Ocean acidification significantly alters the trace element content of the kelp, Saccharina latissima.

Seaweeds are ecosystem engineers that can serve as habitat, sequester carbon, buffer ecosystems against acidification, and, in an aquaculture setting, represent an important food source. One health issue regarding the consumption of seaweeds and specifically, kelp, is the accumulation of some trace elements of concern within tissues. As atmospheric CO2 concentrations rise, and global oceans acidify, the concentrations of elements in seawater and kelp may change. Here, we cultivated the sugar kelp, Saccharina latissima under ambient (~400 µatm) and elevated pCO2 (600-2400 µatm) conditions and examined the accumulation of trace elements using x-ray powder diffraction, sub-micron resolution x-ray imaging, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Exposure of S. latissima to higher concentrations of pCO2 and lower pH caused a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the iodine and arsenic content of kelp along with increased subcellular heterogeneity of these two elements as well as bromine. The iodine-to­calcium and bromine-to­calcium ratios of kelp also increased significantly under high CO2/low pH (p < 0.05). In contrast, high CO2/low pH significantly reduced levels of copper and cadmium in kelp tissue (p < 0.05) and there were significant inverse correlations between concentrations of pCO2 and concentrations of cadmium and copper in kelp (p < 0.05). Changes in copper and cadmium levels in kelp were counter to expected changes in their free ionic concentrations in seawater, suggesting that the influence of low pH on algal physiology was an important control on the elemental content of kelp. Collectively, these findings reveal the complex effects of ocean acidification on the elemental composition of seaweeds and indicate that the elemental content of seaweeds used as food must be carefully monitored as climate change accelerates this century.

Seaweeds as a major source of dietary microplastics exposure in East Asia.

Microplastics (MPs) occurrence in marine ecosystems is well known, but their accumulation in seaweeds and subsequent human exposure remain understudied. This research quantifies MPs presence in two commonly consumed seaweeds, kelp (Saccharina japonica) and nori (Pyropia yezoensis), in East Asia, revealing widespread contamination dominated by microfibers (<500 µm). Based on dietary patterns, human uptake through seaweed consumption was estimated and quantified. Notably, Chinese people consume an estimated 17,034 MPs/person/year through seaweed consumption, representing 13.1% of their total annual MPs intake. This seaweeds-derived exposure surpasses all other dietary sources, contributing up to 45.5% of overall MPs intake. The highest intake was in South Korea, followed by North Korea, China, and Japan. This research identifies seaweeds as a major, previously overlooked route of dietary MPs exposure. These findings are crucial for comprehensive risk assessments of seaweed consumption and the development of mitigation strategies, particularly for populations in East Asian countries.

Lactic acid fermentation in the development of a seaweed sauerkraut-style product: Microbiological, physicochemical, and sensory evaluation.

Consumption of nutrient-rich seaweeds and fermented nondairy foods represent fast growing trends among health-minded consumers. Assessment of lacto-fermented seaweed was performed to address these trends, and to offer shelf-life extension and product diversification for fresh kelps. The objectives were to evaluate the effects of kelp species and inclusion level on fermentation kinetics, physicochemical quality, safety, shelf-life, and consumer acceptability of a seaweed sauerkraut-style product. Six formulations with different inclusion levels (25, 50, and 75%) of shredded kelp (sugar kelp, SK or winged kelp, WK) were mixed with cabbage, 2% salt, and inoculated with Lactobacillus plantarum (approximately 106 CFU/g) and Leuconostoc mesenteroides (approximately 101 CFU/g). Products were processed in triplicate, fermented until a target pH of ≤4.6 was achieved, and sampled periodically for 60 days. Kelp species and inclusion level significantly affected most variables tested. The most rapid fermentation (3 days), as evidenced by pH decrease, lactic acid bacteria counts, and lactic acid levels, was noted in WK formulations. Some SK formulations took up to 14 days to achieve the target pH, and coliforms persisted to a greater extent in the SK formulations. Higher levels of kelp decreased the fermentation rate and concentration of fermentable sugars in the brine, but increased the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the sauerkrauts. Despite differences in instrumental color (L* a* b* ) and texture (shear force) among formulations, overall liking as rated by a consumer panel was not significantly affected by species or inclusion level. Results support the use of lacto-fermentation in the production of refrigeration-stable seaweed sauerkraut-style product. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Health-conscious consumers are becoming increasingly interested in plant-based diets and fermented foods, and the development of novel seaweed sauerkraut-style products can help to meet these needs. This study demonstrated the successful production of a sauerkraut-style product formulated with up to 50% farm-raised kelp. Physical, chemical, microbiological, and consumer acceptability testing established lactic acid fermentation as a viable method for shelf life extension and value addition of fresh kelps. These results provide science-based information on an alternative processing method for cultivated seaweeds and can assist the industry in product diversification efforts.

