Racial/Ethnic and Gender Disparities Over the Last Decade Within Microsurgery and Craniofacial Fellowship Training.

BACKGROUND: Racial/ethnic and gender disparities persist in plastic surgery at nearly all levels of training, becoming more pronounced at each stage. Recent studies have demonstrated that the proportion of female plastic surgery residents has increased to nearly 40%, yet only 11% of full professors of plastic surgery are female. Other studies have identified severe declines in underrepresented minority plastic surgery representation between plastic surgery residents and academicians with only 1.6% of Black/African American and 4.9% of Hispanic/Latinx full professors of plastic surgery. Often, residents seek fellowship for advanced training before seeking an academic professorship. This study aims to describe the racial/ethnic and gender representation of microsurgery and craniofacial fellows. METHODS: Names and photos of graduated fellows for the past 10 years (2012-2021) were extracted from microsurgery and craniofacial fellowship Web sites. Using a 2-person evaluation method, race/ethnicity and gender were primarily determined by photographic and surname and verified, when possible, through online confirmation methods (articles, social media). Distributions were analyzed with descriptive statistics and compared with the US population. RESULTS: Among 30 microsurgery fellowships, 180 graduated fellows (52.7%) were identified, resulting in 66 female fellows (36.7%) and the following racial/ethnic distribution: 113 (62.8%) White, 49 (27.2%) Asian, 12 (6.7%) Hispanic/Latinx, and 6 (3.3%) Black/African American. Among 31 craniofacial fellowships, 136 graduated fellows (45.0%) were identified, resulting in 38 female fellows (27.9%) and the following racial/ethnic distribution: 75 (55.1%) White, 45 (33.1%) Asian, 8 (5.9%) Hispanic/Latinx, and 8 (5.9%) Black/African American. The intersection between race/ethnicity and gender revealed the most disproportionately low representation among Black women. Relative to the US population, Hispanic/Latinx (0.31-fold) and Black/African American (0.48-fold) fellows were underrepresented, White (0.90-fold) fellows were nearly equally represented, and Asian (5.42-fold) fellows are overrepresented relative to the US population. Furthermore, despite pursuing fellowships at a greater rate, Asian and Black fellows are not reaching adequate representation among academic plastic surgeons. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that female racial/ethnic minorities are disproportionately underrepresented among microsurgery and craniofacial fellowships. Efforts should be made to improve the recruitment of fellows of underrepresented backgrounds and thus improve the pipeline into academic careers.

Preventing sexual violence in college men: a randomized-controlled trial of GlobalConsent.

BACKGROUND: Sexual violence-any sexual act committed against a person without freely given consent-disproportionately affects women. Women's first experiences of sexual violence often occur in adolescence. In Asia and the Pacific, 14% of sexually experienced adolescent girls report forced sexual debut. Early prevention with men that integrates a bystander framework is one way to address attitudes and behavior while reducing potential resistance to participation. METHODS: This paper describes a study protocol to adapt RealConsent for use in Vietnam and to test the impact of the adapted program-GlobalConsent-on cognitive/attitudinal/affective mediators, and in turn, on sexual violence perpetration and prosocial bystander behavior. RealConsent is a six-session, web-based educational entertainment program designed to prevent sexual violence perpetration and to enhance prosocial bystander behavior in young men. The program has reduced the incidence of sexual violence among men attending an urban, public university in the Southeastern United States. We used formative qualitative research and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Map of the Adaptation Process to adapt RealConsent. We conducted semi-structured interviews with college men (n = 12) and women (n = 9) to understand the social context of sexual violence. We conducted focus group discussions with university men and stakeholders (n = 14) to elicit feedback on the original program. From these data, we created scripts in storyboard format of the adapted program. We worked closely with a small group of university men to elicit feedback on the storyboards and to refine them for acceptability and production. We are testing the final program-GlobalConsent-in a randomized controlled trial in heterosexual or bisexual freshmen men 18-24 years attending two universities in Hanoi. We are testing the impact of GlobalConsent (n = 400 planned), relative to a health-education attention control condition we developed (n = 400 planned), on cognitive/attitudinal/affective mediators, prosocial bystander behavior, and sexual violence perpetration. DISCUSSION: This project is the first to test the impact of an adapted, theoretically grounded, web-based educational entertainment program to prevent sexual violence perpetration and to promote prosocial bystander behavior among young men in a middle-income country. If effective, GlobalConsent will have exceptional potential to prevent men's sexual violence against women globally. TRIAL REGISTRATION: U.S. National Library of Medicine Clinicaltrials.gov NCT04147455 on November 1, 2019 (Version 1). Retrospectively registered. Protocol amendments will be submitted to clinicaltrials.gov .

