Pediatric Endobronchial Ultrasound-Transbronchial Needle Aspiration Under Conscious Sedation for Suspected Tuberculosis in London.

Tuberculosis (TB) is an important cause of childhood death and morbidity worldwide. The diagnosis in the pediatric population remains challenging due to the paucibacillary nature of the disease. Intrathoracic lymphadenopathy is one of the most common manifestations of primary disease but is often difficult to sample. A retrospective case review was performed of children (younger than 16 years) suspected with intrathoracic TB lymphadenopathy who underwent an endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)-transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) between January 2010 and 2020 in a London TB center. Ten children between 11 years 4 months and 15 years 9 months, with weights ranging from 48 to 95 kg, underwent EBUS-TBNA. All procedures were performed under conscious sedation with no reported complications. Six of 10 cases showed granulomas on rapid onsite histologic evaluation. Nine of 10 cases were confirmed to have Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Seven of 10 cases were culture positive with a mean turn-around time of 13.7 days; of these, 4 of 7 were smear positive. Six of 7 culture positive cases were also TB polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positive. TB PCR identified 2 further cases where microscopy and culture remained negative. One case had multidrug-resistant TB identified on TB PCR allowing early initiation of correct drug therapy. In our cohort, we show EBUS-TBNA is a safe and effective way of investigating intrathoracic TB lymphadenitis in children and a high diagnostic rate can be achieved. In high-resource settings, we should approach childhood TB with a standardized diagnostic approach and utilize EBUS-TBNA as a diagnostic modality. Samples should be sent for culture but also for molecular assays to timely identify TB and drug-resistant disease.

Endobronchial ultrasound elastography for diagnosing mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes. / Elastografía asociada a la ecografía endobronquial en el estudio de adenopatías hiliares y mediastínicas.

INTRODUCTION: The main objective was to analyze the technical variability of EBUS-elastography in the differentiation of benign and malignant hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes. As a secondary objective, the results of the EBUS-elastography in said differentiation were analyzed, comparing them with the anatomopathological results. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective and analytical study of lymph nodes in which EBUS-elastography was performed. Elastographic variables and their variability were analyzed. RESULTS: 24 patients and 38 lymph nodes were evaluated. Of these, 60.5% had a history of neoplasia, 71% of them were EBUS-elastography with diagnostic intention, 53% were mediastinal staging of lung cancer. Both procedures were performed in 25% of the patients. Lymph nodes were classified into elastographic colour patterns, red being characteristic of elastic tissues and blue of rigid tissues. The lymphadenopathies with apredominantly blue pattern were associated with an anatomopathological result of malignancy (86% vs. 14%, OR 20.4 (3.1 -245.1) p-value = .00015). Malignant lymph nodes presented less colour dispersion in the frequency histograms and a higher ratio of blue pixels and higher strain ratio. These variables showed a variability of 8.7, 9.9 and 31.6% respectively in repetitions in the same adenopathy. Finally, a 66% of consistency was obtained in the event of colour pattern variability (p .0000). CONCLUSIONS: EBUS-elastography is feasible during EBUS and may be helpful in predicting malignant lymph node infiltration. The quantitative elastographic data show low variability in repetitions in the same adenopathy. The strain ratio is the most variable elastographic parameter.

No todo son adenopatías / Not everything is an adenopathy

Las tumoraciones cervicales son habituales en niños. Lo más frecuente es que se trate de adenopatías secundarias a infecciones, virales o bacterianas. No obstante, es conveniente tener en cuenta otras causas de adenopatías y la existencia de otros procesos que pueden confundirse con ellas. La exploración mediante ecografía es la técnica de elección para diferenciar la lesión y determinar sus características. Presentamos el caso clínico de una paciente con adenopatías cervicales, a la que se diagnosticó una masa congénita con ecografía en Atención Primaria

Cervical masses are frequent in children. Most often they are lymphadenopathies secondaries to infection, viral or bacterial. However, we should think in other causes of adenopathy and other processes that may be confused with them. Ultrasound examination is the technique of choice to differentiate the lesion and determine its characteristics. We present a patient with cervical adenopathies, who was diagnosed a congenital mass with ultrasound in Primary Care

Kikuchi's disease (histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis): A rare presentation with acute kidney injury, peripheral neuropathy, and aseptic meningitis with cutaneous involvement.

Kikuchi's disease (KD) also known as histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis is rare, idiopathic, generally self-limited cause of lymphadenitis. We present a case of twenty year young female who presented in critically ill state with fever, cervical and axillary lymphadenopathy, rash, vomiting and altered sensorium and found to have neurological, hepatic, renal and dermatological involvement. Kikuchi's disease should be considered in differential diagnosis of fever and lymphadenopathy and though benign can sometimes present with multi-organ involvement. It is because of rarity of this disease with unusual complications, present case is reported.

Histopathological Analysis of Non-Neoplastic Superficial Lymphadenopathies.

Background Lymphadenopathies are the clinical manifestation of enlargement of lymph nodes which are a common occurrence and are processes of lymph nodes in response to a variety of exogenous and endogenous stimulants. The vast majority of enlarged lymph nodes are non- neoplastic. Objective The objective of the study is to analyze the spectrum of non-neoplastic lesions of superficial lymphadenopathies with their histomorphological features. Method This was a retrospective hospital based study done in the department of Pathology. All cases of superficial lymph node biopsies received during a period of 7 years were retrieved and divided into 2 broad categories: neoplastic and non-neoplastic. The latter group is the material for the present study. The diagnosis was made on morphological basis. Result Of all the 268 superficial lymph node biopsies, 25.4% (68 cases) were neoplastic and 74.6% (200 cases) were non-neoplastic. The non-neoplastic cases were further categorized into non-infectious 60.5% (121 cases) and infectious 39.5% (79 cases). Neck node (70%) was the most common site of involvement. There were 102 male and 98 female patients with male to female ratio 1.04:1. The age range of the patients was 2 years to 83 years with a mean of 27.16 years and most common being 11-20 years 29% (58 cases). Majority of the cases were non-specific reactive lymphadenitis 84.3% (102 cases) followed by tuberculosis 36.5% (73 cases). Conclusion The major cause for the superficial lymphadenopathy was found to be non-neoplastic etiology with slight male predominance. Reactive lymphadenitis was the leading cause unlike the studies done in other Asian and Tropical countries where tuberculosis was more common.

The Pathology of Reactive Lymphadenopathies: A Discussion of Common Reactive Patterns and Their Malignant Mimics.

CONTEXT: -Distinguishing between a reactive and a neoplastic lymphoid proliferation is a clinically significant task frequently performed by the surgical pathologist in routine practice. OBJECTIVES: -To highlight common situations in lymph node pathology where reactive changes and lymphoma may be misdiagnosed. DATA SOURCES: -Data sources are peer-reviewed journal articles, textbooks, and clinical experience. CONCLUSIONS: -This review aims to refresh and enhance the surgical pathologist's awareness of the shared and distinguishing features of select reactive and neoplastic lymphoproliferations, which in turn will allow the surgical pathologist to make more accurate diagnoses and avoid the pitfalls of misdiagnosis. This will be done by describing a selection of commonly encountered reactive histologic changes observed in lymph nodes, present the lymphomas with which they share overlapping features, outline the features that distinguish them, and describe an approach to making an accurate diagnosis and avoiding a misdiagnosis in each scenario.