Letter to editor: C­reactive protein levels, the prognostic nutritional index, and the lactate dehydrogenase­to­lymphocyte ratio are important prognostic factors in primary central nervous system lymphoma: a single­center study of 223 patients.

This critique evaluates a letter to the editor discussing prognostic factors in primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL), focusing on C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, prognostic nutritional index (PNI), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)-to-lymphocyte ratio. While the letter provides valuable insights, limitations including reliance on a single-center dataset, lack of consideration for potential confounders, insufficient contextualization within existing literature, and limited discussion of clinical implications are identified. Addressing these limitations is crucial for enhancing the relevance and applicability of the findings in PCNSL management.

Toxicological effects of fresh and aged gasoline exhaust particles in Hong Kong.

Exhaust emissions from gasoline vehicles are one of the major contributors to aerosol particles observed in urban areas. It is well-known that these tiny particles are associated with air pollution, climate forcing, and adverse health effects. However, their toxicity and bioreactivity after atmospheric ageing are less constrained. The aim of the present study was to investigate the chemical and toxicological properties of fresh and aged particulate matter samples derived from gasoline exhaust emissions. Chemical analyses showed that both fresh and aged PM samples were rich in organic carbon, and the dominating chemical species were n-alkane and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Comparisons between fresh and aged samples revealed that the latter contained larger amounts of oxygenated compounds. In most cases, the bioreactivity induced by the aged PM samples was significantly higher than that induced by the fresh samples. Moderate to weak correlations were identified between chemical species and the levels of biomarkers in the fresh and aged PM samples. The results of the stepwise regression analysis suggested that n-alkane and alkenoic acid were major contributors to the increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in the fresh samples, while polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and monocarboxylic acid were the main factors responsible for such increase in the aged samples.

Phytochemical characterization of Morus nigra fruit ultrasound-assisted ethanolic extract for its cardioprotective potential.

The current work investigated the phytochemical profile of ultrasound-assisted ethanolic extract of Morus nigra (M. nigra) fruit. FTIR analysis of M. nigra fruit extract revealed the presence of alcohols (O-H), alkanes (C-H stretch), alkenes (C=C), and alkynes (C≡C). The HPLC analysis quantified the quercetin, gallic acid, vanillic acid, chlorogenic acid, syringic acid, cinnamic acid, sinapic acid, and kaempferol. Furthermore, the cardioprotective activity of ethanolic extract of M. nigra fruit was investigated. Cholesterol supplementation (2%) in the daily diet and exposure to cigarette smoke (2 cigarettes twice a day) were to induce hypertension in rats. The experimental animals were categorized into four groups: G0 (negative control), G1 (positive control), G2 (standard drug), and G3 (M. nigra fruit). The fruit extract administration at 300 mg/kg BW/day orally for 2 months significantly (p < .001) enhanced the activities of serum and cardiac tissue antioxidants in hypertensive rats. Meanwhile, the fruit extract reduced the elevated serum lipid profile while significantly increasing the high-density lipoproteins in G3 than G1 and G2. The increase in blood pressure, liver transaminases, and serum lactate dehydrogenase also reduced significantly in M. nigra fruit extract-treated rats. Histopathological findings revealed mild normalization of cardiac myocytes with central nuclei, branching, and cross-striations. Consequently, the M. nigra fruit extract exerted the cardioprotective potential via increasing the antioxidant enzymes and reducing the lipids, lactate dehydrogenase, liver transaminases, and blood pressure. The therapeutic potential of M. nigra fruit can be due to flavonols and phenolic acids. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The present work quantified the Morus nigra fruit phytochemicals and its significant role in reducing lipid markers and blood pressure and improving antioxidant status in rats fed a hypercholesterolemic diet and exposed to cigarette smoke. Conclusively, the inclusion of M. nigra fruit in daily diet could improve the cardiac health of the individuals. Furthermore, the therapeutic potential of M. nigra fruit and its isolated constituents in modulating the gene expression against cardiac problems can explore after clinical trials and standardization in higher animals.

