Distribution of BCR::ABL1 Transcripts in the Different Clinical Phases of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: Effect on Hematological Parameters and Patient Survival.

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a hematopoietic stem cell disorder characterized by the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome, a product of the reciprocal translocation t(9;22)(q34;q11), in the BCR and ABL genes. These rearrangements in both genes lead to the formation of various fusion mRNA products, with preferential expression of b2a2, b3a2, and other BCR::ABL1 mRNA variants, combined with additional chromosomal abnormalities. Notably, the distribution and frequency of different mRNA variants vary in different populations. However, studies concerning this in Mexico are limited, and the results have been inconclusive. This study therefore aimed to determine the distribution of BCR::ABL1 mRNA variants in different clinical phases of CML and their effect on hematological parameters and patient survival. This study included 33 patients, whose demographic, clinical, and molecular data on BCR::ABL1 mRNA variants and hematological parameters were collected to identify potential associations. A total of 84.8% (n = 28) of patients had BCR::ABL1 translocation and increased platelet and basophil counts. The most frequent mRNA variant was b3a2 (64.3%), followed by b2a2 (28.6%) and e1a2 (3.6%). Concerning the clinical phases of CML, 75.8% (n = 25), 21.2% (n = 7), and 3% (n = 1) of patients were in the chronic, blast, and accelerated phases, respectively. Moreover, the b3a2 mRNA variant was more commonly identified in patients in the chronic phase. No correlation was observed between mRNA variant expression and patient survival. However, b2a2 was indicative of patients with longer survival as well as those treated with imatinib or nilotinib. Additionally, platelet count could be a marker of BCR::ABL1 translocation.

A novel fluorescent probe based imprinted polymer-coated magnetite for the detection of imatinib leukemia anti-cancer drug traces in human plasma samples.

Myeloid leukemia is a chronic cancer, which associated with abnormal BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase activity. Imatinib (IMB) acts as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor and averts tumor growth in cancer cells by controlling cell division, so it is urgent to develop an effective assay to detect and monitor its IMB concentration. Therefore, an innovative fluorescent biomimetic sensor is a promising sensing material that constructed for the efficient recognition of IMB and displays excellent selectivity and sensitivity stemming from molecularly imprinted polymer@Fe3O4 (MIP@Fe3O4). The detection strategy depends on the recognition of IMB molecules at the imprinted sites in the presence of coexisting molecules, which are then transferred to the fluorescence signal. The synthesized MIP@Fe3O4 was characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Furthermore, computational studies of the band gap (EHOMO-ELUMO) of the monomers, IMB, and their complexes were performed. These results confirmed that the copolymer is the most appropriate and has high stability (Binding energy; 0.004 x 10-19 KJ) and low reactivity. A comprehensive linear response over IMB concentrations from 5 × 10-6 mol/L to 8 × 10-4 mol/L with a low detection limit of 9.3 × 10-7 mol/L was achieved. Furthermore, the proposed technique displayed long-term stability (over 2 months), high intermediate precision (RSD<2.1 %), good reproducibility (RSD <1.9 %), and outstanding selectivity toward IMB over analogous molecules with similar chemical and spatial structure (no interference by 100 to 150-fold of the competitors). Owing to these merits, the proposed fluorescence sensor was utilized to detect IMB in drug tablets and human plasma, and satisfactory results (99.3-100.4 %) were obtained. Thus, the synthesized fluorescence sensor is a promising platform for IMB sensing in various applications.

