Older Adult Woman in a Coma After Acute Laryngitis.

CASE PRESENTATION: A 72-year-old woman with a history of adenocarcinoma of the lung, for which she was receiving tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy with osimertinib, was admitted to the ED because of clinical deterioration with extreme fatigue and fever. She was already receiving antibiotic therapy initiated by her general practitioner because of symptoms of an upper respiratory tract infection. She was febrile (38.5 °C) with normal laboratory values except for leukocytosis and elevated C-reactive protein. She was hospitalized because of profound general malaise. On the basis of the physician's working hypothesis of severe viral laryngitis, the antibiotic therapy was stopped, and only supportive measures were taken. Over the next 3 days, her condition deteriorated, and she developed respiratory symptoms with a right-sided pleural effusion demonstrated by ultrasound examination. Over time, the patient became increasingly confused and drowsy. There was preserved urinary output and a stable glomerular filtration rate of 57 mL/min. Further on, bilirubin levels as well as coagulation were normal, indicating the absence of any relevant underlying chronic liver condition. Clinically, there were no signs of meningitis. No sedative medications that would explain her confusion were given except for low-dose opioid analgesics. On day 4 after hospitalization, she was transferred to the shock room for immediate stabilization and diagnostics because of profound encephalopathy and increasing oxygen requirements.

Using RSI and RFS scores to differentiate between reflux-related and other causes of chronic laryngitis.

OBJECTIVE: To establish if the Reflux Symptom Index (RFI) and the Reflux Finding Score (RFC) can help establish the differential diagnosis in patients with distinct causes of chronic laryngopharyngitis. METHODS: A group of 102 adult patients with chronic laryngopharyngitis (Group A - 37 patients with allergic rhinitis; Group B - 22 patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA); Group C - 43 patients with Laryngopharyngeal Reflux (LPR)) were prospectively studied. Chronic laryngitis was diagnosed based on suggestive symptoms and videolaryngoscopic signs (RSI ≥ 13 and RFS ≥ 7). Allergies were confirmed by a positive serum RAST, OSA was diagnosed with a positive polysomnography, and LPR with a positive impedance-PH study. Discriminant function analysis was used to determine if the combination of RSI and RFS scores could differentiate between groups. RESULTS: Patients with respiratory allergies and those with LPR showed similar and significantly higher RSI scores when compared to that of patients with OSA (p < 0.001); Patients with OSA and those with LPR showed similar and significantly higher RFS scores when compared to that of patients with Respiratory Allergies (OSA vs. Allergies p < 0.001; LPR vs. Allergies p < 0.002). The combination of both scores held a higher probability of diagnosing OSA (72.73%) and Allergies (64.86%) than diagnosing LPR (51.16%). CONCLUSIONS: RSI and RFS are not specific for reflux laryngitis and are more likely to induce a false diagnosis if not used with diligence.

Clinical features and influencing factors of curative effect in children with acute laryngitis and laryngeal obstruction.

OBJECTIVE: We aim to explore the clinical features and influencing factors of curative effect in children harboring acute laryngitis with laryngeal obstruction. METHODS: There involved 237 children with acute laryngitis and 80 healthy children who required physical examination in our hospital between January and September in 2021. The healthy children who required physical examination were allocated into the healthy/control group. The clinical data and laboratory indexes of each group were compared. We also analyzed the risk factors for curative effect of acute laryngitis with laryngeal obstruction among children using univariate/multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: The incidence of barking cough, sore throat, dryness, pruritus, dyspnea, diffuse congestion and swelling of laryngeal mucosa and vocal cord congestion or covered with vascular striation in degree III laryngeal obstruction group were significantly higher than other study groups, with degree II laryngeal obstruction group higher than degree I group, and degree I group higher than no laryngeal obstruction group (P<0.05). Moreover, the levels of CRP, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8 and WBC in degree III laryngeal obstruction group were higher than other three study groups, with degree II higher than degree I laryngeal obstruction group and no obstruction group, and degree I higher than no laryngeal obstruction group (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that CRP, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 were the risk factors affecting the curative effect of acute laryngitis with laryngeal obstruction in children, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The study revealed the incidence of barking cough, sore throat, dryness, pruritus, dyspnea, diffuse congestion and swelling of laryngeal mucosa vocal cord congestion or covered with vascular striation is highly associated with the severity of acute laryngitis with laryngeal obstruction in children. Additionally, higher levels of CRP, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8 and WBC indicated serious condition of the disease among children. Hence the risk factors responsible for the efficacy of acute laryngitis in children are CRP, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8.