Characterization of nutritionally important lipophilic constituents from brown kelp Ecklonia radiata (C. Ag.) J. Agardh.

This research study presents information for the first time on the nutritionally relevant lipophilic compounds obtained from Ecklonia radiata, a poorly studied brown kelp. The major lipophilic compounds were analyzed utilizing liquid chromatography (LC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS). The LC-MS/MS results revealed the presence of eight major lipophilic compounds, including sterols, carotenoids, vitamin E, and phylloquinone (vitamin K1). Quantitative analysis showed that fucosterol was the most predominant phytosterol in the fronds and stipes of E. radiata. The carotenoids (all-E)-fucoxanthin and (all-E)-ß-carotene were present in higher yield. In terms of vitamin E, α-tocopherol was identified as the main tocol. The coenzyme, phylloquinone, important for protein synthesis, was also identified in E. radiata. GC-MS identified 13 fatty acids with palmitic (C16:0) and oleic acid (C18:1n9c) present in the highest quantities. To our knowledge, this is the first report on E. radiata, and the valuable data presented herein can be used as a baseline for developing novel nutraceuticals.

The dual effects of riboflavin and kelp polyphenol extracts on the gel properties of myofibrillar protein from Scomberomorus Niphonius under UVA irradiation.

In the present study, effects of riboflavin (RF) and kelp polyphenol extracts (KPE) on mackerel (Scomberomorus Niphonius) myofibrillar protein (MP) gel were studied with or without ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiation treatment. The gel strength was increased with the addition of RF and KPE under UVA irradiation. Analysis of the proteins in the gel indicated that the carbonyl content increased, while the contents of total sulfhydryl and amino groups decreased. The proteins appeared to have no α-helix structures, and the endogenous tryptophan content appeared to decrease. The results of SDS-PAGE indicated that the RF and KPE treated samples under UVA irradiation showed massive MP cross-linking by covalent bonds. Electron spin resonance (ESR) results indicated that UVA irradiation generated free radicals in RF and KPE, which ultimately led to an improvement in MP gel properties. It also indicated that KPE could prevent the occurrence of peroxidation to improve the gel properties.

Facile Removal of Phytochromes and Efficient Recovery of Pesticides Using Heteropore Covalent Organic Framework-Based Magnetic Nanospheres and Electrospun Films.

Nontargeted analysis of food safety requires selective removal of interference matrices and highly efficient recovery of chemical hazards. Porous materials such as covalent organic frameworks (COFs) show great promise in selective adsorption of matrix molecules via size selectivity. Considering the complexity of interference matrices, we prepared crystalline heteropore COFs whose two kinds of pores have comparable sizes to those of several common phytochromes, main interference matrices in vegetable sample analysis. By controlling the growth of COFs on the surface of Fe3O4 nanoparticles or by utilizing a facile co-electrospinning method, heteropore COF-based magnetic nanospheres or electrospun nanofiber films were prepared, respectively. Both the nanospheres and the films maintain the dual-pore structures of COFs and show good stability and excellent reusability. Via simple magnetic separation or immersion operation, respectively, they were successfully used for the complete removal of phytochromes and highly efficient recovery of 15 pesticides from the extracts of four vegetable samples, and the recoveries are in the range of 83.10-114.00 and 60.52-107.35%, respectively. Film-based immersion operation gives better sample pretreatment performance than the film-based filtration one. This work highlights the great application potentials of heteropore COFs in sample pretreatment for nontargeted analysis, thus opening up a new way to achieve high-performance sample preparation in many fields such as food safety analysis, environment monitoring, and so on.

