Measurement of Klebsiella Intestinal Colonization Density To Assess Infection Risk.

Klebsiella pneumoniae and the closely related species K. variicola and K. quasipneumoniae are common causes of health care-associated infections, and patients frequently become infected with their intestinal colonizing strain. To assess the association between Klebsiella colonization density and subsequent infections, a case-control study was performed. A multiplex quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay was developed and validated to quantify Klebsiella (K. pneumoniae, K. variicola, and K. quasipneumoniae combined) relative to total bacterial DNA copies in rectal swabs. Cases of Klebsiella infection were identified based on clinical definitions and having a clinical culture isolate and a preceding or coincident colonization isolate with the same wzi capsular sequence type. Controls were colonized patients without subsequent infection and were matched 2:1 to cases based on age, sex, and rectal swab collection date. qPCR from rectal swab samples was used to measure the association between the relative abundance of Klebsiella and subsequent infections. The Klebsiella relative abundance by qPCR was highly correlated with 16S sequencing (ρ = 0.79; P < 0.001). The median Klebsiella relative abundance was higher in cases (15.7% [interquartile range {IQR}, 0.93 to 52.6%]) (n = 83) than in controls (1.01% [IQR, 0.02 to 12.8%]) (n = 155) (P < 0.0001). Adjusting for multiple clinical covariates using inverse probability of treatment weighting, a Klebsiella relative abundance of >22% was associated with infection overall (odds ratio [OR], 2.87 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.64 to 5.03]) (P = 0.0003) and with bacteremia in a secondary analysis (OR, 4.137 [95% CI, 1.448 to 11.818]) (P = 0.0084). Measurement of colonization density by qPCR could represent a novel approach to identify hospitalized patients at risk for Klebsiella infection. IMPORTANCE Colonization by bacterial pathogens often precedes infection and offers a window of opportunity to prevent these infections in the first place. Klebsiella colonization is significantly and reproducibly associated with subsequent infection; however, factors that enhance or mitigate this risk in individual patients are unclear. This study developed an assay to measure the density of Klebsiella colonization, relative to total fecal bacteria, in rectal swabs from hospitalized patients. Applying this assay to 238 colonized patients, a high Klebsiella density, defined as >22% of total bacteria, was significantly associated with subsequent infection. Based on widely available PCR technology, this type of assay could be deployed in clinical laboratories to identify patients at an increased risk of Klebsiella infections. As novel therapeutics are developed to eliminate pathogens from the gut microbiome, a rapid Klebsiella colonization density assay could identify patients who would benefit from this type of infection prevention intervention.

Ambiente genético del gen blaCTX-M-12 en aislamientos hospitalarios de klebsiella pneumoniae / The blaCTX-M-12 gene's genetic environmnt in klebsiella pneumoniae hospital isolates

En Colombia se han detectado genes del grupo CTX-M-1 con alta frecuencia en aislamientos de Klebsiella pneumoniae causantes de infección intrahospitalaria. El conocimiento de los factores genéticos que pueden favorecer la diseminación de estos genes entre especies bacterianas es un aspecto importante para el control de la resistencia. En este estudio se identificaron los plásmidos portadores del gen blaCTX-M-12 en 21 aislamientos clínicos de K. pneumoniae. Se evaluó por conjugación la transferencia de resistencia a antibióticos. Integrones, secuencias de inserción y otros elementos genéticos fueron detectados por amplificación del ADN plasmídico con la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR). Mediante análisis por PCR se determinó la relación entre el gen blaCTX-M-12 y los elementos genéticos detectados. En todos los aislamientos, el gen blaCTX-M-12 se encontró en plásmidos conjugativos de tamaños entre 65 y 106 kpb. La transferencia por conjugación de estos elementos móviles puede explicar la amplia diseminación de este gen entre enterobacterias causantes de infección nosocomial en hospitales de Bogotá, Colombia. El gen blaCTX-M-12 se encontró corriente abajo de ISEcp1, secuencia de inserción que se ha asociado con la movilización de determinantes genéticos de resistencia. Los promotores de ISEcp1, detectados por análisis de secuencia, pueden facilitar la expresión de la cefotaximasa codificada por este gen.