Severe spontaneous pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax and subcutaneous emphysema precipitated by pepper spray-induced acute laryngitis: a case report.

We report a patient with severe spontaneous pneumomediastinum (SPM), pneumothorax and widespread subcutaneous emphysema with acute epiglottitis after inhaling pepper spray. The effects of pepper spray, which is a lachrymatory agent, on the respiratory system have not been reported. Upper airway obstruction is not a well-described cause of SPM, with which subcutaneous emphysema and pneumothorax might coexist; thus, mechanical ventilation might be detrimental.

Characteristics and Voice Outcomes of Ulcerative Laryngitis.

OBJECTIVES: Ulcerative laryngitis (UL) is challenging in terms of treatment and patient counseling, with few reports in the literature. This study describes UL patients and their clinical course including detailed voice and stroboscopic outcomes after treatment which have not been described in previous literature. METHODS: Single-institution, retrospective review of 23 UL patients. Demographics, historical factors, disease course, treatment, and outcomes are presented. Treatment results were compared to prior studies. RESULTS: Seventy four percent had inflammatory/infectious precipitating event. Average presenting Voice-Handicap-Index-10 (VHI-10) was 25 (range: 6-38) and average final VHI-10 was 9 (range: 0-26). Ninty five percent had improvement in VHI-10 (average decrease of 15). Only 50% had final VHI-10 within "normal" limits. Treatment comprised reflux medications (85%), antibiotics (22%), antifungals (39%), antivirals (52%) steroids (52%), and/or voice rest (65%). Average symptom duration before evaluation was 42 days; average follow-up was 6.8 months. Final laryngovideostroboscopy revealed no ulcers in 78%, but 65% had persistently decreased mucosal wave vibration. Average time to ulcer resolution was 2.25 months but resolution or plateau of voice symptoms occurred later, average 2.7 months. Multiple regression analyses revealed that younger age, shorter symptom duration, and antireflux treatment were significant predictors of decrease in VHI-10 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Most patients have good voice outcomes following resolution of UL, although vocal fold mucosal wave abnormalities may persist. This study provides the most detailed report of UL, disease course and treatment outcomes to date. Additionally, this study is also the first to suggest that earlier initiation of treatment may improve voice outcome after UL.

Acute subglottic laryngitis. Etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical picture.

In about 3% of children, viral infections of the airways that develop in early childhood lead to narrowing of the laryngeal lumen in the subglottic region resulting in symptoms such as hoarseness, abarking cough, stridor, and dyspnea. These infections may eventually cause respiratory failure. The disease is often called acute subglottic laryngitis (ASL). Terms such as pseudocroup, croup syndrome, acute obstructive laryngitis and spasmodic croup are used interchangeably when referencing this disease. Although the differential diagnosis should include other rare diseases such as epiglottitis, diphtheria, fibrinous laryngitis and bacterial tracheobronchitis, the diagnosis of ASL should always be made on the basis of clinical criteria.

Acute supraglottic laryngitis complicated by vocal fold immobility: prognosis and management.

PURPOSE: Acute supraglottic laryngitis (ASL) is manifested by supraglottic inflammation that has the potential for rapid and fatal airway obstruction. Complete/incomplete vocal fold immobility (VFIm) in the setting of ASL may contribute to airway obstruction. The rate of VFIm complicating ASL is not known, and it is not clear whether its occurrence alters the course and the management of ASL, particularly the need to secure the airway (by endotracheal intubation/tracheostomy). This study seeks to describe the natural history of VFIm associated with ASL (ASLIm) and to determine the added effect of VFIm on ASL severity, management, and the need for intervention to secure the airway. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study in a tertiary referral center. The medical records of all patients hospitalized due to ASL between January 2007 and December 2016 were reviewed. RESULTS: Of the 214 patients admitted due to ASL, VFIm was identified in 9 (4.2%). The VFIms resolved within 1-90 days in all 8 patients with available follow-up of 1-3 months. One patient required endotracheal intubation. The 9 ASLIm patients had significantly higher rates of hoarseness and a history of diabetes mellitus. There was no group difference in the need to secure the airway. CONCLUSIONS: VFIm is an apparently uncommon finding among patients with ASL. It appears to be usually transient, short-lasting, and full recovery can be expected. VFIm did not alter the ASL course, nor did it put our patients at increased risk for the need for intervention to secure the airway. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4.

