Giving voice: an oral history of speech and language therapy.

BACKGROUND: The Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists (RCSLT) celebrates its 75th anniversary in 2020. The historical study of speech and language therapy (SLT) has been very limited. A small number of publications have traced the changes in the profession over time, but to date there has been no comprehensive work undertaken to gain an insight into the experiences of UK speech therapists who entered the newly formed profession after 1945. AIMS: To use an oral history methodology to explore the life stories of early members of the profession. METHODS & PROCEDURES: Participants were recruited through RCSLT networks. Interviews were held across England and Scotland. Conversations were audio recorded and analysed using thematic network analysis. Archive material was used to complement participants' narratives. OUTCOMES & RESULTS: Participants were 19 women who qualified between 1945 and 1968. Three global themes emerged: personal, professional and political stories. On a personal level, each reported steps towards autonomy and agency within the social constraints they experienced. Professionally, all commented on the vast expansion in the range of identifiable clinical fields between 1945, when the first participant qualified, and 2008, when the last participant retired. Politics and social policies impacted upon their lives and, sometimes to their surprise, the participants found themselves campaigning politically in pursuit of fairness for their profession. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS: This paper offers a unique insight into the challenges and achievements participants experienced over their careers as early practitioners in the UK profession.

Content analysis of the professional journal of the Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists, III: 1966-2015-into the 21st century.

BACKGROUND: Following content analyses of the first 30 years of the UK speech and language therapy professional body's journal, this study was conducted to survey the published work of the speech (and language) therapy profession over the last 50 years and trace key changes and themes. AIM: To understand better the development of the UK speech and language therapy profession over the last 50 years. METHODS & PROCEDURES: All volumes of the professional journal of the Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists published between 1966 and 2015 (British Journal of Communication Disorders, European Journal of Communication Disorders and International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders) were examined using content analysis. The content was compared with that of the same journal as it appeared from 1935 to 1965. OUTCOMES & RESULTS: The journal has shown a trend towards more multi-authored and international papers, and a formalization of research methodologies. The volume of papers has increased considerably. Topic areas have expanded, but retain many of the areas of study found in earlier issues of the journal. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS: The journal and its articles reflect the growing complexity of conditions being researched by speech and language therapists and their professional colleagues and give an indication of the developing evidence base for intervention and the diverse routes which speech and language therapy practice has taken over the last 50 years.

From ancient Greece to the cognitive revolution: A comprehensive view of physical rehabilitation sciences.

The development of rehabilitation has traditionally focused on measurements of motor disorders and measurements of the improvements produced during the therapeutic process; however, physical rehabilitation sciences have not focused on understanding the philosophical and scientific principles in clinical intervention and how they are interrelated. The main aim of this paper is to explain the foundation stones of the disciplines of physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech/language therapy in recovery from motor disorder. To reach our goals, the mechanistic view and how it is integrated into physical rehabilitation will first be explained. Next, a classification into mechanistic therapy based on an old version (automaton model) and a technological version (cyborg model) will be shown. Then, it will be shown how physical rehabilitation sciences found a new perspective in motor recovery, which is based on functionalism, during the cognitive revolution in the 1960s. Through this cognitive theory, physical rehabilitation incorporated into motor recovery of those therapeutic strategies that solicit the activation of the brain and/or symbolic processing; aspects that were not taken into account in mechanistic therapy. In addition, a classification into functionalist rehabilitation based on a computational therapy and a brain therapy will be shown. At the end of the article, the methodological principles in physical rehabilitation sciences will be explained. It will allow us to go deeper into the differences and similarities between therapeutic mechanism and therapeutic functionalism.

[Lublin - the capital of polish speech and language therapy. Half a century of slt education in UMCS].

Lublin is the capital of Polish speech and language therapy (SLT) and this fact is justified by both historical as well as support in evaluating the potential of science - research and teaching, particularly in connection with the activities of the Department of Logopedics/SLT and Applied Linguistics of University of Maria Curie-Sklodowska and Polish Logopedic Society. The article discusses the history of the formation of SLT in Poland, strongly associated with Lublin, and also presents Lublin SLT educational traditions and the current teaching and research activities of the Department of Logopedics/SLT and Applied Linguistics of UMCS.

Training everyday communication partners for individuals with traumatic brain injury: the influence of Mark Ylvisaker.

This lead article outlines some of the seminal concepts introduced by Mark Ylvisaker in collaboration with his colleague Tim Feeney and describes the influence of this work on the development of an everyday communication partner-training program for families and social networks of people with traumatic brain injury.

