ABSTRACT
During 2005-2006, nine measles virus (MV) genotypes were identified throughout the World Health Organization European Region. All major epidemics were associated with genotypes D4, D6, and B3. Other genotypes (B2, D5, D8, D9, G2, and H1) were only found in limited numbers of cases after importation from other continents. The genetic diversity of endemic D6 strains was low; genotypes C2 and D7, circulating in Europe until recent years, were no longer identified. The transmission chains of several indigenous MV strains may thus have been interrupted by enhanced vaccination. However, multiple importations from Africa and Asia and virus introduction into highly mobile and unvaccinated communities caused a massive spread of D4 and B3 strains throughout much of the region. Thus, despite the reduction of endemic MV circulation, importation of MV from other continents caused prolonged circulation and large outbreaks after their introduction into unvaccinated and highly mobile communities.
Subject(s)
Genetic Variation/genetics , Measles virus/genetics , Measles/epidemiology , Measles/genetics , Europe/epidemiology , Genotype , Humans , Measles/classification , Measles virus/pathogenicity , Phylogeny , World Health OrganizationSubject(s)
Measles/complications , Skin Diseases/etiology , Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant , Measles/classification , Nutritional StatusABSTRACT
Studies from developing countries suggest that persons with household-acquired (HA) measles are at greater risk of severe illness than persons with community-acquired (CA) infection. Reported measles cases occurring among Milwaukee residents from May 1989 to June 1990 were used to assess whether household-acquisition was a risk factor for severe measles in the United States. A case was classified as HA if onset of rash occurred 7-18 days after onset of rash in another case in the same household. Hospitalization rates were similar for 128 patients with HA measles (27%) and for 1004 patients with CA measles (26%). Multiple logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between hospitalization and household-acquisition after controlling for socioeconomic status, measles vaccination history, age, race, and date of onset of rash. Patients with HA measles were no more likely to be hospitalized than patients with CA measles (odds ratio 0.9, 95% confidence interval 0.6, 1.5). HA measles cases were not more severe than CA measles cases during this urban outbreak in the United States.
Subject(s)
Disease Outbreaks , Measles/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Hospitalization , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Measles/classification , Measles/mortality , Measles/transmission , Risk Factors , Severity of Illness Index , Socioeconomic Factors , Urban Health , Wisconsin/epidemiologyABSTRACT
El sarampión es una enfermedad infecciosa causada por un virus con RNA de la familia de los paramixovirus. Aunque generalmente es benigna en la niñez, a veces se complica con infecciones secundarias y se le ha implicado como agente etiológico de la panencefalitis subaguda esclerosante, que es una expresión tardía de una infección sarampionosa latente. Debido a que este virus sólo infecta a seres humanos, su control o erradicación son situaciones que pueden hacerse posibles a través de la vacunación específica. Los subtítulos que componen este trabajo son: Cuadro clínico, Definición de caso, Complicaciones, El agente etiológico; Transmisión, epidemiología. El influjo de la vacunación; Sarampión y vacunación en México, El sarampión en los Estados Unidos, El problema continental, El sarampión en el ámbito universal, Vacunas antisarampionosas: A.Vacunas "vivas" atenuadas, B.Vacunas sobreatenuadas, C.Vacunas "muertas"; Especificaciones para las vacunas antisarampionosas de uso corriente, y Vacunas parenterales de alto título. Experiencias recientes