Social technology to prevent intimate partner violence: the VID@ Group in actions with men / Tecnología social de prevención de la violencia conyugal: el Grupo Vid@ en acciones con hombres / Tecnologia social de prevenção da violência conjugal: o Grupo Vid@ em ações com homens

Abstract Objective: To disseminate social technology for men aimed at preventing relationship violence developed by the Violence, Health and Quality of Life study group. Method: An experience report about action research aiming at the creation of social technology, based on Paulo Freire's critical-liberating perspective. The target audience consisted of men who had undergone legal proceeding in the Justice Department for Peace in the Home in Salvador (BA). Results: Forty-four (44) men participated in the study. The social technology was organized in eight meetings, the first for presenting the group's proposal and welcoming the participants, the last for evaluative purposes, and the other meetings were thematic with the purpose of encouraging reflection on daily life, aiming at creating and recreating male praxis from the experienced conflicts. Conclusion: Considering the possibility of replication in different scenarios, especially due to the low cost, the use of the technology will enable preventing marital violence resulting from resulting from changing male behavior domestic spaces.

Resumen Objetivo: Divulgar la tecnología social para hombres, desarrollada por el grupo de estudios Violencia, Salud y Calidad de Vida, con vistas a la prevención de la violencia conyugal. Método: Relato de experiencia acerca de una investigación-acción a fin de crear la tecnología social, fundada en la perspectiva crítica y libertadora de Paulo Freire. El público meta estuvo compuesto de hombres que respondían a demandas en los Juzgados por la Paz en el Hogar, en Salvador (BA). Resultados: Participaron 44 hombres. La tecnología social fue organizada en ocho encuentros, siendo el primero destinado a la presentación de la propuesta del grupo y a la acogida de los participantes, el último con fines de evaluación, y los demás, de carácter temático, con el fin de incitar la reflexión acerca del cotidiano, con vistas a la creación y recreación de praxis masculinas a partir de los conflictos vividos. Conclusión: Considerando la posibilidad de replicación en distintos escenarios, sobre todo como resultado del bajo costo, el empleo de la tecnología posibilitará la prevención de la violencia conyugal a partir de la transformación masculina.

Resumo Objetivo: Divulgar tecnologia social para homens, desenvolvida pelo grupo de estudos Violência, Saúde e Qualidade de Vida, visando à prevenção da violência conjugal. Método: Relato de experiência acerca de uma pesquisa-ação visando à criação de tecnologia social, fundamentada na perspectiva crítico-libertadora de Paulo Freire. O público-alvo foi composto por homens que respondiam a processos nas Varas de Justiça pela Paz em Casa, em Salvador (BA). Resultados: Participaram 44 homens. A tecnologia social foi organizada em oito encontros, sendo o primeiro destinado à apresentação da proposta do grupo e ao acolhimento dos participantes, o último com fins avaliativos, e os demais, de caráter temático, com o objetivo de incitar a reflexão sobre o cotidiano, visando à criação e recriação das práxis masculinas a partir dos conflitos vivenciados. Conclusão: Considerando a possibilidade de replicação em diferentes cenários, sobretudo em decorrência do baixo custo, o uso da tecnologia possibilitará a prevenção da violência conjugal a partir da transformação masculina.

Together to end violence against women in Tanzania: Results of a pilot cluster randomized controlled trial to evaluate preliminary effectiveness of interpersonal and community level interventions to address intimate partner violence.