Specificity of the lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme index as a preoperative screen for uterine sarcoma before myomectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the applicability of the Uterine mass Magna Graecia (UMG) risk index (elevation defined by a lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme index >29) in women undergoing surgery for benign fibroids and to determine whether other factors were associated with an elevated index. An elevated UMG index has been reported to be associated with an increased risk of uterine sarcoma in Italian women. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: University fibroid center. PATIENTS: All women presenting from July 1, 2013, through June 30, 2019, with fibroids who had lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes collected and surgery performed. INTERVENTIONS: Calculation of UMG index. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Applicability of UMG index. RESULTS: Of 272 patients initially identified, 179 met inclusion criteria, 163 with UMG index ≤29 and 16 with UMG index >29. There were no cases of uterine sarcoma. Race, age, and presence of endometriosis, adenomyosis, or degenerating fibroids were not predictors of elevated UMG index. Body mass index (BMI) was positively associated with elevated UMG index. Specificity of UMG index to exclude uterine sarcoma was 91.1% (163/179) and higher in non-obese (BMI<30; 95.1%) than obese women (85.5%). CONCLUSION: A previously reported UMG index cutoff of 29 had a specificity of 91.1% (higher with normal BMI and lower when obese) in our patient population. Although lower than previously reported, the index could be a useful initial method of preoperative screening of women with symptomatic fibroids. Higher BMI appears to be associated with elevated UMG indices, increasing the false-positive rate in obese women.

A series of octahydroquinazoline-5-ones as novel inhibitors against dengue virus.

A series of octahydroquinazoline-5-ones (OHQs 1-50) were designed and synthesized via an improved five-component reaction (5CR). Their bioactivities against dengue virus (DENV) were evaluated by determining lacate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the BHK-21 cells infected with DENV-2. Primary structure-activity relationship showed that six of OHQs with suitable substituents displayed good activities with EC50 = 1.31-1.85 µM. The primary bioactivity mechanism was investigated using the most potent OHQ 23. Experimental results indicate that 23 could efficiently reverse the DENV-2-induced cytopathic effect and suppress the expression of viral structure E protein, but showed no interaction with the MTase and RdRp domain of NS5, a protein plays an important role in viral genome transcription and viral protein translation. The efficient synthetic method, novel structures as DENV inhibitors and good activities are expected to be developed potential DENV inhibitors.

Anemia hemolítica, causa no habitual pero tampoco rara / Haemolytic anemia, unusual cause but not rare

La anemia es la disminución de la masa eritrocitaria, del hematocrito o de la concentración de hemoglobina en sangre por debajo de dos desviaciones estándar para la edad, sexo y raza. La etiología de la anemia varía según la edad. Las causas de anemia pueden ser clasificadas en tres grandes grupos: por pérdidas sanguíneas, por destrucción de hematíes (anemia hemolítica) y por falta de producción. La causa más frecuente de hemólisis por problema estructural de membrana es la esferocitosis y la causa más frecuente por déficit enzimático es el déficit de glucosa-6-fosfato-deshidrogenasa, seguido del de piruvato quinasa

Anemia is the decrease in erythrocyte mass, hematocrit, or blood hemoglobin concentration below two standard deviations for age, sex and race. The etiology of anemia varies according to age and can be classified into three groups: blood loss, destruction of red blood cells (hemolytic anemia) and failure to produce. The most frequent cause of hemolysis due to a structural membrane problem is spherocytosis and the most frequent cause of enzyme deficiency is glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency followed by the pyruvate kinase deficiency

Serum and salivary lactate dehydrogenase levels as biomarkers of tissue damage among cigarette smokers. A biochemical study.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the serum and salivary lactate dehydrogenase levels in cigarette smokers and non-smokers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study lactate dehydrogenase levels were estimated in 30 healthy individuals with no tobacco related habits and in 30 patients with history of smoking cigarettes for a minimum of 2 years using Spectrophotometry. RESULTS: The mean values for serum and salivary lactate dehydrogenase levels were higher in cigarette smokers when compared to non-smokers. Serum lactate dehydrogenase levels on comparison between the groups was statistically significant (p=0.04). The values of salivary lactate dehydrogenase levels between the groups was highly significant (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Cigarette smoking leads to an increase in serum as well as salivary Lactate dehydrogenase levels as indicator of tissue damage in the oral cavity. The present study indicates saliva as a better test medium than serum in determination of lactate dehydrogenase levels.