Hematological, clinical, cytogenetic and molecular profiles of confirmed chronic myeloid leukemia patients at presentation at a tertiary care teaching hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: In low-income countries there is insufficient evidence on hematological, clinical, cytogenetic and molecular profiles among new CML patients. Therefore, we performed this study among newly confirmed CML patients at Tikur Anbesa Specialized Hospital (TASH), Ethiopia. OBJECTIVE: To determine the hematological, clinical, cytogenetic and molecular profiles of confirmed CML patients at tertiary care teaching hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. METHODS: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate hematological, clinical, cytogenetic and molecular profiles of confirmed CML patients at TASH from August 2021 to December 2022. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the patients' sociodemographic information, medical history and physical examination, and blood samples were also collected for hematological, cytogenetic and molecular tests. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the sociodemographic, hematological, clinical, cytogenetic and molecular profiles of the study participants. RESULTS: A total of 251 confirmed new CML patients were recruited for the study. The majority of patients were male (151 [60.2%]; chronic (CP) CML, 213 [84.7%]; and had a median age of 36 years. The median (IQR) WBC, RBC, HGB and PLT counts were 217.7 (155.62-307.4) x103/µL, 3.2 (2.72-3.6) x106/µL, 9.3 (8.2-11) g/dl and 324 (211-499) x 103/µL, respectively. All patients had leukocytosis, and 92.8%, 95.6% and 99.2% of the patients developed anemia, hyperleukocytosis and neutrophilia, respectively. Fatigue, abdominal pain, splenomegaly and weight loss were the common signs and symptoms observed among CML patients. Approximately 86.1% of the study participants were Philadelphia chromosome positive (Ph+) according to fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). P210, the major breakpoint protein, transcript was detected by both qualitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). CONCLUSION: During presentation, most CML patients presented with hyperleukocytosis, neutrophilia and anemia at TASH, Addis Ababa. Fatigue, abdominal pain, splenomegaly and weight loss were the most common signs and symptoms observed in the CML patients. Most CML patients were diagnosed by FISH, and p120 was detected in all CML patients diagnosed by PCR. The majority of CML patients arrive at referral center with advanced signs and symptoms, so better to decentralize the service to peripheral health facilities.

Expression dynamics of the immune mediators ARG1, TBET, CIITA, IL10 and TGFB1 in chronic myeloid leukaemia patients during the first year of imatinib therapy.

The use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors seems to restore the broadly compromised immune system described in chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) patients at diagnosis leading to a re-activation of the effector-mediated immune surveillance. Here, we describe the expression dynamics of immune factors during the first year on imatinib therapy. Gene expression was evaluated in 132 peripheral blood samples from 79 CML patients, including 34 who were serially followed. An aliquot of the stored sample used to monitor BCR-ABL1 levels was retro-transcribed to cDNA and gene expression was quantified by real-time PCR. An elevated expression of ARG1 was observed at diagnosis, while TBET, CIITA, IL10 and TGFB1 were significantly decreased. Once on therapy, each gene displayed a particular behaviour. ARG1 normalized to control levels at 3 months only in optimal molecular responders and was identified as the major contributor to the difference among patients. TBET reached normal levels after 12 months in optimal responders and non-responders, regardless the Th1-response previously associated, and CIITA continued downregulated. IL10 and TGFB1 achieved normal levels early at 3 months in both groups, afterwards IL10 was sustained while TGFB1 was slightly increased after 1 year in responders. Our findings are in agreement with an immune re-activation after imatinib initiation; however, some immune mediators may require a longer exposition. The follow-up of novel and reliable biomarkers, such as ARG1, one of the principal mechanisms of myeloid-derived-suppressor cells to inhibit immune system, may be useful to deepen the characterization of early responder patients.

MiR-125a-3p and MiR-320b Differentially Expressed in Patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Treated with Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Imatinib Mesylate.

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), a hematopoietic neoplasm arising from the fusion of BCR (breakpoint cluster region) gene on chromosome 22 to the ABL (Abelson leukemia virus) gene on chromosome 9 (BCR-ABL1 oncogene), originates from a small population of leukemic stem cells with extensive capacity for self-renewal and an inflammatory microenvironment. Currently, CML treatment is based on tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). However, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT-allo) is currently the only effective treatment of CML. The difficulty of finding a compatible donor and high rates of morbidity and mortality limit transplantation treatment. Despite the safety and efficacy of TKIs, patients can develop resistance. Thus, microRNAs (miRNAs) play a prominent role as biomarkers and post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. The aim of this study was to analyze the miRNA profile in CML patients who achieved cytogenetic remission after treatment with both HSCT-allo and TKI. Expression analyses of the 758 miRNAs were performed using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Bioinformatics tools were used for data analysis. We detected miRNA profiles using their possible target genes and target pathways. MiR-125a-3p stood out among the downregulated miRNAs, showing an interaction network with 52 target genes. MiR-320b was the only upregulated miRNA, with an interaction network of 26 genes. The results are expected to aid future studies of miRNAs, residual leukemic cells, and prognosis in CML.