In Tanzania, women suffer high rates of intimate partner violence (IPV). We conducted a pilot cluster randomised controlled trial to test the feasibility, acceptability and preliminary effectiveness of IPV prevention interventions targeting men and communities in nine villages randomly assigned to one of three study arms (n = 450 couples). In the Control Group, women participated in savings groups while male partners received no intervention. In Intervention Group 1, women participated in savings groups and men participated in peer-groups addressing gender relations and IPV prevention. In Intervention Group 2, women participated in savings groups, men participated in peer-groups, and community leaders facilitated dialogues on similar topics. Recruitment was completed within one month with 95% retained in the intervention and 81% retained in the endline survey. Acceptability was high, with men participating in 82% of peer-group session hours. More men in Interventions 1 (24%) and 2 (19%) disagreed with wife-beating compared to men in the Control (13%); and more men reported non-perpetration of IPV in Interventions 1 (16%) and 2 (14%) compared to the Control (-2%). Findings suggest a fully powered RCT may detect significant reductions in men's justification and use of IPV, paving the way for evidence-based violence prevention programming. Trial registration: This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov. Identifier: NCT02434796.

Participação do homem no planejamento reprodutivo: revisão integrativa / La participacion masculina en ma planificación reproductiva: una revision integrativa / Male participation in reproductive planning: an integrative review

Reproductive or family planning was a great achievement for the population. However, even though reproductive planning is a space for men and women, it is clear that the largest participating audience is composed by women. Objective: To describe the scientific knowledge of the participation of men in family planning. Method: This was an integrative review carried out in the LILACS, BDENF, and IBECS databases. Thirteen publications were found meeting the inclusion criteria. Results: The women’s control over their own fertility is considered one of the foundations of the women empowerment process with the consequent fall back of the derivations of a possible unwanted pregnancy on females. Conclusion: Based on the thought that conception is the result of natural and sexual performance between men and women, it is imperative that we continue to work on this in all areas of educational activities, especially in reproductive planning, so that we can build gender equality in the process of choosing a contraceptive method.

O planejamento reprodutivo ou familiar foi uma grande conquista para a população. Porém, ainda que o planejamento reprodutivo seja um espaço para homens e mulheres, é visível que o maior público de participação presente são as mulheres. Objetivo: Descrever o conhecimento científico sobre a participação do homem no planejamento familiar. Método: Revisão integrativa realizada na LILACS, BDENF e IBECS. Foram encontradas treze publicações que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. Resultados: O comando da mulher sobre a própria fecundidade é considerado um dos grandes alicerces do processo de empoderamento, recaindo, consequentemente, sobre o ser feminino as decorrências de uma possível gravidez indesejável. Conclusão: Partindo do pensamento que a concepção é resultado natural e sexual entre homem e mulher, é imprescindível que continuemos a trabalhar isso em todos os espaços de ações educativas, principalmente no planejamento reprodutivo, para que possamos construir a igualdade de gênero na escolha do método contraceptivo.

La planificación reproductiva o de la familia fue un gran logro para la población. Sin embargo, a pesar de que la planificación reproductiva ser un espacio para hombres y mujeres, parece que la mayor audiencia de esta participación es de mujeres. Objetivo: Describir el conocimiento científico de la participación de los hombres en la planificación familiar. Método: Revisión integrativa llevado a cabo en las bases de dados LILACS, BDENF y IBECS. Se encontraron trece publicaciones que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Resultados: El control de las mujeres sobre su propia fertilidad es considerada una de las bases del proceso de empoderamiento, por lo tanto las derivaciones de un posibleembarazo no deseadovolviendo a caer en la hembra. Conclusión: En base a la idea de que el diseño es el rendimiento natural y sexual de hombres y mujeres, es imprescindible que continuemos trabajando esto en todas las áreas de actividades educativas, especialmente en la planificación reproductiva, por lo que así podemos construir la igualdad de género en la elección del método anticonceptivo.

Transforming breast cancer control campaigns in low and middle-income settings: Tanzanian experience with 'Check It, Beat It'.

