Genotype Prevalence of Lactose Deficiency, Vitamin D Deficiency, and the Vitamin D Receptor in a Chilean Inflammatory Bowel Disease Cohort: Insights from an Observational Study.

Lactose intolerance (LI) and vitamin D deficiency (VDD) have been linked to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We conducted an observational study in 192 Chilean IBD patients to investigate the prevalence of a specific gene variant (LCT-13910 CC genotype) associated with LI and the prevalence of VDD/Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) gene variants. Blood samples were analyzed using Illumina's Infinium Global Screening Array. The LCT-13910 CC genotype was found in 61% of IBD patients, similar to Chilean Hispanic controls and lower than Chilean Amerindian controls. The frequency of the LCT-13910-C allele in Chilean IBD patients (0.79) was comparable to the general population and higher than Europeans (0.49). Regarding VDR and VDD variants, in our study, the rs12785878-GG variant was associated with an increased risk of IBD (OR = 2.64, CI = 1.61-4.32; p-value = 0.001). Sixty-one percent of the Chilean IBD cohort have a genetic predisposition to lactose malabsorption, and a significant proportion exhibit genetic variants associated with VDD/VDR. Screening for LI and VDD is crucial in this Latin American IBD population.

Sialic acid utilization.

Early postnatal development encounters milk as a key environmental variable and yet the sole nutrient source. One evolutionary conserved constituent of milk is sialic acid, which is generally displayed on glycoconjugates and free glycans. During early postnatal development, high sialic acid need was proposed to be unmet by the endogenous sialic acid synthetic capacity. Hence, milk sialic acid was proposed to serve as a conditional nutrient for the newborn. In the elderly, at the other end of ontogeny, decreased sialylation in the brain, saliva, and immune system is observed. Analogous to the neonatal situation, the endogenous synthetic capacity may be unable to keep up with the need in this age group. The data discussed here propose a functional dietary role of sialic acid as a building block for sialylation and beyond.

Removing lactose from milk does not delay bowel function or harden stool consistency in lactose-tolerant women.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether removing lactose from milk delays bowel function in lactose-tolerant women. We also examined how well the participants' subjective evaluation of the stool consistency according to the Bristol Stool Form Scale correlated with values obtained by dry matter analysis and penetrometry. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A randomized double-blind cross-over trial. Thirty-three lactose-tolerant women consumed, in random order, 800 ml of lactose-free or ordinary milk per day for 2 weeks, with their main meal, but otherwise followed a lactose-free diet. The subjects estimated stool consistency according to the Bristol Stool Form Scale, registered stool frequency and gastrointestinal symptoms and collected stool samples. RESULTS: The mean intake of lactose was 3.5 and 38.4 g/day during the lactose-free and the ordinary milk periods, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between the lactose-free and the ordinary milk periods in stool frequency, gastrointestinal symptoms, stool hardness or faecal dry matter. Faecal pH was lower during the lactose-free milk period than in the ordinary milk period. The subjective estimation of stool hardness correlated well with the values obtained by dry matter analysis and penetrometry. CONCLUSIONS: Lactose-free milk does not delay bowel function in lactose-tolerant women. The Bristol Stool Form Scale is a useful method of evaluating stool hardness.

[Research advancement about lactose intolerance].

Lactose intolerance associated with nutrition and health of human especially infant period of time and effect milk product intake. It is important significance to maintain health and cut down the aged risk of osteoporosis because lactose intolerance was understand about grouping, clinical symptom and diagnose. There are extensive perspective for understand prevent and control lactose intolerance for lactose gene polymorphism. It is effective method for earlier period detection gene screen with lactose typing for osteoporosis, however there are carry out multiplicity research in many ways to improve and control lactose intolerance

A new innovative process to produce lactose-reduced skim milk.

The research field for applications for lactose hydrolysis has been investigated for some decades. Lactose intolerance, improvement for technical processing of solutions containing lactose and utilisation of lactose in whey are main topics in development of biotechnological processes. In this article, the establishment of a hollow fiber membrane reactor process for enzymatic lactose hydrolysis is reported. Mesophilic beta-galactosidases were circulated abluminally during luminal flow of skim milk. The main problem, microorganisms growth in the enzyme solution, was minimised by sterile filtration and UV irradiation. In order to characterise the process parameters, such as skim milk concentration, enzyme activity and flow rates were varied. In comparison to a batch process, enzyme activity could be used longer and enzyme rest into the product should not occur. Furthermore, the three-dimensional separation of the substrate from the enzyme solution minimise blocking and washing out effects, which restrict processes with immobilised enzymes. A conversion rate of 78.11% was achieved at a skim milk flow rate of 9.9l h(-1), enzyme activity of 120 Uml(-1) and a temperature of 23+/-2 degrees C in a hollow fiber reactor with a membrane area of 4.9 m2.