Genes from CTX-M-1 group have been detected with great frequency in Colombia in intrahospital infection-causing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. Knowledge regarding the genetic factors favouring such genes’ dissemination amongst bacterial species is an important issue for resistance control blaCTX-M-12 gene-carrying plasmids were identified in this study in 21 clinical K. pneumoniae isolates. Antibiotic resistance transfer was evaluated by mating. Integrons, insertion sequences and other genetic elements were detected by plasmid DNA amplification using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The relationship between the blaCTX-M-12 gene and other genetic elements was determined by PCR analysis. The blaCTX-M-12 gene was disemifound on 52 to 106 Kpb conjugative plasmids in all isolates. These mobile elements’ transfer by mating may explain their wide dissemination amongst nosocomial infection-causing enterobacteria in hospitals in Bogota, Colombia. The blaCTX-M-12 gene was found downstream from ISEcp1, this being an insertion sequence which has been associated with resistance genetic determinants’ mobilisation. ISEcp1 promoters (detected by sequence analysis) may increase the expression of cefotaximase encoded by this gene.

Prevalence of 16S rRNA methylase genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from a Chinese teaching hospital: coexistence of rmtB and armA genes in the same isolate.

16S rRNA methylase-mediated high-level resistance to aminoglycosides has been reported recently in clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacilli from several countries. Twenty-one (6.2%, 21/337) of 337 isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae from a teaching hospital in Wenzhou, China, were positive for 16S rRNA methylase genes (3 for armA, 13 for rmtB, 5 for both armA and rmtB) and highly resistant to gentamicin, amikacin, and tobramycin (MICs, > or =256 microg/mL). Nineteen of 21 isolates harboring 16S rRNA methyalse genes were extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers. The plasmids harboring 16S rRNA methylase genes from 14 of 21 donors were transferred into the recipients, Escherichia coli J53. The armA and the rmtB usually coexisted with ESBL genes in the same isolate in clinical isolates and cotransferred with ESBL genes on a self-transmissible conjugative plasmid to the recipients. Among 5 isolates harboring both armA and rmtB, the armA genes were located on the chromosomes, and the rmtB genes were located on the plasmids, as determined by Southern hybridization. The result of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed that horizontal gene transfer and clonal spread were responsible for the dissemination of the rmtB and the armA genes. 16S rRNA methylase-producing isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae were commonly identified in the Chinese teaching hospital with coexistence of rmtB and armA genes in the same isolate.

Nosocomial infection with cephalosporin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae is not associated with increased mortality.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether resistance to third-generation cephalosporins and/or aztreonam was associated with a higher mortality rate among patients with nosocomial Klebsiella pneumoniae infections. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study.Setting. Tertiary care university hospital. METHODS: A total of 143 patients with nosocomial infections due to K. pneumoniae were evaluated. Death within 21 days after diagnosis of infection was the outcome. Demographic data, invasive procedures, presence and severity of underlying conditions, infection diagnosis, anatomic site of isolation, and treatment of infection, as well as resistance to third-generation cephalosporins and/or aztreonam, were evaluated for association with the outcome. RESULTS: The mortality associated with nosocomial K. pneumoniae infections was 22% in our study. Drug resistance was found in isolates from 48% of case patients. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the severity of the patient's underlying condition (odds ratio, 12.50; P<.01) and isolation of the microorganism from the blood or from another usually sterile site (odds ratio, 2.94; P=.03) were associated with death. On the other hand, the presence of resistance to cephalosporins and/or aztreonam did not affect mortality, and the use of inadequate treatment was not significantly associated with increased mortality. When only the severe cases of infection were analyzed, the results were unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: Resistance to cephalosporins and/or aztreonam did not affect mortality, and the use of inadequate treatment was not significantly associated with increased mortality. The reasons for this are not clear. It is possible that the severity of the underlying disease and the patient's condition have a larger role than the K. pneumoniae infection in determining the outcome, and initially inadequate treatment may not have an impact sufficient to cause irreversible damage, allowing treatment to be changed to an effective drug.

Overview of the epidemiological profile and laboratory detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases.

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) are plasmid-mediated bacterial enzymes that confer resistance to a broad range of beta-lactams. They are descended by genetic mutation from native beta-lactamases found in gram-negative bacteria, especially infectious strains of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species. Genetic sequence modifications have broadened the substrate specificity of the enzymes to include third-generation cephalosporins, such as ceftazidime. Because ESBL-producing strains are resistant to a wide variety of commonly used antimicrobials, their proliferation poses a serious global health concern that has complicated treatment strategies for a growing number of hospitalized patients. Another resistance mechanism, also common to Enterobacteriaceae, results from the overproduction of chromosomal or plasmid-derived AmpC beta-lactamases. These organisms share an antimicrobial resistance pattern similar to that of ESBL-producing organisms, with the prominent exception that, unlike most ESBLs, AmpC enzymes are not inhibited by clavulanate and similar beta-lactamase inhibitors. Recent technological improvements in testing and in the development of uniform standards for both ESBL detection and confirmatory testing promise to make accurate identification of ESBL-producing organisms more accessible to clinical laboratories.