic acid except PT lowered the antibiotic toxicity. The coefficient of the antitoxic effect (LD50/ED50) of SPN and PCP was 1.3-1.4 times higher than that of CPN. The combined use of kanamycin (1/5 of the LD50) with CPN, PCP or PT (30 mg/kg bw was equivalent to CPN) for 15 days prevented the increase in the total content of CoA and in the content of the fraction of free CoA and the precursors of its biosynthesis participating in the reaction of N-acetylation in the liver and brain. The contents of these substances were within the normal during the whole experiment. A certain increase in the activity of pantothenate kinase in the liver cytosol due to the use of kanamycin was eliminated by the simultaneous use of PCP and PT. The vitamin-containing compounds PCP and SPN were recommended for the clinical trials as agents preventing complications of kanamycin therapy.


Subject(s)
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/prevention & control , Coenzyme A/biosynthesis , Kanamycin/antagonists & inhibitors , Liver/enzymology , Pantothenic Acid/analogs & derivatives , Animals , Antidotes , Brain/enzymology , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Female , Kanamycin/poisoning , Male , Mice
12.
Genetika ; 20(9): 1457-62, 1984 Sep.
Article in Russian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-6389260

ABSTRACT

We have tested possibilities of Escherichia coli strains dependent on drugs streptomycin and paromomycin for selection of spontaneous mutations in the RP4 kan gene specifying resistance to aminoglycosids--kanamycin, neomycin and paromycin. A set of kan gene mutations were obtained, classified ad mapped.


Subject(s)
Chromosome Mapping , Genes, Bacterial , Kanamycin/antagonists & inhibitors , Mutation , Plasmids , Selection, Genetic , Ampicillin/pharmacology , Conjugation, Genetic/drug effects , Escherichia coli/drug effects , Escherichia coli/genetics , Genes, Bacterial/drug effects , Penicillin Resistance , Plasmids/drug effects
13.
Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol ; (9): 65-70, 1984 Sep.
Article in Russian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-6438967

ABSTRACT

Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes and S. schottmuelleri were isolated from the large intestine of a bacteriocarrier. E. coli and E. aerogenes strains proved to be resistant to a number of antibiotics. Plasmids were detected in DNA preparations obtained from E. coli strains. After the hybridization of these E. coli strains with E. coli C600 5K and S. schottmuelleri at 28 degrees C the transfer of resistance to kanamycin was found to occur. From some of the transconjugates thus obtained resistance to kanamycin was transferred to E. aerogenes. This resistance was found to be controlled by the plasmid with a molecular weight exceeding 2 Md. The fact that S. schottmuelleri in the carrier's body retained their sensitivity to antibiotics can be explained by the absence of the transfer of plasmid Kmr at a temperature exceeding 28 degrees C and by the existence of the infective agent in an ecological niche other than that of E. coli.


Subject(s)
Carrier State/microbiology , Enterobacteriaceae/drug effects , Kanamycin/antagonists & inhibitors , Paratyphoid Fever/microbiology , Chronic Disease , Conjugation, Genetic/drug effects , Drug Resistance, Microbial , Enterobacteriaceae/isolation & purification , Humans , Intestine, Large/microbiology , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Plasmids/drug effects , Salmonella paratyphi B/drug effects , Salmonella paratyphi B/isolation & purification
14.
Antibiotiki ; 29(8): 563-72, 1984 Aug.
Article in Russian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-6091533

ABSTRACT

A new vector type was constructed on the basis of SLP 1.2 plasmid and the Kanr determinant of S. rimosus P3. It was shown that the determinant was capable of amplifying in the chromosomes of S. rimosus during its improvement for increasing the level of resistance to kanamycin. Cloning of the Kanr determinant was performed on the Pst I-A fragment of the SLP 1.2 plasmid in S. lividans 66. The Kanr determinant was expressed in the resulting hybrid plasmids, e. g. pSU 3, thus providing resistance of S. lividans to 20 micrograms/ml of kanamycin. As a result of repeated passages variants capable of growing in the presence of 50 000 micrograms/ml of the antibiotic were selected. The electrophoretic analysis of the total DNA fragments obtained after exposure to different endonucleases showed that they were identical to the respective fragments of the hybrid pSU 3 plasmid and amounted to approximately 40 per cent of the total DNA. The presence of the unique sites for the Bam HI, ClaI and SacI restriction endonucleases on the pSU 3 plasmid in an insignificant area and the relative stability (30-100 per cent) of the amplified variants allowed using it for cloning and amplification of DNA in Streptomyces. Plasmids were identified with the genetic and physical methods in 13 strains of the blue systematic group among the 72 strains studied. A multicopy plasmid with a molecular weight of 5.6 MD designated as pSB 24.1 was identified in the family of the plasmids of S. cyanogenus. The deletion and insertion variants of the pSB 24.1 plasmid were obtained. The comparative study of the properties of these plasmids revealed the areas insignificant for replication and maintenance of the pSB 24.1 plasmid and the area determining the Ltz+-phenotype. It was suggested that formation of the deletion and insertion variants of the pSB 24.1 plasmid was provided by the site specific recombination mechanisms. The presence of the unique sites for a number of the restriction endonucleases located in the insignificant area, the presence of the selective marker and the high transformation frequency allowed one to consider the multicopy pSB 24.1 plasmid an acceptable vector for cloning of DNA in Streptomyces.