Aberrantly reduced expression of miR-342-5p contributes to CCND1-associated chronic myeloid leukemia progression and imatinib resistance.

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disorder associated with the Philadelphia chromosome, and the current standard of care is the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). However, some patients will not achieve a molecular response and may progress to blast crisis, and the underlying mechanisms remain to be clarified. In this study, next-generation sequencing was used to explore endogenous miRNAs in CML patients versus healthy volunteers, and miR-342-5p was identified as the primary target. We found that miR-342-5p was downregulated in CML patients and had a significant inhibitory effect on cell proliferation in CML. Through a luciferase reporter system, miR-342-5p was reported to target the 3'-UTR domain of CCND1 and downregulated its expression. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-342-5p enhanced imatinib-induced DNA double-strand breaks and apoptosis. Finally, by analyzing clinical databases, we further confirmed that miR-342-5p was associated with predicted molecular responses in CML patients. In conclusion, we found that both in vivo and in vitro experiments and database cohorts showed that miR-342-5p plays a key role in CML patients, indicating that miR-342-5p may be a potential target for future CML treatment or prognostic evaluation.

Management of chronic myeloid leukemia presenting with isolated thrombocytosis and complex Philadelphia chromosome: A case report.

RATIONALE: Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) with thrombocytosis and complex chromosomal translocation is extremely rare in clinical setting. Here, we reported the clinical and pathological characteristics of CML patients, which were characterized by thrombocytosis and complex Philadelphia chromosome translocation. Moreover, we also introduced our therapeutic schedule for this patient as well as review relative literature. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 24-year-old female presented with night sweating, fatigue, and intermittent fever for 1 month. DIAGNOSIS: Fluorescence in situ hybridization results revealed that breakpoint cluster region (BCR)-Abelson (ABL) gene fusion in 62% of the cells and karyotyping showed a complex 3-way 46, XY, t(9;22;11) (q34;q11;q13) [19/20] translocation. This patient was diagnosed with CML complicated with thrombocytosis and complex Philadelphia chromosome translocation. INTERVENTIONS: The patients received continuously oral imatinib mesylate tablets (400 mg) once a day. OUTCOMES: After treatment with imatinib for 3 months, the BCR/ABLIS was less than 0.1% and achieved major molecular response. Moreover, the BCR/ABLIS of this patient achieved major molecular response. The BCR/ABLIS values at 6 months and 12 months were less than 0.01% and 0.0032%, respectively. And no BCR/ABL fusion was detected in the next 2 years follow-up period. LESSONS: Imatinib might represent a preferred therapeutic option for CML patients with rare thrombocytosis and complex chromosomal translocation. In addition, BCR/ABL fusion gene examination in patients with thrombocytosis might represent an effective strategy to avoid the misdiagnosis of this specific CML population.

Molecular, Cytogenetic, and Hematological Analysis of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Patients and Discovery of Two Novel Translocations.