Surfactant protein D is a useful biomarker for monitoring acute lung injury in rats.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to investigate the serial changes in the SP-D concentrations of serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in a bleomycin-induced lung injury rat model and compare them with the levels of conventional biochemical markers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male Wister rats were anesthetized and intratracheally administered bleomycin (1.0 mg/kg). We evaluated the histological changes and SP-D expression of their lung tissues. We also measured the concentrations of SP-D, albumin, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and the numbers of various types of cells in BALF, and the serum levels of SP-D and conventional markers, including LDH, high mobility group box 1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and C-reactive protein. RESULTS: The BALF SP-D level increased and peaked on day 3, and then gradually decreased. These variations were significantly correlated with the changes in the BALF albumin level and granulocyte cell count. The serum SP-D level increased from day 5, peaked on day 10, and then gradually decreased until day 28. The changes in the serum SP-D level accurately reflected the extent of the histological changes caused by the lung injury. On the other hand, the serum levels of conventional biomarkers were only elevated for a few days or did not change during the study period. CONCLUSIONS: The SP-D level is the most useful marker of the severity of lung injuries. These results suggest that the measurement of SP-D levels is an additional tool for monitoring acute lung injuries in rats.

Development of an enzymatic assay system of D-lactate using D-lactate dehydrogenase and a UV-LED fluorescent spectrometer.

In this study, we aimed to develop a new enzymatic assay system of d-lactate with good precision, accuracy, and sensitivity for the determination of D-lactate concentrations in rat serum. D-Lactate dehydrogenase (D-LDH) was utilized to catalyze D-lactate and NAD(+) to pyruvate and NADH, respectively. The generated NADH was excited by using a 340-nm UV-light-emitting diode (LED), and the fluorescence at 491 nm was detected to determine the concentration of D-lactate in rat serum. The optics, consisting of the sample cuvette, were set on three-dimensional stages to receive the most intensive fluorescence signal into the spectrometer. The optimal conditions of the D-LDH reaction were pH 8.5 and 25 °C for 90 min. The results showed that the new D-lactate assay system had good linearity (R(2)=0.9964) in the calibration range from 5 to 150 µM. Intra-day and inter-day accuracies were in the range of 103.96-109.09% and 102.84-104.59%, respectively, and the intra-day and inter-day precision was 4.28-6.82% and 4.04-12.40%, respectively. Finally, serum D-lactate concentrations determined by the proposed enzymatic assay system were compared with those obtained by a conventional HPLC method. The newly developed D-lactate assay system could detect 10-15 samples in 90 min, whereas the HPLC method could detect only one sample over the same time period.

Histological and histochemical studies of normal and growth-retarded human placental tissue

In this paper, we report the results of histological and histochemical studies to differentiate between normal-term and growth-retarded placentas. Histology was based on Gordon and Sweet, while histochemistry was carried out by localizing G-6-PDH and LDH in the placentas. Thirty (30) placentas, 15 normal-term and 15 growth-retarded placentas, were collected from female patients recruited from the Antenatal Clinic of Dolu Specialist Hospital, Mafoluku-Oshodi, Lagos, Nigeria. Normal-term placentas were collected at the point of delivery by a consultant obstetrician in the presence of other co-researchers, after the consent of the patient had been sought. 1 cm thick portion of both normal and growth-retarded tissues for histological study were cut and processed for Gordon and Sweet staining to demonstrate reticulin fibres, while tissues for histochemical studies (G-6-PDH and LDH) were homogenized in cold 0.5 M sucrose solution. Data were comparatively analyzed using ANOVA statistics, with p<0.005. The result revealed that some places on the syncytial layer were discontinuous. Micro-vessels lying within the core of loose connective tissue were closely opposed to the syncytial trophoblast in IUGR case. Areas of collagen and fibrin deposition reflect ongoing repair of breaches of tissue border and epithelial integrity. The levels of G-6-PDH and LDH activities were lower in the growth- retarded placentas when compared with the normal term placentas. This difference was statistically significant at p<0.005. It is surmised that the placentas in IUGR indicate abnormalities of the maternal spiral arterioles, deregulated villous vasculogenesis, and abundant fibrin deposition is characteristics in IUGR. This shows that there is a link between enzymes of glucose metabolism in the terminal stage of the antenatal period in placental tissues with consequences for foetal growth and development

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Candida glabrata and Candida albicans co-infection of an in vitro oral epithelium.