Acid-free preparation and characterization of kelp (Laminaria japonica) nanocelluloses and their application in Pickering emulsions.

Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) from kelp were prepared by cellulase treatment with lengths greater than 3 µm. CNFs were further oxidized by TEMPO-oxidized system, and the lengths of the oxidized CNFs (TEMPO-CNFs) were 0.6-1 µm. AFM and TEM images showed that intertwined CNFs fibers were divided into individual nanofibrils. The crystallinity of TEMPO-CNFs increased to 66.5 %. TGA analysis indicated that TEMPO-CNFs were more sensitive to temperature than cellulose and CNFs. FT-IR spectra revealed no changes in the basic cellulose structures of CNFs and TEMPO-CNFs. In the sunflower oil/water (20/80, v/v) model emulsions, the oil droplet sizes were less than 20 µm in CNFs emulsions, which became smaller in TEMPO-CNFs emulsions. Delamination was found in CNFs emulsions after three days of storage. Addition of NaCl increased the volumes of TEMPO-CNFs emulsions but enlarged the oil droplets sizes. TEMPO-CNFs emulsions had the largest volume with smallest and most homogeneous oil droplets at pH 3. TEMPO-CNFs emulsions showed good stability after storage for 30 days. Further, TEMPO-CNFs could also emulsify 50 % (v/v) of sunflower oil. All these results indicated that TEMPO-CNFs can be used in preparing Pickering emulsions.

Direct speciation analysis of organic mercury in fish and kelp by on-line complexation and stacking using capillary electrophoresis.

To determine organic mercury (Hg) species that could not be detected by ultraviolet (UV), a highly automated on-line complexation method was established, which combined with normal stacking by capillary electrophoresis-diode array detector. The approach was based on the fact that the compounds and complex reagent interacted to form hydrophilic chelates under the effect of the separation voltage, which was effectively separated and detected by UV. Key parameters, such as the type and concentration of complex reagent, separation voltage and so on were systematically investigated. Under the optimized conditions, the precision and repeatability were in the range of 0.16-3.31% and 0.17-1.21%, respectively. Furthermore, PhHg, EtHg and MeHg were effectively separated and determined in fresh fish (Silver carp) muscle and kelp (Kombu) with the recoveries of 84.63-111.39% and 75.68-114.76%, respectively. The proposed method had the advantages of easy-operating, cost-efficient, stable and reliable compared to off-line complexation method.

Combination of curcuma zedoary and kelp inhibits growth and metastasis of liver cancer in vivo and in vitro via reducing endogenous H2S levels.

The combination of traditional Chinese medicines can improve the efficacy of cancer treatment. Furthermore, the combination of the traditional Chinese medicine curcuma zedoary and kelp was used to enhance the effect of the dissipation of blood stasis in pediatrics during the Song Dynasty. Curcumenol and laminarin, the main components of curcuma zedoary and kelp, are also reported to have a wide range of biological activities. Therefore, we hypothesize that the combination of curcuma zedoary and kelp may prevent the development of cancer. The aim of this research was to confirm whether a combination of curcuma zedoary and kelp could inhibit the proliferation and metastasis of hepatoma cells and consequently improve prognosis. In this study, we firstly found in H22-bearing mice that the combination of curcuma zedoary and kelp inhibited tumor growth and the expression of metastasis-related proteins (MMPs, VEGF, pAkt, pERK1/2). Meanwhile, the decreased cystathionine beta synthase (CBS, an endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) synthetase) level was also observed in H22-bearing mice admistrated with the combination of curcuma zedoary and kelp. It was also observed that the combination of curcumenol and laminarin inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Furthermore, we investigated the potential inhibiting mechanism of the combination of curcumenol and laminarin on HepG2 cell proliferation and metastasis. Our previous research showed that a CBS/H2S system was vital for maintaining the proliferation in hepatoma cells. Here, we found that the levels of pSTAT3 and BCL-2 were decreased in CBS knockdown HepG2 cells and the combination of curcumenol and laminarin significantly decreased the H2S level in a dose-dependent manner and down-regulated the levels of pSTAT3 and BCL-2 in HepG2 cells. Angiogenesis, positively regulated by the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), is essential for human cancer metastasis. In the present study, we found that the combination of curcumenol and laminarin could significantly down-regulate the expression levels of VEGF and its downstream key genes pAkt and pERK1/2. Furthermore, previous research showed that hydrogen sulfide could stimulate angiogenesis. Here, we also observed the reduction of the VEGF, Akt, pAkt, ERK1/2 and pERK1/2 proteins levels and the inhibition of proliferation and metastasis in CBS knockdown HepG2 cells. Moreover, exogenous H2S rescued the cytological results caused by the combination of curcumenol and laminarin. Taken together, the combination of curcuma zedoary and kelp could inhibit the proliferation and metastasis of liver cancer cells in vivo and in vitro by inhibiting endogenous H2S production and down-regulating the pSTAT3/BCL-2 and VEGF pathway, which provides strong evidence for the application of curcuma zedoary and kelp in treatments of liver cancer.