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a disease of hematopoietic stem cells and is caused by the balanced translocations among the long arms of chromosomes 9 and 22, which are called the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome. In this study, 131 CML patients were enrolled. Complete blood cell count was performed at the time of diagnosis for all the patients. Cytogenetic (karyotyping) examination using bone marrow samples was conducted on 76 CML patients for the confirmation of Ph-positive (9;22)(q34;q11) standard translocation, complex variant translocation, and additional chromosome abnormalities. FISH was performed on 38 patients for diagnostic purposes and on 39 patients for monitoring purposes. Twenty-two samples of CML patients were evaluated by reverse transcriptase PCR and real-time PCR for the patients who failed to respond against imatinib mesylate. In this study, 72 (54.96%) were males and 59 (45.03%) were females with a median age of 38.5 years. CBC values in the diagnosis process showed that 75 patients had high values of WBC being >100 × 103/µl, while 71 (58.01) patients exhibited reduced values of hemoglobin, i.e., <10.00 mg/dl, and high values of PLTs > 100 were observed in 40 (30.53%) patients. Cytogenetic results show that standard translocation was developed in 63 (82.89%), development of complex variant translocations in 4 (5.32%), additional chromosomal abnormalities (ACAs) in 3 (3.94%), and ACAs together with complex variant translocations in 1 (1.31%) patient. At the time of diagnosis, 61 (92.95%) patients were in the chronic phase, 4 (5.63%) were in the accelerated phase, and only 1 (1.40%) was in the blast crisis. Out of twenty-two patients, only 6 CML patients who were shifted from imatinib mesylate to nilotinib showed BCR-ABL-positive amplification. However, only 7 out of twenty-one patients exhibit BCR-ABL gene values ≥ 1 after three months of follow-up when analyzed by the quantitative real-time PCR. In conclusion, we found a novel five-way translocation 46XX,t(1;2;2;17;9;22)(p36.3,q21;q11.2,q21,q34,q11.2) and a novel four-way complex variant translocation 48XY,+8(8;17)(9;22),+der(22)(q11.2;q23)(q34;q11.2) in the accelerated phase.

Comparison of Hepatotoxicity Associated With New BCR-ABL Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors vs Imatinib Among Patients With Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Importance: Although BCR-ABL fusion oncoprotein tyrosine kinase inhibitors (BCR-ABL TKIs) can substantially improve the survival rate of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), they are clinically accompanied by severe hepatotoxicity. Objective: To compare the relative risk (RR) of hepatotoxicity of new-generation BCR-ABL TKIs with that of imatinib, and to provide an overall assessment of the clinical benefit. Data Sources: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane library databases, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched for clinical trials published between January 2000 and April 2020. Study Selection: Study selection was conducted independently by 2 investigators according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria published previously in the protocol: only randomized phase 2 or phase 3 clinical trials that compared bosutinib, dasatinib, nilotinib, or ponatinib with imatinib were included. Among the 2666 records identified, 9 studies finally fulfilled the established criteria. Data Extraction and Synthesis: Two investigators extracted study characteristics and data independently using a standardized data extraction form. Data were extracted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) reporting guidelines. When substantial heterogeneity was observed, pooled estimates were calculated based on the random-effect model; otherwise, the fixed-effect model was used. Main Outcomes and Measures: Data extracted included study characteristics, baseline patient information, interventions and data on all-grade and high-grade (grades 3 and 4) elevation of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, overall survival, and major molecular response (MMR). The RRs and 95% CIs were calculated using the inverse variance method. Results: Nine trials involving 3475 patients were analyzed; the median (range) age was 49 (18-91) years; 2059 (59.2%) were male patients. Increased risks were observed for each new-generation TKI except for dasatinib. Patients receiving new-generation TKIs were more likely to experience all grades of ALT elevation (pooled RR, 2.89; 95% CI, 1.78-4.69; P < .001) and grades 3 and 4 ALT elevation (pooled RR, 4.36; 95% CI, 2.00-9.50; P < .001) compared with those receiving imatinib. Patients receiving new-generation TKIs were also more likely to experience all grades of AST elevation (pooled RR, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.63-2.98; P < .001) and grades 3 and 4 AST elevation (pooled RR, 2.65; 95% CI, 1.59-4.42; P < .001) compared with those receiving imatinib. New-generation TKIs were associated with a significantly higher rate of MMR at 1 year compared with imatinib (pooled RR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.44-1.75; P < .001). No statistical difference in overall survival at 1 year was found between new-generation TKIs and imatinib (pooled RR, 1.00; 95% CI, 1.00-1.01; P = .33). Conclusions and Relevance: When compared to imatinib, bosutinib, nilotinib, and ponatinib had higher relative risks of hepatotoxicity. Treatment with new-generation TKIs was associated with a higher MMR rate at 1 year but not with 1-year overall survival.