BACKGROUND: Candida albicans is regarded as the leading of candidosis. However, Candida glabrata has emerged as an important pathogen of oral mucosa, occurring both singly or in mixed species infections, often with C. albicans. Compared with C. albicans, little is known about the role of C. glabrata in oral infection. The aim of this study was to examine single and mixed species infection of oral epithelium involving C. glabrata and establish its ability to invade and damage tissue. METHODS: A reconstituted human oral epithelium (RHOE) was infected only with C. glabrata, or simultaneously with C. glabrata and C. albicans. The ability of both species to invade the tissue was examined using species specific peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probe hybridization and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Epithelial damage was assessed by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. RESULTS: Candida glabrata strains were able to colonize the RHOE, in a strain dependent manner. Candida glabrata single infection after 12 h, generally revealed no invasion of the RHOE, which contrasted with extensive tissue invasion demonstrated by C. albicans. Mixed infection showed that C. albicans enhanced the invasiveness of C. glabrata, and led to increased LDH release by the RHOE, which paralleled the observed histological damage. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained demonstrating enhanced invasion and increased tissue damage caused by mixed C. glabrata and C. albicans infections have important clinical significance and highlight the need to identify Candida species involved in oral candidosis.

Salivary monitoring related to major surgery.

BACKGROUND: Prolonged surgical procedures involving stress, extended general anaesthesia and a long pre-surgical fasting period may have systemic effects such as alterations in saliva flow rate and composition. These may compromise the patient's electrolytes and fluid balance and cause dehydration, systemic stress and oxidative changes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Saliva was collected prior and following surgery from 20 patients and 20 control subjects. The saliva samples were analysed for flow rates and levels of the following: calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), total protein, albumin and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), total antioxidant status (TAS), uric acid (UA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), carbonyls, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) -2, -3 and -9 and heat shock proteins (HSPs) 70 and 90. RESULTS: Salivary levels of Ca, Mg, protein, albumin and LDH were higher in post-surgical patients by 70% (P = 0·002), 88% (P = 0·0001), 120% (P = 0·13), 111% (P = 0·039) and 492% (P = 0·006) respectively than that in healthy controls. Salivary antioxidants in the surgical patients were higher while salivary carbonyls remained unchanged. Salivary TAS levels in pre- and post-surgical patients were higher by 63% (P = 0·001) and 85% (P = 0·0001) respectively, UA concentrations by 92% (P = 0·014) and 81% (P = 0·036) respectively and SOD values by 47% (P = 0·61) and 112% (P = 0·049) respectively. Salivary concentrations of MMP3 were higher in pre- and post-surgical patients by 23% (P = 0·067) and 30% (P = 0·044) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Local salivary, oral and systemic-induced alterations should be prevented. Moreover, salivary collection and analysis may be a new, efficient tool in the monitoring of patients undergoing major surgery. Further related research is necessary.

Role of reduced glutathione in the amelioration of nicotine-induced oxidative stress.

Nicotine, a major toxic component of cigarette smoke has been identified as a major risk factor for different diseases. This study investigates the role of reduce glutathione (GSH) against nicotine treated liver and kidney toxicity. Results showed that the application of 80 mg GSH per kg body weight per day exert protective effect against nicotine-induced liver and kidney toxicity by modulating the biochemical marker enzyme LDH, lipid peroxidation and augmenting antioxidant defense system. To our knowledge, this is the first finding of this sort.

Alteraciones de laboratorio y autoanticuerpos / Laboratory abnormalities and autoantibodies

Las pruebas de laboratorio en las miopatías inflamatorias idiopáticas (MII) son útiles en el diagnóstico de estas enfermedades. Actualmente hay dos grupos de pruebas: uno que cuantifica las enzimas que se elevan por la inflamación muscular y otro que detecta la presencia de autoanticuerpos que ocurren por el proceso autoinmune de la enfermedad. La más importante de las enzimas en el diagnóstico y manejo de las MII es la creatina cinasa. Otras enzimas importantes son la aspartato aminotransferasa, la alanina aminotransferasa, la aldolasa y la deshidrogenasa láctica. De los autoanticuerpos, los anticuerpos antinucleares son los más importantes. Ocurren entre el 50–80% de los pacientes con MII y ayudan a definir subgrupos clínicos. Se dividen en dos grupos: los autoanticuerpos específicos de miositis (MSA) y los autoanticuerpos asociados a miositis. De los MSA, los más útiles son el anti-Jo-1 y el anti-Mi-2 (AU)

