Metrics derived from fish assemblages as indicators of environmental degradation in Cerrado streams

The development of effective monitoring tools depends on finding sensitive metrics that are capable of detecting the most important environmental impacts at a given region. We assessed if metrics derived from stream fish assemblages reflect physical habitat degradation and changes in land cover. We sampled the ichthyofauna and environmental characteristics of 16 stream sites of first and second order in the Upper Tocantins River basin. The streams were classified according to their environmental characteristics into reference (n = 5), intermediate (n = 4), and impacted (n = 7). A total of 4,079 individuals in five orders, 12 families, and 30 species were collected. Of the 20 metrics tested, eight were non-collinear and were tested for their performance in discriminating among groups of streams. Three metrics were sensitive to the gradient of degradation: Berger-Parker dominance index, percentage of characiform fish, and percentage of rheophilic individuals. Some commonly used metrics did not reflect the disturbances and many others were redundant with those that did. These results indicate that the metrics derived from fish assemblages may be informative for identifying the conservation status of streams, with the potential to be used in biomonitoring.

Metrics derived from fish assemblages as indicators of environmental degradation in Cerrado streams

The development of effective monitoring tools depends on finding sensitive metrics that are capable of detecting the most important environmental impacts at a given region. We assessed if metrics derived from stream fish assemblages reflect physical habitat degradation and changes in land cover. We sampled the ichthyofauna and environmental characteristics of 16 stream sites of first and second order in the Upper Tocantins River basin. The streams were classified according to their environmental characteristics into reference (n = 5), intermediate (n = 4), and impacted (n = 7). A total of 4,079 individuals in five orders, 12 families, and 30 species were collected. Of the 20 metrics tested, eight were non-collinear and were tested for their performance in discriminating among groups of streams. Three metrics were sensitive to the gradient of degradation: Berger-Parker dominance index, percentage of characiform fish, and percentage of rheophilic individuals. Some commonly used metrics did not reflect the disturbances and many others were redundant with those that did. These results indicate that the metrics derived from fish assemblages may be informative for identifying the conservation status of streams, with the potential to be used in biomonitoring.(AU)

Feeding habits of the ichthyofauna in a protected area in the State of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil / Hábitos alimentares da ictiofauna em uma área de proteção ambiental no estado de São Paulo, sudeste do Brasil

The trophic relationships of a fish community were studied in two basins subjected to a strong human pressure in the interior of the State of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. A total of 211 stomachs of 14 species were analyzed. Diets varied greatly, with the occurrence of piscivory, benthophagy, insectivory, herbivory, and illiophagy. Food items were described for each species and a great amount of insects was registered. Allochthonous and autochthonous food items showed different importance degrees according to the species analyzed. Stomach fullness was high in spring and summer in both basins; these areas were used as reproduction and foraging sites for the studied species.

Foram analisadas duas bacias em uma área com forte ação antrópica no interior do Estado de São Paulo, enfocando as relações tróficas das comunidades de peixes. Foram analisados 211 estômagos de 14 espécies. As dietas foram variadas sendo constatadas piscívoria, bentofagia, insetívoria, herbívoria e iliófagia. Os itens alimentares foram descritos para cada espécie analisada e verificou-se grande quantidade de insetos. Os itens alimentares alóctones e autóctones foram importantes em maior ou menor grau para as espécies da área. O índice de repleção estomacal elevou-se na primavera e no verão em ambas bacias, sendo que as áreas abordadas foram usadas para a reprodução e para a alimentação coletiva das espécies analisadas.

Diagnóstico da pesquisa em ecologia de paisagens no Brasil (2000-2005) / Analysis of the research on Landscape Ecology in Brazil (2000-2005)

A Ecologia de Paisagens busca entender a influência da heterogeneidade espacial do meio em processos ecológicos, enfatizando as ações do homem sobre o meio, ou o contexto espacial sobre as populações. É uma ciência recente, que ainda está solidificando conceitos, mas que se utiliza fortemente dos avanços tecnológicos em sensoriamento remoto e sistemas de informação geográfica. Com o objetivo de verificar os principais temas, abordagens metodológicas e técnicas de análise que estão sendo seguidas em Ecologia de Paisagens no Brasil, bem como as instituições de pesquisa envolvidas, fizemos um levantamento analisando os resumos de trabalhos científicos em Ecologia de Paisagens apresentados nas principais reuniões científicas nacionais que abordaram esse assunto, realizadas entre 2000 e 2005, e também analisamos os resumos das dissertações e teses produzidas entre 2000 e 2004. Os resumos foram classificados conforme a temática (7 temas), abordagem metodológica (7 abordagens) e técnicas de análise utilizadas (5 técnicas). Dos 226 resumos de congressos e 222 dissertações e teses analisados, a maioria tratou da descrição de padrões espaciais, da relação entre padrões e processos e de planejamento ambiental. Predominou a abordagem observacional-descritiva e o uso de técnicas qualitativas ou quantificações simples (medições e porcentagens). Menos de 20 por cento dos estudos utilizaram técnicas quantitativas, numa abordagem observacional-experimental, contudo, houve uma tendência crescente ao emprego de abordagens quantitativas. Foi notada uma baixa correspondência entre as instituições de pesquisa onde as dissertações e teses foram produzidas, as instituições representadas nos congressos e aquelas catalogadas nos grupos de pesquisa do CNPq. Constatamos também que a participação brasileira na produção científica mundial em Ecologia de Paisagens ainda é muito pequena, provavelmente devido ao caráter predominantemente descritivo...

Landscape Ecology seeks to understand the influence of environmental spatial heterogeneity on ecological processes, emphasizing human actions on the environment or the spatial context on biological species. It is a new science still consolidating concepts which makes strong use of technological improvements in remote sensing and geographical information systems. Aiming at verifying the main themes, methodological approaches and techniques that are being used in Landscape Ecology in Brazil, as well as the research institutes involved, we carried out a survey and analyzed the abstracts on Landscape Ecology researches submitted to the main national scientific meetings where this subject was discussed (years 2000-2005), and the abstracts of MSc and PhD theses produced from 2000 to 2004. The abstracts were classified according to 7 themes, 7 methodological approaches and 5 techniques of analysis. We analyzed 226 congress abstracts and 222 theses abstracts, from which most dealt with the description of spatial patterns, the relationships between patterns and processes, and environmental planning. A descriptive approach and the use of qualitative techniques or simple quantifications (measurements and percentages) prevailed. Less than 20 percent of the studies used quantitative techniques under an experimental approach, but a growing tendency on the use of quantitative procedures was verified throughout the years. Comparing both the research institutes where the theses were produced and those represented in the meetings with the research institutes which appear in the CNPq research groups database we noticed a low correspondence among them. We also verified that the Brazilian contribution in the Landscape Ecology scientific production worldwide is still very small, probably due to the prevailing descriptive nature of the current researches. We believe that the growth of Brazilian research in Landscape Ecology must go beyond the description of...