Mycotoxins Contaminant in Kelp: A Neglected Dietary Exposure Pathway.

In order to investigated current occurrence of major mycotoxins in dietary kelp in Shandong Province in Northern China, a reliable, sensitive, and rapid liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of the 7 most frequent mycotoxins, including 3-acetoxy deoxynivalenol (3AcDON), 15-acetoxy deoxynivalenol (15AcDON), Deoxynivalenol (DON), Fusarenon-X (F-X), Nivalenol (NIV), T-2 toxin (T-2), and Zearalenone (ZEA). Based on optimized pretreatment and chromatographic and mass spectrometry conditions, these target analytes could be monitored with mean recoveries from 72.59~107.34%, with intra⁻day RSD < 9.21%, inter⁻day RSD < 9.09%, LOD < 5.55 µg kg-1, and LOQ < 18.5 µg kg-1. Approximately 43 kelp samples were detected, 3AcDON/15AcDON ranged from 15.3 to 162.5 µg kg-1 with positive rate of 86% in Shandong Province in Northern China. Considering there were no related investigations about mycotoxin contamination in kelp, the high contamination rate of 3AcDON/15AcDON in kelp showed a neglected mycotoxin exposure pathway, which might lead to high dietary exposure risk to consumers.

A novel ulvan lyase family with broad-spectrum activity from the ulvan utilisation loci of Formosa agariphila KMM 3901.

Ulvan, which is one of the major structural polysaccharides of the cell walls of green macroalgae, is degraded by ulvan lyases via the ß-elimination mechanism with the release of oligosaccharides that have unsaturated 4-deoxy-L-threo-hex-4-enopyranosiduronic acid (∆) at the non-reducing end. These ulvan lyases belong to the PL24 or PL25 or PL28 family in the CAZy database. In this study, we identify and biochemically characterise a periplasmic novel broad-spectrum ulvan lyase from Formosa agariphila KMM 3901. The lyase was overexpressed in Escherichia coli, and the purified recombinant enzyme depolymerised ulvan in an endolytic manner with a Km of 0.77 mg/ml, and displayed optimum activity at 40 °C and pH 8. This lyase also degraded heparan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate. Detailed analyses of the end-products of the enzymatic degradation of ulvan using 1H- and 13C-NMR and LC-MS revealed an unsaturated disaccharide (∆Rha3S) and a tetrasaccharide (∆Rha3S-Xyl-Rha) as the principal end-products. In contrast to the previously described ulvan lyases, this novel lyase is mostly composed of α-helices that form an (α/α)6 incomplete toroid domain and displays a remarkably broad-spectrum activity. This novel lyase is the first member of a new family of ulvan lyases.

Copper nanoclusters as fluorescence-quenching probes for the quantitative analysis of total iodine.

