Humoral and mucosal immune responses in challenged chickens vaccinated with Infectious bursal disease vaccine using gums from Cedrela odorata and Khaya senegalensis as delivery agents.

The emergence of antigenic variants and very virulent strains of infectious bursa disease virus (IBDV) in vaccinated flocks considerably stimulated research in IBDV vaccine administration. The mucoadhesive and immunopotentials of Cedrela odorata and Khaya senegalensis were explored in vaccine delivery against clinical IBDV in broiler chickens. A total of 400 chicks were successfully brooded and raised from day old for commencement of this experiment. The birds were randomly distributed into eight groups with an average of 50 birds per group comprising: Gums-Gumboro Vaccine Ocular (infected) (GGVOC), Gumboro Vaccine alone Ocular (infected) (GVOC), Gums alone Ocular (infected) (GOC), Gums-Gumboro Vaccine Oral (infected) (GGVOR), Gumboro Vaccine alone Oral (infected) (GVOR), Gums alone Oral (infected) (GOR), No-Vaccine-No-Gums (infected) (NVNG/i), and No-Vaccine-No-Gums (not infected) (NVNG). On a weekly basis, 1.5mls of blood were collected from 5 birds and 3 birds euthanized per group for serological analysis and mucosal washings (trachea and intestine) respectively. Data obtained were analyzed and sample to positive ratio calculated. The post 1st vaccination trachea IgG antibody response was moderately higher in the ocular groups than the oral groups. It was also high in the VOC, GVOC, GOC, VOR groups than the GVOR groups. The antibody response (IgG) pre and post 1st vaccination, post 2nd vaccination and post infection from serum, trachea and intestinal washes showed that by week 1 Post 1st vaccination, there was insignificant increase in titer serum response of the gum-vaccine ocular group compared to the vaccine ocular alone while both groups were insignificantly higher than the oral group. Overall, serum titer showed a rapid response with spiked significant response by 48h pi in the gum vaccine groups (especially GVOR), which peaks by day 3 and remains insignificantly higher throughout the day 7 pi compared to vaccine alone groups. In conclusion, use of the mucilage from C. odorata and K. senegalenses in equal proportion has given better enhancement of the response to IBDV vaccination and premise for further investigations for improvement against IBD.

Rohitukine inhibits NF-κB activation induced by LPS and other inflammatory agents.

Rohitukine (referred to as RHK) is a bioactive chromone alkaloid isolated from the leaves of plant Dysoxylum binectariferum, which has been reported to possess diverse pharmacological properties for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), diarrhoea and anti-lipidemic. However, the underlying mechanism by which RHK exerts its anti-inflammatory activity has not yet demonstrated. This study aimed to elucidate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of RHK using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - stimulated J774A.1 macrophage cells and in-vivo inflammatory models. Results demonstrated that RHK treatment could significantly decrease the LPS-induced production of nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukins (ILs) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α in J774A.1 cells. Molecular studies revealed that RHK inhibited the activation of upstream mediator nuclear factor-κB by suppressing the phosphorylation of IκBα and p65. In in-vivo experiments showed prominent anti-inflammatory activity of RHK. Thus, RHK could be considered as a promising candidate for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

UPLC/Tandem mass and antimicrobial activity of Khaya senegalensis (A. Juss.) / UPLC/Tándem masa y la actividad antimicrobiana de Khaya senegalensis

Characterization of flavonoids and limonoids in the defatted acetone extract of Khaya senegalensis flowers (A. Juss.) contents was performed using ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with ultraviolet (UV) and electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry, furthermore, tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was performed to assist in the structural elucidation. The antimicrobial effect was tested against representative gram positive and negative bacteria and candida. Cytotoxicity of extract was evaluated using the mitochondrial- dependent reduction of MTT. The method used enabled identification of five flavonoid glycosides (di and mono- sugar) and twelve limonoids of different types viz: mexicanolides, phragmalins and angolensate were tentatively identified. The extract was effective against tested microorganism revealing potent growth inhibitory effect on Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 25566, Escherichia coli NRRN 3008 , Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 10145 and fungus Candida albicans EMCC105, MIC ≤ 25µg/µl while MIC ≤ 50 µg/µl for Bacillus cereus, staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538. Extract showed cytotoxicity against MCF7 (Breast carcinoma cell line) compared to doxorubicin, IC50=88.1(µg/mL) but no activity on HCT 116 (Colon carcinoma cell line) and HepG2 (liver cell carcinoma) was observed. Bioactive compounds in K senegalensis flowers acetone extract possesses promising antimicrobial activity with low cytotoxic effect warrants further investigation for their therapeutic and prophylactic roles

Se ha procedido a la caracterización de los flavonoides y limonoides del extracto acetónico de las flores de la especie Khaya senegalensis (A. Juss.) El análisis de sus componentes se realizó mediante cromatografía líquida de ultra resolución (UPLC) con detección ultravioleta (UV) y de espectrometría de masas de ionización por electrospray (ESI), así como espectrometría de masas (MS / MS) para ayudar en la elucidación estructural de los compuestos. Se comprobó el efecto antimicrobiano en bacterias gram positivas y negativas y levaduras como el género Candida. La citotoxicidad del extracto se evaluó mediante la reducción mitocondrial dependiente de MTT. El método de análisis permitió la identificación de cinco glucósidos flavonoides (di y mono-azúcar) y doce limonoides de diferentes tipos:se identificaron tentativamente mexicanolidos, phragmalinas y angolensato. El extracto fue efectivo contra microorganismos (≤ MIC 25µg / l ), revelando potente efecto inhibidor del crecimiento de Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC 25566), Escherichia coli (NRRN 3008), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 10145) y el hongo Candida albicans (EMCC105). Igualmente fue eficaz a MIC ≤ 50 mg / l sobre Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538). Igualmente, el extracto mostró citotoxicidad contra línea celular de carcinoma de mama (MCF7) en comparación con la doxorrubicina, (IC50 = 88.1 (µg/ mL), pero no modificó la actividad en una línea celular de carcinoma colon (HCT 116) y en células de carcinoma del hígado (HepG2). Los compuestos bioactivos en extracto acetónico de flores de K. senegalensis poseen una actividad antimicrobiana prometedora con bajos efectos citotóxicos que garantizan la necesidad de una mayor investigación para conocer completamente sus papeles terapéuticos y profilácticos