Subject(s)
Cloning, Molecular/methods , DNA, Bacterial/genetics , Genetic Vectors , Plasmids , Streptomyces/genetics , Chromosome Mapping , Cloning, Molecular/drug effects , DNA Restriction Enzymes/pharmacology , Drug Resistance, Microbial , Gene Amplification/drug effects , Genetic Vectors/drug effects , Kanamycin/antagonists & inhibitors , Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques , Plasmids/drug effects , Streptomyces/drug effects
15.
Genetika ; 20(8): 1270-8, 1984 Aug.
Article in Russian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-6436142

ABSTRACT

The study of 6-N-hydroxylaminopurine (HAP) and 2-amino-6-N-hydroxylaminopurine (AHAP) activity in bacteria and the yeast was undertaken. AHAP was found to be more effective as a mutagen in bacteria and HAP--in the yeast. Mutagenic and lethal effects or analogues were independent of excision and mutagenic repair both in bacteria and the yeast. Deletion in uvrB region of Salmonella genome leads to hypersensitivity to lethal and mutagenic action of analogues. Both of the latter only cause reversions of base-substitution but not frameshift mutations. Considering the data obtained and the information from published papers, we proposed that HAP and AHAP exert their mutagenic action, like classical analogues, by means of incorporation into DNA and disturbing the regular replication laws.


Subject(s)
Escherichia coli/genetics , Mutagens/pharmacology , Purine Nucleotides/pharmacology , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics , Salmonella typhimurium/genetics , 4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide/pharmacology , Acridines/pharmacology , Adenine/analogs & derivatives , Adenine/pharmacology , Base Composition/drug effects , Drug Resistance, Microbial , Escherichia coli/drug effects , Kanamycin/antagonists & inhibitors , Mustard Gas/pharmacology , Mutation , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/drug effects , Salmonella typhimurium/drug effects
16.
J Bacteriol ; 157(1): 79-83, 1984 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-6690428

ABSTRACT

A kanamycin-producing strain, Streptomyces kanamyceticus ISP5500, is resistant to kanamycin. A kanamycin resistance determinant was cloned from S. kanamyceticus into Streptomyces lividans 1326, using the plasmid vector pIJ702. The resulting plasmid, pMCP5, could also transform Streptomyces lavendulae S985 and Streptomyces parvulus 2283 to kanamycin resistance. Transformants carrying pMCP5 were markedly more resistant than S. kanamyceticus to the aminoglycoside antibiotics sisomicin, tobramycin, amikacin, and gentamicin. Studies in vitro polyphenylalanine synthesis showed that strains carrying pMCP5 contained kanamycin-resistant ribosomes. However, growing S. kanamyceticus contained kanamycin-sensitive ribosomes. Ribosomes from S. kanamyceticus grown under kanamycin-producing conditions were kanamycin resistant.


Subject(s)
Cloning, Molecular/drug effects , Genes, Bacterial/drug effects , Kanamycin/antagonists & inhibitors , Streptomyces/genetics , Aminoglycosides/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Drug Resistance, Microbial , Kanamycin/biosynthesis , Plasmids/drug effects , Protoplasts/drug effects , Streptomyces/drug effects , Streptomyces/enzymology , Transformation, Bacterial/drug effects
17.
Antibiotiki ; 28(5): 323-5, 1983 May.
Article in Russian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-6881945

ABSTRACT

Spontaneous mutants Km-R and Tc-R of R. japonicum with various levels of resistance to kanamycin (0.8-20 mg/ml) and tetracycline (130-210 micrograms/ml) were isolated. No cross resistance in the mutants was observed. Plasmid R68.45 transferred to the wild strains resistance to 210 micrograms/ml of tetracycline and to 20 mg/ml of kanamycin. This plasmid did not practically increase the resistance to tetracycline in mutants Tc-R. At the same time it markedly increased the resistance to kanamycin in mutants Km-R.


Subject(s)
Kanamycin/antagonists & inhibitors , Rhizobium/drug effects , Tetracycline/antagonists & inhibitors , Drug Resistance, Microbial , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Mutation , Plasmids/drug effects
20.
Microbiol Immunol ; 27(5): 425-31, 1983.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-6312275

ABSTRACT

The mechanism of resistance of Mycobacterium intracellulare strain 103 and other clinical isolates to a variety of drugs including aminoglycoside and peptide antibiotics was investigated. Enzymatic inactivation of aminoglycoside and peptide antibiotics could not be demonstrated. Ribosomes of the strain were found to be sensitive to the antibiotics. The levels of resistance of strain 103 and other clinical isolates decreased dramatically when the culture medium was changed from Dubos agar to Tween 80-containing agar. These results suggest that a permeability barrier is the reason for naturally occurring resistance in M. intracellulare.


Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Mycobacterium/drug effects , Nontuberculous Mycobacteria/drug effects , Aminoglycosides/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/metabolism , Cell Membrane Permeability , Chloramphenicol/antagonists & inhibitors , Culture Media , Drug Resistance, Microbial , Kanamycin/antagonists & inhibitors , Nontuberculous Mycobacteria/enzymology , Nontuberculous Mycobacteria/metabolism , Ribosomes/drug effects , Streptomycin/antagonists & inhibitors , Viomycin/antagonists & inhibitors
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