[Acute and chronic laryngitis in the subjects engaged in the voice and speech professions]. / Ostrye i khronicheskie laringity u professionalov golosa.

Laryngitis is one of the commonest causes of dysphonia in the subjects engaged in the voice and speech professions. This condition can be either associated with the professional activities or related to voice fatigue. It is a common practice to distinguish between acute and chronic forms of occupational laryngitis. The main factors responsible for development of both conditions include the non-observance of directions concerning the protection and hygiene of the speaking and singing voice. The present study included 478 (100%) subjects engaged in the voice and speech professions presenting with the diagnosis of acute or chronic occupational laryngitis who applied for medical assistance to our Phoniatric Care Department. The clinical state of their larynx was evaluated with the use of the videoendostroboscopic technique. Acute laryngitis was diagnosed in 103 (21.5%) of the examined subjects while the remaining 375 (78.5%) ones presented with chronic laryngitis. A characteristic feature of acute occupational laryngitis documented in 38 (36.9%) examined professional voice users with this condition (practically healthy in all other respects) was the development of this disorder as a result of overloading the speech organs. On the contrary, viral and/or bacterial laryngitis revealed in 65 (63.1%) of the patients was preceded by acute respiratory symptoms. A total of 62 (16.5%) patients suffered from chronic occupational laryngitis attributable to overloading of the organs of speech during protracted periods. The remaining 313 examined professional voice users were found to present with various forms of chronic laryngitis including catarrhal laryngitis in 175 (46.7%) of them, edematous-polypoid and atrophic forms in 32 (8.5%) and 19 (5.1%) subjects respectively. The main etiological factors underlying the development of all the tree forms of chronic laryngitis were smoking, chronic tonsillitis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, bronchial asthma, and diabetes mellitus.

The Role of Allergy in Phonation.

BACKGROUND: Allergies are among the most common chronic conditions worldwide affecting 10%-30% of adult individuals and 40% of children. Phonation can be affected by different allergic conditions in various ways. The role of allergy in phonation has been under-researched and poorly understood and the respective literature is poor. Several studies have investigated the role of certain allergic diseases in phonation. In this review, we tried to include all allergic conditions that can affect voice production. METHODS: We conducted a bibliography review looking for allergic conditions that can affect phonation. Allergic asthma, allergic laryngitis, allergic rhinitis and sinusitis, oral allergy syndrome, and angioedema were included in our search. RESULTS: The literature on the impact of allergy in phonation remains poor and many key questions concerning basic information for epidemiology, pathophysiology, and larynx pathology in allergic patients with phonation problems still remain unanswered. CONCLUSIONS: The role of allergy in voice production remains underinvestigated and many basic questions still remain open. Further research is needed to improve our understanding for these very common conditions.

Acute infectious laryngitis: A case series.

Although acute laryngitis is common, it is often managed by primary physicians. Therefore, video images documenting its signs are scarce. This series includes 7 professional voice users who previously had undergone baseline strobovideolaryngscopy (SVL) during routine examinations or during evaluations for other complaints and who returned with acute laryngitis. Sequential SVL showed not only the expected erythema, edema, cough, and dysphonia, but also new masses in 5 of the 7 subjects. All the signs returned to baseline. This series is reported to highlight the reversible structural changes that can be expected in patients with acute laryngitis and the value of conservative management.

Correlation between Allergic Rhinitis and Laryngopharyngeal Reflux.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) exhibits nonspecific clinical presentations, and these symptoms may be associated with other conditions such as allergies, including allergic rhinitis and laryngitis. However, there is a gap in the literature regarding the correlation of laryngopharyngeal reflux with allergic rhinitis/laryngitis. Hence, the aim of this study is to explore the correlation between these two conditions. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 126 patients with suggestive manifestations of laryngopharyngeal reflux were included in this study. Patients were classified into LPR positive and negative groups based on the results of a 24-hour oropharyngeal pH monitoring system while allergic rhinitis status was assessed with the score for allergic rhinitis (SFAR). THE RESULTS OF THE TWO GROUPS WERE COMPARED REGARDING THE SFAR SCORE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE PH RESULTS AND SFAR SCORE WAS EXPLORED RESULTS: The LPR positive group demonstrated significantly higher SFAR scores compared to the negative LPR group (p < 0.0001). In addition, the Ryan score was significantly correlated with the SFAR total score and its symptomatology-related items (r ranged between 0.35 and 0.5). Conclusion. It seems that laryngopharyngeal reflux increases patients' self-rating of allergic manifestations. It appears that there is an association between laryngopharyngeal reflux and allergic rhinitis/laryngitis.