Clinico-laboratory pertinences and management of relapsed and refractory.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the biological significance of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), T315I mutation and treatment options in newly diagnosed and relapsed patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). METHODS: Our clinical-analytical and descriptive study enrolled 27 patients with different phases of CML, who were followed up and treated at the Institute of Oncology between 1995-2020. Venous blood samples were taken for LDH measurement, molecular screening and detection of T315I mutation of the ABL gene in order to investigate the biological significance of the increased LDH values and T315I mutation. CML patients underwent chemotherapy with alkylating agents, antimetabolites and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). RESULTS: The patient age ranged from 20 to 67 years (mean 51.3±2,14). The diagnosis of CML was established in the late chronic phase in 25 (92.6%) patients. The quantitative real-time PCR revealed p210 transcript of the BCR-ABL chimeric gene in all cases, with the range of 23.17-100% and median value of 74.73±3.21%. LDH at diagnosis ranged between 169-1609.4 U/L and was increased in 14 (63.6%) patients, especially in those with leukocytosis over 100x109/l. The complete cytogenetic and complete or major molecular responses were recorded under treatment with different generations of TKIs in 16 (59.3%) cases, including 3 cases with T315I mutation. Relapses occurred in 10 (71.4%) patients with initially increased LDH values and in 5 of 6 patients with T315I mutation. One (3.7%) patient with T315I mutation evolved into the acute phase disease, and achieved the complete hematological response after treatment with ponatinib, a 3rd generation TKI. The survival of patients from the disease onset till the last monitoring visit ranged between 21 and 234.8 months (median 93.97±4.52). CONCLUSIONS: The increased LDH values may indicate the activity at diagnosis and relapse of CML. In our study T315I mutation of the ABL gene and the increased values of LDH were associated with a higher rate of relapses and resistance to imatinib. Notwithstanding the treatment line and in relapses TKIs improve considerably the survival and ECOG-WHO score of CML patients.

BCR-ABL1 p210 screening for chronic myeloid leukemia in patients with peripheral blood cytoses.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) usually presents with leukocytosis with neutrophilia, left shift, and basophilia. Documentation of the BCR-ABL1 fusion is required for diagnosis, and this is often achieved via p210 BCR-ABL1 real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). METHODS: Patients undergoing first-time testing for p210 BCR-ABL1 at our institution were retrospectively identified. The medical record was reviewed, and the patient age, sex, clinical indication for testing, and concurrent CBC with differential were identified for 518 patients. BCR-ABL1 p210 testing had been performed using a laboratory-developed quantitative RT-PCR assay. Statistical analysis of the results was performed using an unpaired t test, and P values of <.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients received a new diagnosis of CML (4.6%). As compared to patients with a negative PCR, these patients were more likely to have a markedly elevated white blood cell count (WBC), neutrophilia, and a mild anemia. Ninety-two percent (22/24) of new CML patients had a WBC ≥20 × 109 /L, and the two new CML patients with WBC <20 × 109 /L had basophilia in the peripheral blood. By contrast, 92% (449/490) of non-CML patients had a WBC <20 × 109 /L. CONCLUSION: The peripheral blood parameters of total WBC ≥20 × 109 /L and absolute basophil count can help guide the need for BCR-ABL1 PCR testing, which can lead to more judicious test utilization, decreased healthcare costs, and decreased false positives, while keeping a high sensitivity for CML. This study also underscores the importance of obtaining a complete differential in patients for whom CML is suspected.

Assessment of droplet digital polymerase chain reaction for measuring BCR-ABL1 in chronic myeloid leukaemia in an international interlaboratory study.

