ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) monotherapy is used in selected virologically suppressed HIV-infected patients. Some would prefer a once-daily (OD) dose instead of the usual twice-daily dose to favour adherence. However, trough concentrations of the drug in blood and particularly in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) may not be adequate to maintain viral suppression. METHODS: Prospective, open-label pilot study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of LPV/r monotherapy OD. HIV-1-infected patients, virologically suppressed for at least 6 months were enrolled. HIV viral load (VL) was determined at baseline and at weeks 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36 and 48. Lumbar puncture was performed in a subgroup of patients to evaluate CSF VL and CSF LPV concentrations. RESULTS: A total of 21 patients were included. At week 48, 85.7% (n=18) showed viral suppression (VL<40 copies/ml). Two patients had viral failure (9.5%) and a third was withdrawn from the study because of gastrointestinal symptoms. Nine patients were enrolled in the substudy. CSF VL was <40 copies/ml in all cases. Median (range) LPV concentration was 9.78 ng/ml (1.93-78.3) in CSF and 1,970 (154-16,700) ng/ml in plasma; the CSF/plasma ratio was 0.004 (0.001-0.186). CONCLUSIONS: In this small pilot study, LPV/r monotherapy OD maintained plasma HIV RNA suppression at 48 weeks in most patients, with no cases of CSF viral escape. However, CSF LPV concentrations were close to the 50% inhibitory concentration threshold in several patients; hence, this intervention should be avoided in patients with advanced immune suppression and/or those individuals presenting with significant comorbidities such as hepatitis C coinfection.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/blood , Anti-HIV Agents/cerebrospinal fluid , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Lopinavir/blood , Lopinavir/cerebrospinal fluid , Ritonavir/therapeutic use , Adult , Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , Drug Administration Schedule , Drug Combinations , Female , HIV Infections/blood , Humans , Lopinavir/therapeutic use , Male , Middle Aged , Pilot Projects , Prospective Studies , Treatment FailureABSTRACT
Ritonavir-boosted lopinavir (LPV/r) is a protease inhibitor used for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in both normal patients and in certain situations. In patients with renal failure, LPV/r does not require dosage adjustment because it is metabolized in the liver. Cohort studies have shown that the incidence of varying degrees of renal disease and/or crystalluria related to combination antiretroviral therapy with tenofovir and some protease inhibitors (PI) does not appear with LPV/r or that the incidence is much lower with this combination. Neurocognitive impairments are described in a high proportion of patients with HIV infection and viral replication or related inflammatory activity in the subarachnoid space. In these patients, LPV/r is one of the therapeutic options. A score has been published that rates antiretroviral drugs according to the concentration attained in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). LPV/r levels reached in CSF exceed the IC50 of wild-type HIV and has a valuable score (score 3) of the drugs currently used. The most important comorbid condition is chronic hepatitis, due to its frequency and because the biotransformation of LPV/r occurs in the liver. In these circumstances, it is important to evaluate the influence of liver failure on blood drug levels and how these values may cause liver toxicity. LPV/r dose modification has not been established in the presence of liver failure. LPV/r-induced liver toxicity has only been reported with a certain frequency when liver enzymes were elevated at baseline or in patients with chronic hepatitis C, although most cases of liver toxicity were mild.