Isolation of Mycobacterium arupense from pleural effusion: culprit or not?

BACKGROUND: Mycobacterium arupense, first identified in 2006, is a slow-growing nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) and an emerging cause of tenosynovitis, potentially associated with immunosuppression. However, unlike the diagnostic value of its isolation from osteoarticular specimens, the significance of detecting M. arupense in respiratory specimens is not yet clear. CASE PRESENTATION: To our knowledge, we, for the first time, described the identification of M. arupense from the pleural effusion of an immunocompetent patient, who presented with fever and chylothorax. The symptoms resolved with doxycycline treatment for 45 days and a low-fat, high-protein diet. Follow-up at 14 months showed no relapse. CONCLUSIONS: Because the patient fully recovered without combined anti-NTM treatment, we did not consider M. arupense the etiological cause in this case. This indicates that M. arupense detected in pleural effusion is not necessarily a causative agent and careful interpretation is needed in terms of its clinical relevance.

[Laryngopharyngeal Reflux]. / Laryngopharyngealer Reflux.

The prevalence of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is around 31 % in the general population. Patients with a dysphonia or other laryngeal diseases are accompanied up to 50 % by an LPR. Typical reflux associated diseases of the larynx are a chronical laryngitis and a contact granuloma. The role of LPR is still not clarified in the development of a glottic carcinoma. There still doesn't exist evidence based data for the diagnosis of a LPR. Therefore LPR is usually clinically diagnosed by a combination of typical symptoms like hoarseness, chronic coughing, relapsing throat clearing, globus pharyngis and dysphagia as well as through the laryngoscopic characteristics like mucosal erythema, mucosal hyperplasia with plication of the interarytenoid region and an edema of the vocal cords. Occasionally the LPR can be ensured with the additional method of the pharyngeal 24-hour pH-monitoring. The therapy of the LPR is a multimodal for example dietary arrangements, medication with proton pump inhibitors and where indicated a surgical intervention. The treatment of a symptomatic patient is administered by proton pump inhibitors in a close dialog with the ENT practitioner and the gastroenterologist.

SWALLOWING IN PATIENTS WITH LARYNGITIS.

BACKGROUND: Dysphagia is described as a complaint in 32% of patients with laryngitis. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this investigation was to evaluate oral and pharyngeal transit of patients with laryngitis, with the hypothesis that alteration in oral-pharyngeal bolus transit may be involved with dysphagia. METHODS: Videofluoroscopic evaluation of the swallowing of liquid, paste and solid boluses was performed in 21 patients with laryngitis, 10 of them with dysphagia, and 21 normal volunteers of the same age and sex. Two swallows of 5 mL liquid bolus, two swallows of 5 mL paste bolus and two swallows of a solid bolus were evaluated in a random sequence. The liquid bolus was 100% liquid barium sulfate and the paste bolus was prepared with 50 mL of liquid barium and 4 g of food thickener (starch and maltodextrin). The solid bolus was a soft 2.2 g cookie coated with liquid barium. Durations of oral preparation, oral transit, pharyngeal transit, pharyngeal clearance, upper esophageal sphincter opening, hyoid movement and oral-pharyngeal transit were measured. All patients performed 24-hour distal esophageal pH evaluation previous to videofluoroscopy. RESULTS: The evaluation of 24-hour distal esophageal pH showed abnormal gastroesophageal acid reflux in 10 patients. Patients showed longer oral preparation for paste bolus and a faster oral transit time for solid bolus than normal volunteers. Patients with laryngitis and dysphagia had longer preparation for paste and solid boluses, and a faster oral transit time with liquid, paste and solid boluses. CONCLUSION: A longer oral preparation for paste and solid boluses and a faster transit through the mouth are associated with dysphagia in patients with laryngitis.