Measurement of BCR activator of RhoGEF and GTPase -ABL proto-oncogene 1, non-receptor tyrosine kinase (BCR-ABL1) mRNA levels by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RTqPCR) has been critical to treatment protocols and clinical trials in chronic myeloid leukaemia; however, interlaboratory variation remains a significant issue. Reverse transcriptase droplet digital PCR (RTddPCR) has shown potential to improve testing but a large-scale interlaboratory study is required to definitively establish this. In the present study, 10 BCR-ABL1-positive samples with levels ranging from molecular response (MR)1·0 -MR5·0 were tested by 23 laboratories using RTddPCR with the QXDX BCR-ABL %IS kit. A subset of participants tested the samples using RTqPCR. All 23 participants using RTddPCR detected BCR-ABL1 in all samples to MR4·0 . Detection rates for deep-response samples were 95·7% at MR4·5 , 78·3% at MR4·7 and 87·0% at MR5·0 . Interlaboratory coefficient of variation was indirectly proportional to BCR-ABL1 level ranging from 29·3% to 69·0%. Linearity ranged from 0·9330 to 1·000 (average 0·9936). When results were compared for the 11 participants who performed both RTddPCR and RTqPCR, RTddPCR showed a similar limit of detection to RTqPCR with reduced interlaboratory variation and better assay linearity. The ability to detect deep responses with RTddPCR, matched with an improved linearity and reduced interlaboratory variation will allow improved patient management, and is of particular importance for future clinical trials focussed on achieving and maintaining treatment-free remission.

Case reports of chronic myeloid leukemia and tuberculosis: Is imatinib the link between the two?

Current standard of care for treatment of CML is based on tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI's). Imatinib is most frequently used first line tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Various side effects of TKI's are known, but some may still be unknown. We are reporting three cases of CML who developed tuberculosis while on treatment with imatinib or dasatinib. Two cases developed CNS tuberculosis and other one was tubercular pleural effusion. These cases indicate that imatinib and other TKI's probably interfere with immunological functions and predispose patients for tuberculosis.

From the archives of MD Anderson Cancer Center: Concurrent BCR-ABL1 and CRLF2 rearrangements in B-lymphoblast phase of chronic myeloid leukemia.

The t(9;22)(q34;q11.2), also known as the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome, results in BCR-ABL1 fusion residing on the derivative chromosome 22. This translocation is characteristic of chronic myeloid leukemia, but also can occur in a substantial subset of B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) cases. Ph-like B-ALL has a gene expression profile similar to that of BCR-ABL1 positive/Ph-positive B-ALL, but by definition Ph-like B-ALL does not have the sentinel BCR-ABL1 or the Ph chromosome. About half of Ph-like B-ALL cases carry CRLF2 rearrangements. Rare cases of de novo B-ALL with co-occurrence of BCR-ABL1 and CRLF2 rearrangements have been described. To our knowledge, this is the first report of concurrent BCR-ABL1 and CRLF2 rearrangements in blast phase of chronic myeloid leukemia. In this patient, CRLF2 rearrangement was acquired at the time of disease progression to B-lymphoblast phase of chronic myeloid leukemia. We also review the literature and discuss the distinct clinicopathologic, and genomic characteristics of CRLF2 rearranged B-ALL.

Effects of SLC22A2 808G>T polymorphism and bosutinib concentrations on serum creatinine in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia receiving bosutinib therapy.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of SLC22A2 808G>T polymorphism and trough concentrations (C0) of bosutinib on serum creatinine in 28 patients taking bosutinib. At 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months after administration, analysis of bosutinib C0 and creatinine was performed at the same time of day. Significant correlations were observed between bosutinib C0 and the change rate of serum creatinine or the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; r = 0.328, P < 0.001 and r = - 0.315, P < 0.001, respectively). These correlations were particularly high in patients having the SLC22A2 808G/G genotype (r = 0.345 and r = - 0.329, respectively); however, in patients having the 808T allele, there were no significant differences. In multivariate analyses, the SLC22A2 808G/G genotype, patient age, bosutinib C0 and second-line or later bosutinib were independent factors influencing the change rate of creatinine. Bosutinib elevated serum creatinine through organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2). We observed a 20% increase in serum creatinine with a median bosutinib C0 of 63.4-73.2 ng/mL. Periodic measurement of serum creatinine after bosutinib therapy is necessary to avoid progression to severe renal dysfunction from simple elevation of creatinine mediated by OCT2 following bosutinib treatment.