Breast cancer incidence and mortality rates are similar in low resource settings like Tanzania. Structural and sociocultural barriers make late presentation typical in such settings where treatment options for advanced stage disease are limited. In the absence of national programmes, stand-alone screening campaigns tend to employ clinical models of delivery focused on individual behaviour and through a disease specific lens. This paper describes a case study of a 2010 stand-alone campaign in Tanzania to argue that exclusively clinical approaches can undermine screening efforts by premising that women will act outside their social and cultural domain when responding to screening services. A focus on sociocultural barriers dictated the approach and execution of the intervention. Our experience concurs with that in similar settings elsewhere, underscoring the importance of barriers situated within the sociocultural milieu of societies when considering prevention interventions. Culturally competent delivery could contribute to long-term reductions in late stage presentation and increases in treatment acceptance. We propose a paradigm shift in the approach to stand-alone prevention programmes.

Promoting Success of Ethnic Minority and Male Students in an Accelerated, Entry-Level Master of Nursing Program: The SUSTAIN Program.

BACKGROUND: Diverse health care workers are essential to meet the needs of a diverse U.S. POPULATION: Ethnic minorities and men are frequently underrepresented in the nursing profession and within schools of nursing. Although many nursing schools have implemented programs to improve retention and academic success of these students, the lack of success is, in part, a reflection of program ineffectiveness. METHOD: A nursing college developed the multifaceted SUSTAIN (Scholarships for Underrepresented Students in an Accelerated Initial Nursing) program to promote ethnic minority and male students' success in an accelerated entry-level master of nursing program. Students engaged in mentoring, academic support, and service-learning activities. RESULTS: Participants (N = 51) achieved 100% retention and graduation rates and a 92% first-time NCLEX-RN(®) examination pass rate. Program students participated in professional organizations and held leadership roles within the college. CONCLUSION: Implementation of a program focused on student retention and success is recommended for diverse students enrolled in accelerated entry-level master of nursing programs.

Male involvement in family planning program in Northern Ethiopia: an application of the Transtheoretical model.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to use the Transtheoretical behavioral model to assess male involvement in family planning. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Angolela-Tera District of Amhara Region from February 15 to March 14, 2008 on married men. Multi-stage sampling technique was employed to select the 770 study participants. The relationship of stage of change and decisional balance, self-efficacy and processes of change was assessed by ANOVA tests. RESULTS: 225(30.5%) of the men were in the Precontemplation stage, 235(31.8%) were in the contemplation stage, 81(11.0%) were in preparation, 76(10.3%) were in action stage, and, 121(16.4%), were in the maintenance stage. Confidence increased across the stages while experiential and behavioral processes increased in the early stages and then decreased at a transition from action to maintenance stage. The pros were increased across the stages, the cons decreased and a crossover occurred prior to contemplation stage. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that counselors need to understand that behavior change is a process that occurs in a series of stages and therefore can facilitate behavioral changes with various strategies. Health educators need to develop educational components that match stages of change. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Based on our results, programs aimed at promoting contraceptive prevalence for contraception should seek ways and means for increasing the pros and for increasing self-efficacy.

Educational interventions to raise men's awareness of bladder and bowel health.

Urinary incontinence is a common health problem that carries with it a significant burden. Nearly twice as many men suffer from this problem than women, and studies have demonstrated that help-seeking behavior is more challenging for men. This information sheet is based on a systematic review and focuses on the best-available evidence regarding educational interventions to raise men's awareness of bladder and bowel health. It also provides recommendations for practice.

'My wife, you are supposed to have a rest now': an analysis of norms influencing men's role in prenatal care in south-eastern Tanzania.

Men as sexual partners, fathers and household heads have a direct bearing on women's reproductive health. However, little is known about the influence of changing norms and values on men's role in ensuring women's health during pregnancy and childbirth. This study from rural south-eastern Tanzania explores men's and women's discussions on men's roles and responsibilities in prenatal care and links them to an analysis of norms and values at the household level and beyond. Data from eight focus group discussions with men and women were consensually coded and analysed using a qualitative content analysis. Four dimensions of norms and values, which emerged from analysis, bear upon men's support towards pregnant women: changing gender identities; changing family and marriage structures; biomedical values disseminated in health education; and government regulations. The findings suggest that Tanzanian men are exposed to a contradictory and changing landscape of norms and values in relation to maternal health.