Laboratory tests in inflammatory myopathies (IIM) are of great help in the diagnosis of these diseases. Two main groups can be defined, one of them quantifies the muscle enzymes that reflect muscle inflammation and the other one detects the presence of autoantibodies which reflect the autoimmune process in these diseases. The most important muscle enzyme is creatine kinase and other enzymes to take into consideration are aspartate and alanine aminotransferase, aldolase and lactic dehydrogenase. In the autoantibodies group, antinuclear antibodies are the most important, since they occur in approximately 50–80% of patients with IIM and help define the distinct disease sub-groups. They are divided into myositis specific antibodies (MSA) and myositis associated antibodies (MAA). The most important MSA are anti-Jo-1 antibody which occur in patients with Polymyositis and anti-Mi-2 antibody that occur in patients with Dermatomyositis (AU)

A new approach to pleural effusion in cats: markers for distinguishing transudates from exudates.

Classification of pleural effusion (PE) is central to diagnosis. Traditional veterinary classification has distinguished between transudates, modified transudates and exudates. In human medicine PEs are divided into only two categories: transudates and exudates. The aim of this study was to evaluate, in 20 cats presented with PE, paired samples of serum and pleural fluid for the following parameters: Light's criteria (pleural fluid lactate dehydrogenase concentration (LDHp), pleural fluid/serum LDH ratio, pleural fluid/serum total protein ratio (TPr)), pleural fluid total protein, pleural fluid cholesterol concentration, pleural fluid/serum cholesterol ratio (CHOLr), serum-effusion cholesterol gradient (serum cholesterol minus PE cholesterol concentration (CHOLg)), PE total nucleated cells count (TNCCp) and pleural fluid glucose (GLUp). LDHp and TPr were found most reliable when distinguishing between transudates and exudates, with sensitivity of 100% and 91% and specificity of 100%, respectively. When conflict between the clinical picture and laboratory results exists, calculation of CHOLr, CHOLg and TNCCp measurement may help in the classification of the effusion. Measurement of serum albumin (in the case of a transudate) may provide additional information regarding the pathogenesis of the effusion.

Unified parasite lactate dehydrogenase and histidine-rich protein ELISA for quantification of Plasmodium falciparum.

There is a need for more objective and quantitative tools to replace microscopy in malaria diagnosis. Emphasis has recently been placed on alternative methods such as immunochromatography-based rapid tests. However, these tests provide only qualitative results. Two bio-molecules, parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) and histidine-rich proteins (HRPs), that are released by the intra-erythrocytic stages of the parasite offer certain specific characteristics that could potentially improve malaria diagnosis. In this paper, we describe a protocol for a unified sandwich ELISA that allows for the separate but concurrent measurement of pLDH and HRP biomolecules in aliquots taken from the same samples. Freshly drawn blood from a healthy unexposed adult male was used to serially dilute in vitro cultivated and synchronized ring stage Plasmodium falciparum parasites. Commercially available ELISA formats were modified to allow for the measurement of pLDH and HRP from aliquots of the same samples. The pLDH and HRP levels in the samples spiked with known numbers of infected red blood cells (iRBCs) were measured, and the values were used to generate standard graphs. The standard graphs were used to estimate the numbers of iRBCs in test samples. Serially diluted recombinant proteins were similarly used to generate a calibration curve, allowing for the expression of test results in nanograms of their respective recombinant protein. Levels of pLDH and HRPs were determined by using 1) P. falciparum culture material (cells and medium) 2) P. falciparum infected human blood (N = 6) samples, and 3) plasma from P. falciparum-infected patient (N = 22) samples. The parasite density of all culture and infected patient samples was also estimated by microscopy. Both pLDH and HRP levels correlated positively with the parasite density assessed by microscopy: Pearson correlation coefficient pLDH (r = 0.754, P < 0.0001, 95% CI: 0.47-0.89); HRP (r = 0.552, P < 0.007, 95% CI: 0.16-0.79). The HRPs seem to be released in larger quantities than pLDH (in a ratio of ~1 pLDH:~6 HRP), making the detection of HRP in culture material, blood, and plasma easier. The modified ELISA assay with quantitative measurement of pLDH and HRPs may provide a valuable tool for malaria research and patient management.

Tissue stretch decreases soluble TGF-beta1 and type-1 procollagen in mouse subcutaneous connective tissue: evidence from ex vivo and in vivo models.

Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta1) plays a key role in connective tissue remodeling, scarring, and fibrosis. The effects of mechanical forces on TGF-beta1 and collagen deposition are not well understood. We tested the hypothesis that brief (10 min) static tissue stretch attenuates TGF-beta1-mediated new collagen deposition in response to injury. We used two different models: (1) an ex vivo model in which excised mouse subcutaneous tissue (N = 44 animals) was kept in organ culture for 4 days and either stretched (20% strain for 10 min 1 day after excision) or not stretched; culture media was assayed by ELISA for TGF-beta1; (2) an in vivo model in which mice (N = 22 animals) underwent unilateral subcutaneous microsurgical injury on the back, then were randomized to stretch (20-30% strain for 10 min twice a day for 7 days) or no stretch; subcutaneous tissues of the back were immunohistochemically stained for Type-1 procollagen. In the ex vivo model, TGF-beta1 protein was lower in stretched versus non-stretched tissue (repeated measures ANOVA, P < 0.01). In the in vivo model, microinjury resulted in a significant increase in Type-1 procollagen in the absence of stretch (P < 0.001), but not in the presence of stretch (P = 0.21). Thus, brief tissue stretch attenuated the increase in both soluble TGF-beta1 (ex vivo) and Type-1 procollagen (in vivo) following tissue injury. These results have potential relevance to the mechanisms of treatments applying brief mechanical stretch to tissues (e.g., physical therapy, respiratory therapy, mechanical ventilation, massage, yoga, acupuncture).

Association between testicular microlithiasis, testicular cancer, cryptorchidism and history of ascending testis.

OBJECTIVE: To prospectively determine the prevalence of testicular microlithiasis in symptomatic patients who were referred for scrotal ultrasound examination and to evaluate the possible association of testicular microlithiasis with testicular cancer and other conditions such as cryptorchidism or history of ascending testis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 391 men who were referred to our institutions between July 2002 and May 2005 for any type of symptoms from the testicles, underwent physical and scrotal ultrasound examination. The presence of testicular microlithiasis, the number of lesions and the involvement of both testicles in relation to the symptoms as well as the coexistence of other lesions were studied. RESULTS: Eighteen (4.6%) of 391 men enrolled into the study had testicular microlithiasis. Two out of the eighteen patients (11%) had concomitant testicular cancer, which was confirmed by pathological evaluation of the orchidectomy specimen. One of the patients with testicular microlithiasis presented a rising in biochemical tumor markers (LDH, and HCG) and underwent orchidectomy one year later. Five of the remaining 373 (1.3%) patients without microlithiasis were diagnosed with testicular cancer. Thirty six men reported having a history of ascending testis, but none of them was found with testicular cancer. Two cases of testicular torsion in a cryptorchid position had testicular microlithiasis, but the orchidectomy specimen (after surgery) was negative for testicular cancer. The correlation between testicular cancer and testicular microlithiasis found in our study was statistically significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: There seems to be an association between testicular microlithiasis and testicular cancer.

Association between testicular microlithiasis, testicular cancer, cryptorchidism and history of ascending testis

OBJECTIVE: To prospectively determine the prevalence of testicular microlithiasis in symptomatic patients who were referred for scrotal ultrasound examination and to evaluate the possible association of testicular microlithiasis with testicular cancer and other conditions such as cryptorchidism or history of ascending testis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 391 men who were referred to our institutions between July 2002 and May 2005 for any type of symptoms from the testicles, underwent physical and scrotal ultrasound examination. The presence of testicular microlithiasis, the number of lesions and the involvement of both testicles in relation to the symptoms as well as the coexistence of other lesions were studied. RESULTS: Eighteen (4.6 percent) of 391 men enrolled into the study had testicular microlithiasis. Two out of the eighteen patients (11 percent) had concomitant testicular cancer, which was confirmed by pathological evaluation of the orchidectomy specimen. One of the patients with testicular microlithiasis presented a rising in biochemical tumor markers (LDH, and HCG) and underwent orchidectomy one year later. Five of the remaining 373 (1.3 percent) patients without microlithiasis were diagnosed with testicular cancer. Thirty six men reported having a history of ascending testis, but none of them was found with testicular cancer. Two cases of testicular torsion in a cryptorchid position had testicular microlithiasis, but the orchidectomy specimen (after surgery) was negative for testicular cancer. The correlation between testicular cancer and testicular microlithiasis found in our study was statistically significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: There seems to be an association between testicular microlithiasis and testicular cancer.