Paediatric chronic myeloid leukaemia presenting in de novo or secondary blast phase - a comparison of clinical and genetic characteristics.

Additional data on blast phase (BP) chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) in children and adolescents is essential for improving diagnostic and therapeutic approaches of this rare but serious condition. Here, we describe distinct clinical and genetic characteristics of 18 paediatric patients with de novo (n = 10) and secondary (n = 8) BP CML enrolled in the CML-PAED-II trial and registry. Our findings suggest that paediatric patients exhibit a diverse cytogenetic profile compared to adults with BP CML. In addition, patients with de novo BP CML in this cohort presented at a younger age, whereas patients with secondary BP CML more often harboured complex karyotypes.

BCR-ABL Transcript Level as Compared to LDH and Uric Acid Among Chronic Myeloid Leukemic Patients.

BACKGROUND: Chronic myeloid leukemia is characterized by the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome, which is caused by the breakpoint cluster region-Abelson fusion or joined gene. A high concentration of BCR-ABL transcripts level can strongly forecast cytogenetic and hematologic reversion in CML patients. However, the molecular test for BCR-ABL is costly and hardly available in developing countries with low and middle-income. Owing to this, it is required to examine other cost-effective and best diagnostic (prognostic) biomarkers. OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to estimate the total LDH and uric acid level as compared to BCR-ABL transcript level among treated and treatment-naive Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) patients. METHODS: A comparative cross-sectional study design was used to include eighty-one (81) CML patients tested for BCR-ABL by GeneXpert RT-PCR transcript level at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital. The current study correlates LDH with BCR-ABL and hematological parameters using the spearman correlation, Mann-Whitney U test, and roc curve data analysis tool. RESULTS: A total of 81 CML patients were assayed; 46(56.8%) of them were in the medically treated group, and the remaining 35 (43.2%) were treatment-naive patients. Significant positive correlations were observed between LDH and BCR-ABL (r=0.79, P<0.001).The correlation coefficient value of uric acid (r=0.295, p<0.008) with BCR-ABL showed a weak correlation between the two test parameters. There was a statistically noteworthy (p<0.05) difference in the median level of BCR-ABL and LDH among patients in the treatment group (median=21%, 350 U/L) and the treatment- naive group (median=57%, 1246 U/L), respectively. For uric acid, there was no statistically significant (p<0.542) difference between the study group. The AUC for LDH, Basophil, and WBC was 0.881, 0.889, and 0.748, respectively, which showed better performance for the follow-up of patients with CML than uric acid (0.695) and platelets (0.70). CONCLUSION: The CML LDH value strongly correlated with BCR-ABL transcript level, whereas uric acid was weakly correlated with BCR-ABL. Hence, in parallel with the BRC-ABL transcript level, these findings could be a patent for confirming the capability of LDH as an alternative cost-- effective diagnostic, prognostic biomarker, and a novel therapeutic target in CML disease.

Apoptotic profiling of chronic myeloid leukaemia patients' platelets ex vivo before and after treatment with Imatinib.

Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is a malignancy of the haematopoietic stem cells. The first line of treatment for CML, especially in developing countries, remains the first-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor, Imatinib. Patients with CML are frequently diagnosed with platelet abnormalities. However, the specific mechanism of platelet abnormalities in CML remains unclear and poorly understood. The aim of this study was therefore to determine the apoptotic profiles of CML patients ex vivo on platelets before and after treatment with Imatinib. Blood samples of healthy volunteers and CML patients at diagnosis and after 6 months treatment with Imatinib were collected. Platelet counts, viability and activation were determined. Results showed that CML patients' platelet counts were elevated upon diagnosis and these levels statistically significantly decreased after 6 months of treatment. Platelet activation was significantly increased after 6 months of treatment compared to levels at diagnosis (P-value < .05). Similarly, platelet apoptosis was also increased after 6 months of treatment. Abnormalities in platelet functioning found in this study may partly be due to clonal proliferation of haematopoietic cells in CML patients, specifically of megakaryocyte precursors as well as the inhibition of platelet tyrosine kinase's and the inhibition of platelet-derived growth factor.