Necesidad del abordaje de los estudios de la salud sexual y reproductiva en el hombre / Need of approaching sexual and reproductive health in man

Debido a la diferencia que ha hecho la sociedad entre los hombres y las mujeres, los asuntos sobre salud sexual y reproductiva son fundamentalmente responsabilidad de la mujer. El propósito de este trabajo es indagar sobre qué piensan y cuáles son los conocimientos que tienen los hombres sobre su salud sexual reproductiva y la de su pareja. Se realizó una revisión documental de artículos, informes y documentos publicados sobre el tema. Investigaciones realizadas en Cuba y en América Latina en población masculina joven, demuestran que tienen conocimientos acerca de determinadas formas de protegerse en una relación sexual y desconocimiento de otras; están informados acerca del riesgo de contraer una infección de transmisión sexual o el VIH/sida, de la importancia del preservativo y de las relaciones estables para evitarlas, pero no es así respecto a al uso del condón u otros medios de protección en relación con el embarazo no deseado. Varones jóvenes cubanos valoraron por igual la necesidad sexual en ambos sexos pero el 29,1 por ciento estuvo de acuerdo o muy de acuerdo con que la negación femenina no debe aceptarse como tal. Los hombres participan como parejas sexuales, esposos y padres, y a partir de esas funciones y desde una perspectiva de igualdad de género deben ser involucrados en servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva que incluyan la orientación sobre la planificación familiar, la anticoncepción, la transmisión de infecciones de trasmisión sexual y la comunicación dentro de la pareja(AU)

As a result of the differences set by the society between men and women, those topics on sexual and reproductive health are mainly the sole responsibility of women. The objective of this paper was to ascertain how men think and the extent of their knowledge about their sexual and reproductive health and that of their couples. A documentary review of articles, reports and documents published about this topic was made. Some research works conducted in the young male population in Cuba and in Latin America proved that they know certain ways of protection in a sexual intercourse although they ignore others; they are informed of the risk of sexually transmitted infection or HIV/aids contagion, of the importance of condom use and of having stable sex partners to avoid them; however, it is not the same level of knowledge when talking about the use of condom or other contraceptive means regarding unwanted pregnancy. As to gender equity and sexual relations, Cuban young males assessed equality in sexual requirements for both sexes, but 29.1 percent agreed that denial of sexual intercourse by females should not be accepted as such. Men are involved as sex partners, husbands and fathers, and on the basis of these functions and from a gender equity viewpoint, they should be involved in sexual and reproductive health services including counseling about family planning, contraception, sexually transmitted diseases and communication between the members of a couple(AU)

Strategies to prevent gonorrhoea reinfection in men.

Gonorrhoea is a common sexually transmitted infection that is on the increase in the male population in the UK. Gonorrhoea is becoming increasingly resistant to antibiotics, making it harder to treat patients effectively. Sexual health nurses therefore have a vital role to play in preventing gonorrhoea reinfection. This article examines the ways in which sexual health nurses can work with male patients to prevent reinfection and effectively maintain their sexual health.

Aboriginal women and Asian men: a maritime history of color in white Australia.

In 1901, Broome­a port town on the northwest edge of the Australian continent­was one of the principal and most lucrative industrial pearling centers in the world and entirely dependent on Asian indentured labor. Relations between Asian crews and local Aboriginal people were strong, at a time when the project of White Australia was being pursued with vigorous, often fanatical dedication across the newly federated continent. It was the policing of Aboriginal women, specifically their relations with Asian men, that became the focus of efforts by authorities and missionaries to uphold and defend their commitment to the White Australia policy. This article examines the historical experience of Aboriginal women in the pearling industry of northwest Australia and the story of Asian-Aboriginal cohabitation in the face of oppressive laws and regulations. It then explores the meaning of "color" in contemporary Broome for the descendants of this mixed heritage today.