Tannic acid-coated copper nanoclusters (CuNCs@TA) were synthesized and used quantitatively to analyze iodine in kelp. Compared with other methods for iodine detection, the proposed method showed excellent performance. The iodine-induced linear decrease in the fluorescence intensity of CuNCs@TA allowed the quantitative detection of iodine in the range 20-100 µM, and the limit of detection for iodine was 18 nM. The probe can be used for the determination of iodine in real samples with reliable and accurate results. Modified Stern-Volmer equation and thermodynamic calculation studies were used to discuss the quenching mechanism.

Properties of Kimchi Fermented with GABA-Producing Lactic Acid Bacteria as a Starter.

Kimchi (a traditional Korean fermented vegetable) was prepared with a starter, Lactobacillus zymae GU240 producing γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and one precursor of GABA (glutamic acid, glutamic acid monosodium salt (MSG), or kelp extract). L. zymae GU240, an isolate from kimchi, can grow at 7% NaCl and low temperature. Five different kimchi samples were fermented for 20 weeks at -1°C. Kimchi with starter alone could not produce GABA. The GABA content was highest in kimchi with co-inoculation of the starter and MSG (1% (w/w)). Kimchi co-inoculated with the starter and kelp extract powder (3% (w/w)) had the second highest GABA content. Addition of glutamic acid powder (1% (w/w)) caused a reduction in the pH level of kimchi and growth inhibition of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts. Kimchi samples with MSG or kelp extract showed improvement of sensory evaluation scores. The results demonstrate the possibility to produce kimchi with improved functionality and taste by using L. zymae GU240 as a starter along with a suitable precursor such as MSG or kelp extract.

Development of a Method to Isolate Glutamic Acid from Foodstuffs for a Precise Determination of Their Stable Carbon Isotope Ratio.

Recent growing health awareness is leading to increasingly conscious decisions by consumers regarding the production and traceability of food. Stable isotopic compositions provide useful information for tracing the origin of foodstuffs and processes of food production. Plants exhibit different ratios of stable carbon isotopes (δ13C) because they utilized different photosynthetic (carbon fixation) pathways and grow in various environments. The origins of glutamic acid in foodstuffs can be differentiated on the basis of these photosynthetic characteristics. Here, we have developed a method to isolate glutamic acid in foodstuffs for determining the δ13C value by elemental analyzer-isotope-ratio mass spectrometry (EA/IRMS) without unintended isotopic fractionation. Briefly, following acid-hydrolysis, samples were defatted and passed through activated carbon and a cation-exchange column. Then, glutamic acid was isolated using preparative HPLC. This method is applicable to measuring, with a low standard deviation, the δ13C values of glutamic acid from foodstuffs derived from C3 and C4 plants and marine algae.

Development of a kelp powder (Thallus laminariae) Standard Reference Material.

A Standard Reference Material (SRM) of seaweed, SRM 3232 Kelp Powder (Thallus laminariae) has been developed to support food and dietary supplement measurements in compliance with the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) and the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA). The material was characterized for nutritional minerals, arsenic species, isomers of vitamin K1, proximates, and toxic elements. Kelp is a rich source of vitamins and minerals, and it is an excellent source of dietary iodine. Kelp also contains a large amount of arsenic, which is toxic as inorganic species but much less so as organic species. To capture the dietary profile of kelp, certified values were issued for As, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, I, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Pb, and Zn. Reference values for proximates were assigned. For the first time, a certified value for iodine, reference values for isomers of vitamin K1, and reference values for arsenic species including arsenosugars were assigned in a seaweed. SRM 3232 fills a gap in Certified Reference Materials (CRMs) needed for quality assurance and method validation in the compositional measurements of kelp and similar seaweeds used as food and as dietary supplements. Graphical Absract Arsenic species and isomers of vitamin K1 were determined in the development of SRM 3232 Kelp Powder (Thallus laminariae).

Effects of three major amino acids found in Japanese broth on glucose metabolism and gastric emptying.