Deglutição em pacientes com laringite / Swallowing in patients with laryngitis

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Dysphagia is described as a complaint in 32% of patients with laryngitis. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this investigation was to evaluate oral and pharyngeal transit of patients with laryngitis, with the hypothesis that alteration in oral-pharyngeal bolus transit may be involved with dysphagia. METHODS: Videofluoroscopic evaluation of the swallowing of liquid, paste and solid boluses was performed in 21 patients with laryngitis, 10 of them with dysphagia, and 21 normal volunteers of the same age and sex. Two swallows of 5 mL liquid bolus, two swallows of 5 mL paste bolus and two swallows of a solid bolus were evaluated in a random sequence. The liquid bolus was 100% liquid barium sulfate and the paste bolus was prepared with 50 mL of liquid barium and 4 g of food thickener (starch and maltodextrin). The solid bolus was a soft 2.2 g cookie coated with liquid barium. Durations of oral preparation, oral transit, pharyngeal transit, pharyngeal clearance, upper esophageal sphincter opening, hyoid movement and oral-pharyngeal transit were measured. All patients performed 24-hour distal esophageal pH evaluation previous to videofluoroscopy. RESULTS: The evaluation of 24-hour distal esophageal pH showed abnormal gastroesophageal acid reflux in 10 patients. Patients showed longer oral preparation for paste bolus and a faster oral transit time for solid bolus than normal volunteers. Patients with laryngitis and dysphagia had longer preparation for paste and solid boluses, and a faster oral transit time with liquid, paste and solid boluses. CONCLUSION: A longer oral preparation for paste and solid boluses and a faster transit through the mouth are associated with dysphagia in patients with laryngitis.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: Disfagia é uma queixa presente em 32% dos pacientes com laringite. OBJETIVO: O objetivo desta investigação foi avaliar o trânsito oral e faríngeo de pacientes com laringite, com a hipótese de que a alteração no trânsito do bolo pela boca e faringe pode estar envolvida com a queixa de disfagia. MÉTODOS: A avaliação videofluoroscópica da deglutição de bolos líquido, pastoso e sólido foi realizada em 21 pacientes com laringite, 10 deles com disfagia e 21 voluntários normais da mesma idade e sexo. Duas deglutições de 5 mL de bolo líquido, duas deglutições de bolo pastoso e duas deglutições de bolo sólido foram avaliadas em sequência casual definida por sorteio. Bolo líquido foi sulfato de bário 100%, e o bolo pastoso foi preparado com 50 mL de bário líquido e 4 g de espessante alimentar (amido e maltodextrina). O bolo sólido foi 2,2 g de uma bolacha macia embebida em bário líquido. A duração da preparação oral, trânsito oral, trânsito faríngeo, depuração da faringe, abertura do esfíncter superior do esôfago, movimento do hióide e do trânsito oral-faríngeo foram medidas. Precedendo a videofluoroscopia todos pacientes realizaram exame de pHmetria de 24 horas. RESULTADOS: O registro do pH intraesofágico distal revelou resultado anormal em 10 pacientes. Pacientes com laringite apresentaram maior duração da preparação oral para bolo pastoso e um tempo de trânsito oral mais rápido para bolo sólido. Os pacientes com laringite e disfagia tiveram uma preparação oral mais longa para bolo pastoso e sólido e tempo de trânsito oral menor com bolos líquido, pastoso e sólido. CONCLUSÃO: Preparação oral mais longa para bolos pastoso e sólido e trânsito mais rápido através da boca são situações associadas com a presença de disfagia em pacientes com laringite.

Korean survey data reveals an association of chronic laryngitis with tinnitus in men.

The association between chronic laryngitis and tinnitus is not a well-studied topic, unlike the association of these two conditions with many other disorders. Cross-sectional data of 11,347 adults (males: 4,934; females: 6,413), who completed the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) from 2010 to 2012 were used to investigate this association. Lifestyle patterns, including smoking and alcohol habits, regular exercise, physical and mental health status, socioeconomic status, nutritional status, and other chronic diseases, were analyzed. Chronic laryngitis and tinnitus were diagnosed by field survey teams, which included otolaryngologists, who conducted chronic disease surveillance using a health status interview, a nutritional status questionnaire, and a physical examination. Chronic laryngitis was significantly associated with age, education beyond high school, depressed mood, voice change, metabolic syndrome, and tinnitus in men. In women, chronic laryngitis was associated with body mass index and diabetes mellitus. Chronic laryngitis in men was significantly associated with tinnitus (odds ratio 1.671, [95% confidence interval: 1.167-2.393]) after adjusting for age, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol intake, regular exercise, metabolic syndrome, education beyond high school, and depressed mood. Additionally, the prevalence of chronic laryngitis increased with increasing severity of tinnitus in men alone (P = 0.002). The study revealed a significant association between chronic laryngitis and tinnitus.