A special kind of married man: notions of marriage and married men in the Swedish gay press, 1954­1986.

There has long been ambivalence in the LGBT movement and related research as to the meaning of gay identity in relation to marriage. The article explores changing homonormative discourses of marriage and married men within the Swedish gay press from the mid 1950s to the mid 1980s. Expressions of the changes are a shift in language and in views of extramarital relationships, openness, and gay male identity. As a result of the shift, "married men," including both "married homosexuals" and "bisexuals," came to be distinguished from "gays."

The acceleration of the masculine in early-twentieth-century Berlin.

In early-twentieth-century Berlin, agents of speed and industrialisation, such as the railway, contributed to the seemingly unbridled velocity of urban life. Doctors and cultural critics took an ambivalent stance toward the impact of speed and technology on the human body. Critics argued that these factors, in conjunction with sexual excess and prostitution, accelerated the sexual maturation of young men, thereby endangering 'healthy' male sexuality. This comparison of Hans Ostwald's socio-literary study Dunkle Winkel in Berlin (1904) with Georg Buschan's sexual education primer Vom Jüngling zum Mann (1911) queries the extent to which speed shaped the understanding of 'the masculine' in pre-World-War-I Germany. The essay thus examines Ostwald's and Buschan's arguments and postulates that speed in the city (Berlin) can be seen as a feminised, sexualised force that determined sex in the city. According to this reading, the homosexual urban dandy resisted the accelerated modernist urban tempo, whereas the heterosexual man and hegemonic, heteronormative masculinity yielded to speed. '"Das Verhältnis"' became a fleeting, momentary alternative to stable marital relationships, which in turn contributed to the general 'crisis' of ­ and in­ masculinity in early-twentieth-century Berlin.

American cinema and the construction of masculinity in film in the Federal Republic after 1945.

Since 1945, film in the Federal Republic has maintained an ambivalent relationship to American cinema and its embedded ideologies and nowhere is this more evident than in (West) German film's representations of masculinity. This article focuses on three historical moments when political and social shifts resulted in a problematising of male identities in the Federal Republic: the mid-1950s, the early 1970s and the late 1990s. Cinema responded to a perceived destabilisation of gender norms by exploring constructions of German masculinity in relation to the ambivalently received models of male identity offered by American cinema. With a detailed analysis of three specific examples ­ Georg Tressler's Die Halbstarken (1956), Rainer Werner Fassbinder's Der amerikanische Soldat (1970) and Fatih Akin's Kurz und schmerzlos (1998) ­ this article investigates the manner in which German cinema engages with these competing conceptions of masculinity and demonstrates the ways in which divergent understandings of gender identity can impact on representations of national and ethnic identity.

Knowledge and beliefs about cervical cancer screening among men in Kumasi, Ghana.

INTRODUCTION: The age-standardized mortality rate for cervical cancer in Ghana, West Africa is more than three times the global cervical cancer mortality rate (27.6/100,000 vs. 7.8/100,000 respectively). The Pap test and visual inspection with acetic acid are available at public and private hospitals in Ghana. Approximately, 2.7% of Ghanaian women obtain cervical cancer screenings regularly. Men in middle-income countries play a key role in cervical cancer prevention. Increasing spousal support for cervical cancer screening may increase screening rates in Ghana. METHODS: Five focus groups were conducted with Ghanaian men (N = 29) to assess their cervical cancer and cervical cancer screening knowledge and beliefs. The qualitative data was analyzed via indexed coding. RESULTS: Targets for education interventions were identified including inaccurate knowledge about cervical cancer and stigmatizing beliefs about cervical cancer risk factors. Cultural taboos regarding women's health care behaviours were also identified. Several participants indicated that they would be willing to provide spousal support for cervical cancer screening if they knew more about the disease and the screening methods. CONCLUSIONS: Men play a significant role in the health behaviours of some Ghanaian women. Cervical cancer education interventions targeting Ghanaian men are needed to correct misconceptions and increase spousal support for cervical cancer screening.