OBJECTIVES: To our knowledge, the effect of the broth of dried kelp and dried bonito, dashi, on glucose metabolism and digestion has rarely been studied. Based on the component analysis of three actual broths served in traditional restaurants, a chemically synthesized broth with three free amino acids (histidine, glutamate, aspartate) and salt was prepared to investigate their effect on glucose metabolism, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretion, and digestion. METHODS: In study 1, seven healthy individuals were enrolled in a four-period crossover study. Participants drank or ate hot water, synthesized broth, hot water with rice, and synthesized broth with rice. Plasma glucose, serum insulin, plasma glucagon, plasma GIP, and plasma GLP-1 were measured at baseline and after ingestion. In study 2, 6 of the 7 individuals ingested rice steamed with 13C-labeled sodium acetate with hot water or synthesized broth to estimate gastric emptying by the 13C-labeled acetate breath test in a two-period crossover trial. RESULTS: Ingesting water or synthesized broth alone elicited no change in plasma glucose or serum insulin levels. Ingesting synthesized broth with rice resulted in a rapid rise in plasma glucose and GLP-1 (P = 0.01 and 0.02, respectively) in an early postprandial phase compared with that by ingesting water with rice, but the area under the curve of those showed no significant differences. Ingesting synthesized broth with rice resulted in a significantly higher gastric emptying coefficient than that after rice with water (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Three amino acids and sodium chloride corresponding to those found in actual broth promoted gastric emptying and led to a rapid response of plasma glucose. Our findings suggest that ingestion of the broth of dried kelp and dried bonito may improve gastric motility.

The potential role of kelp forests on iodine speciation in coastal seawater.

Kelps have a major role in marine and atmospheric iodine cycling in the coastal zone of temperate regions, with potential wide-ranging impacts on ozone destruction in the coastal marine boundary layer. However, little is known about the impact of kelp forests on iodine speciation in coastal sea water. To address this, we examined iodide and iodate concentrations in seawater in and around a giant kelp forest near San Diego, CA, USA, and a nearby site that was not influenced by kelp biology. Our data shows that while both iodide and iodate concentrations remained unchanged during the year at the nearby site, these concentrations changed significantly in and around the kelp forest, and were strongly related to changes in kelp canopy biomass. In particular, iodide reached its highest concentration and iodate reached its lowest concentration during the summer when the kelp canopies were near their maximum, while the opposite pattern was observed during the winter and spring when the kelp canopies were near their minimum. Further, comparisons of these changes with corresponding changes in seawater temperature and wind speed indicated that these relationships were relatively small compared to those with changes in kelp biomass. Together, our data show a strong relationship between kelp biomass and iodine metabolism.

Extraction, isolation and characterization of nanocrystalline cellulose from industrial kelp (Laminaria japonica) waste.

Kelp (Laminaria japonica) is an economically important type of algae cultured in East Asia. Kelp waste is a by-product from the extraction of commercial alginate from kelp. This work reports the isolation of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) from the cellulose extracted from the kelp waste. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) show that the crystallinity index of the isolated kelp NCC was 69.4%, which was slightly higher than that of kelp cellulose as well as maintained the cellulose I crystalline form and typical cellulose chemical structure. In thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), kelp NCC showed decreased thermostability and a higher residual mass. Transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) confirmed the ordinary rod-like shape of the produced NCC with various dimensions. The kelp NCC aqueous dispersions displayed the expected characteristic optical and gel effects. Studies on the variables and the orthogonal experiment of NCC preparation contributed a maximum yield of 52.3%. The exploration on the preparation of kelp NCC in this study lays foundations for future applications.

Effect of kelp waste extracts on the growth and lipid accumulation of microalgae.

Kelp waste extracts (KWE) contained massive soluble sugars, amino acids and various mineral elements. To probe the effects of KWE on microalgal physiological and biochemical responses, the cultures were carried out under the different dilutions. The results showed that 8.0% KWE increased the biomass productivities and total lipid contents of Chlorella strains dramatically, which were 1.83-31.86 times and 20.78-25.91% higher than that of the control. Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Spirulina maxima presented a better growth performance in 1.0% and 4.0% treatment respectively, while their lipid accumulation were not enhanced. In Chlorella-Arc, Chlorella sorokiniana and P. tricornutum, the contents of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids could be increased, and polyunsaturated fatty acids could be decreased under the conditions of high concentration of KWE (6.0-8.0%). Briefly, KWE facilitated to enhance the biomass productivity and lipid content of Chlorella strains, also improved the fatty acid compositions for biodiesel production.