Mark Ylvisaker's influence on scripts, videos, and projects within a South African context.

The current article overviews a range of collaborative group projects undertaken by members of the Conversation Groups for individuals living with aphasia and cognitive-communication disorders in the Department of Communication Pathology, University of Pretoria, South Africa. Projects work toward creating networks of support and lessening barriers for the individual living with aphasia and cognitive-communication disorders. The article highlights the pervasive and far-reaching influence across continents of Professor Mark Ylvisaker's philosophy, writings, and personal teachings on both Conversation Group projects as well as student clinician-training practice in the University of Pretoria context. In addition, Ylvisaker's influence is described on the development of a collaborative communication partner-training program within a South African retail supermarket environment, highlighting the effort to remove barriers between employees and customers with a cognitive-communication disability specifically.

Clinical influences.

Mark Ylvisaker influenced a paradigm shift on approaches to assessment and intervention of individuals with a traumatic brain injury (TBI). This article describes the influence of Mark Ylvisaker on my speech-language therapy practice in TBI rehabilitation, from shaping assessment research through supporting a practical, problem-solving approach to intervention. In this article, only a small selection of his therapeutic concepts and recommendations are described. The concepts selected-context and meaningfulness, collaboration, and measuring performance-are those that are pertinent to functional communication assessment. The three interventions chosen illustrate the applicability of Mark Ylvisaker's work in different contexts and across different levels of disability following TBI. They are also selected as they promote personally satisfying communication for the client and illustrate the contribution that speech-language therapy may make to TBI rehabilitation overall.

The early years of language, speech, and hearing services in u.s. Schools.

PURPOSE: This article focuses on various aspects of the beginnings of speech therapy offerings in America's public schools. It traces the pioneering professionals and significant milestones associated with diagnostic and therapy practices during the late 19th and early 20th century. The aim is to uncover the neglected history of public school speech therapy practices and to show how the practices of yesterday compare with those of today. METHOD: Historical documents were analyzed to discover the key contributors and locations of the first public school speech-pathology programs. The analysis also traces the populations that were served and the professional training of the early practitioners, as well as their therapy and service delivery practices. CONCLUSIONS: Between 1895 and 1921, most of the major cities in the United States had hired their first speech clinicians. Between 1921 and 1930, many cities expanded their programs and were hiring supervisors to coordinate these services. These early clinicians carved out some now-familiar practices. Comparing what they did and when and how they did it with today's practices can offer school clinicians of today a sense of their own history and identity. Such an understanding can also provide insights about some of today's taken-for-granted practices.

[Beginnings of the study of Western sciences, "Rangaku," in Kyoto and Osaka in close relations with the Edo school].

Beginnings of the study of Western sciences, "Rangaku," in Kyoto and Osaka in the late 18th century are reviewed. Profiles and achievements of several active learners are briefly described; they include Koishi Genzui (Osaka-Kyoto), Tsuji Ranshitsu (Kyoto), Kimura Kenkado (Osaka), and Hashimoto Sokichi (Osaka). Genzui, after having successfully made good relations with Sugita Genpaku and Ohtsuki Gentaku, leading masters of the Edo school, played a role of an advocator for promoting "Rangaku" in Osaka and Kyoto. As a result, Kenkado attained the publication of his book "Ikkaku Sanko," a monograph of the Western crude drug unicorn, with the help of Gentaku, who had translated a Dutch reference into Japanese for him. Ranshitsu and Sokichi were taught the Dutch language by Gentaku; Sokichi is known as the founder of "Rangaku" in Osaka.

Fonoaudiologia: sua história em Pernambuco / Phonoaudiology: its history in Pernambuco

Estuda a História da Fonoaudiologia em Pernambuco, particularmente em referência aos seus primórdios, abordando o período das décadas de 1940 a 1970, considerado como anterior à implantaçäo do primeiro Curso Superior de Fonoaudiologia na Universidade Católica de Pernambuco - UNICAP, entre os anos de 1979 e 1980. Identifica os acontecimentos dentro do seu contexto histórico, tomando como fontes, depoimentos, documentos, pesquisas e relato do narrador personagem deste enredo, destacando o papel dos reeducadores de linguagem e dos médicos na origem das primeiras práticas fonoaudiológicas sistematizadas, desenvolvidas em Recife. Explicita os problemas de linguagem evidenciados nesse período, bem como as formas de terapia usadas, caracterizando o fazer fonoaudiológico em Recife e Säo Paulo.(AU)