[A simple method to detect disaccharides deficiency]. / Métodos simples de detección de deficiencias de disacaridasas.

A simple method, easy to perform during an endoscopic procedure, fast and inexpensive, that allows detecting deficiencies in lactase, sucrase or maltase activities is presented. Briefly, method consists in placing a duodenal biopsy sample in an adequate vial containing lactose, sucrose or maltose solution during a few minutes, and then, adding a few drops of a glucose reactive from commercial origin. Presence of any enzymatic activity is demonstrated when released glucose from any of the disaccharides chosen reacts with the second reactive, turning solution to a red colour. Its utility is discussed and compared with other diagnostic methods.

Métodos simples de detección de deficiencias de disacaridases / A simple method to detect disaccharides deficiency

A simple method, easy to perform during an endoscopic procedure, fast and inexpensive, that allows detecting deficiencies in lactase, sucrase or maltase activities is presented. Briefly, method consists in placing a duodenal biopsy sample in an adequate vial containing lactose, sucrose or maltose solution during a few minutes, and then, adding a few drops of a glucose reactive from commercial origin. Presence of any enzymatic activity is demonstrated when released glucose from any of the disaccharides chosen reacts with the second reactive, turning solution to a red colour. Its utility is discussed and compared with other diagnostic methods. (AU)

Métodos simples de detección de deficiencias de disacaridases / A simple method to detect disaccharides deficiency

A simple method, easy to perform during an endoscopic procedure, fast and inexpensive, that allows detecting deficiencies in lactase, sucrase or maltase activities is presented. Briefly, method consists in placing a duodenal biopsy sample in an adequate vial containing lactose, sucrose or maltose solution during a few minutes, and then, adding a few drops of a glucose reactive from commercial origin. Presence of any enzymatic activity is demonstrated when released glucose from any of the disaccharides chosen reacts with the second reactive, turning solution to a red colour. Its utility is discussed and compared with other diagnostic methods.

Hypolactasia in Saami subpopulations of Russia and Finland.

Primary hypolactasia is a gene attributed condition of the inability of adult individuals to consume whole milk. Subpopulations of the Russia (Kildin) and Finland Saami are characterized by a large variability of the LAC*R (lactase restriction) gene frequencies (0.50-0.77). The distribution of primary hypolactasia among the Saami is ranging from 25% to 60%. The intensive reindeer breeding was developed by the Saami only 300-400 years ago. Reindeer milk is poor in lactose (2.4%) and is consumed by the Saami in small amounts. Thus, "milk behaviour" connected with reindeer breeding could not have influenced the trait evolution too much. The large between-group differences of the LAC*R gene frequencies in the Saami seem to reflect the level of genetic influence of neighbouring non-Saami populations. The role of gene inflow in reducing the level of primary hypolactasia in various Saami subpopulations is confirmed by historic data of various ethnoterritorial groups as well as by the reduction of the number of traditional family name bearers and the change of the AB0 blood group gene frequencies among the Kildin Saami in the last 30 years.

Mala digestión de lactosa. Su definición, su prevalencia en México y sus implicaciones en el consumo de leche / Lactose maldigestion. Definition, prevalence in Mexico and its implications in mil consumption

El artículo revisa los diferentes estudios que se han realizado en México para determinar la prevalencia de deficiencia de lactasa, y describe un estudio realizado en tres regiones de México (norte, centro, sureste) con diferente consumo de leche y en el que se involucró a individuos de todas las edades. Un total de 960 sujetos fue evaluado en un estudio doble ciego para determinar la prevalencia de mala digestión de lactosa con dosis habituales de leche. Cada participante recibió dos tratamientos: 1) 360 ó 240 mL de leche intacta (18 ó 12 g de lactosa) en adultos y niños respectivamente, y 2) 360 ó 240 mL de la misma leche pero con 90 por ciento de lactosa hidrolizada. Los sujetos fueron clasificados como digestores o malos digestores de lactosa utilizando la prueba de hídrógeno espirado. La prevalencia de mala digestión de lactora fue mayor en los sujetos del centro (30 por ciento) y sureste (22 por ciento) que en los sujetos del norte (9 por ciento) (p< 0.01). La prevalencia de mala digestión fue mayor conforme incrementó la edad siendo de 4.5 por ciento en el grupo I (< de 3 años de edad), 13.6 por ciento en el grupo II (>- de 3 a < de 6 años de edad), 20.8 por ciento en el grupo III (>- de 6 a < de 13 años de edad), 21.8 por ciento en el grupo IV (>- de 13 a < de 18 años de edad) y de 32.9 por ciento en el grupo V (>- de 18 años de edad). La prevalencia de mala digestión de lactosa afectó marginalmente el consumo de leche

[Use of enzyme substitutes in hypolactasia]. / Primenenie fermentnykh zamestitel'nykh preparatov pri gipolaktazii.

The paper presents the results of clinical and laboratory studies of lactrase, a drug containing lactase. This agent is recommended for splitting lactic sugar in subjects with appreciably decreased production of endogenous lactase (hypolactasia). Twenty-eight patients with this condition were examined. Manifest clinical symptoms of the condition were observed after loading with 50 g of lactose in all examinees. Addition of 250 mg of lactrase to lactose led to complete clinical compensation of the deficit of endogenous lactase in 75% examinees, and if 500 mg of lactrase was administered, hypolactasia was compensated in virtually all patients. A single intake of 50 g of lactose with lactrase causes a statistically reliable increase of glycemia in such patients. Moreover, a reliable effect of lactrase was observed when measuring galactose in the urine following the lactose test with 250 and 500 mg of lactrase. Our results indicate a high efficacy of lactrase in the treatment of patients with hypolactasia.

Absorción intestinal deficiente de lactosa (AIDL) en niños con diarrea aguda sin deshidratación / Lactose deficient intestinal apsortion in children with acute diarrhea without dehydration

Se estudiaron 55 niños con diarrea aguda sin deshidratación para determinar si presentaban o no absorción intestinal deficiente de lactosa (AIDL) por medio de la prueba de iones hidrógeno en aire espirado. La AIDL se encontró en 24/55 niños. Al contrastar la prueba de iones hidrógeno en aire espirado contra pH y azúcares reductores en heces para el diagnóstico de AIDL, no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Rotavirus fue el agente patógeno más frecuentemente involucrado (12/55 casos); sin embargo, sólo en dos se demostró AIDL. Se formaron dos grupos de acuerdo al resultado de la prueba. Grupo I, sin AIDL y Grupo II con AIDL. Al primero se le administró leche entera, leche modificada o ambas en proteínas con lactosa y el grupo II se dividió en tres subgrupos alimentados con fórmulas con lactosa, sin lactosa y soya sin lactosa. No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la frecuencia de niños por la prueba de iones hidrógeno, en tanto que en 5/24 niños ocurrió entre la 2a y 4a semana y en 2/24 en la semana 9 y 10. por lo tanto, el empleo de fórmulas sin lactosa, o sin soya ni lactosa en niños con diarrea aguda sin deshidratación no parece justificarse

[Diarrhea and enteral nutrition]. / Diarrea y nutrición enteral.

The present study is a review of what is understood by diarrhoea and the factors leading to its development in patients on enteral nutrition. An analysis is made of the factors related to the preparation, administration and the factors concerning the patient. It has been observed that there are important discrepancies in the evaluation of diarrhoea provoked by enteral diets. This is due to the different definitions of diarrhoea, the method used and exclusion criteria used by different authors.

Ferrous iron uptake by Bifidobacterium breve.

Bifidobacterium breve transports ferrous iron in preference to the ferric form in a saturable, concentration-dependent manner with an optimum pH of 6. Iron transport is highly temperature sensitive. Two transport systems with apparent Km's of 86 +/- 27 and 35 +/- 20 microM (p greater than 0.01) were distinguished, one operating at high iron concentrations, the other at low iron concentrations. Iron uptake could not be accounted for by surface binding. Uptake of iron was inhibited by iron chelators, a protein ionophore, and ATPase inhibitors, and it was stimulated by potassium ionophores. The presence of a ferri reductase in the insoluble cell fraction of B. breve and its "spent" growth medium was demonstrated. The hypothesis is presented that iron uptake by bifidobacteria is related to the nutritional immunity phenomenon.