Glyphosate disrupts redox status and up-regulates metallothionein I and II genes expression in the liver of adult rats. Alleviation by quercetin.

The present work evaluated the possible protective effects of quercetin against glyphosate-induced hepatotoxicity in adult rats. Rats were randomly divided into three groups: a control group (C), a glyphosate-treated group (Gly) and a group treated with both glyphosate and quercetin (Gly+QE). During the experimental period (15 days), glyphosate (50 mg/kg b.w.) was administered every two days by intraperitoneal way while quercetin (20 mg/kg b.w./day) was administered daily by gavage. Glyphosate-induced hepatic oxidative stress was evidenced by the increased levels of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, advanced oxidation protein products and protein carbonyls with a significant decrease in enzymatic (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase) and non-enzymatic (non-protein thiols, glutathione, vitamin C) antioxidants. Plasma biomarkers of hepatotoxicity (AST, ALT, ALP, γ-GT, albumin) were also altered. Moreover, glyphosate induced DNA damage, up-regulated metallothionein (MT I and MT II) genes expression and provoked histopathological changes in rats' liver. Quercetin supplementation to glyphosate-treated rats markedly ameliorated all the parameters indicated above as well as the liver histoarchitecture. Therefore, quercetin might have beneficial effects against glyphosate-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

Response of phase I and II detoxification enzymes, glutathione, metallothionein and acetylcholine esterase to mercury and dimethoate in signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus).

Metals and pesticides are common pollutants and the modulation of biomarkers can indicate sub-lethal influences on the physiology of organisms inhabiting impacted aquatic systems. We examined the effects of mercury and the organophosphate pesticide dimethoate on EROD, MROD, glutathione S-transferase (GST), acetylcholine esterase (AChE), metallothionein (MT) and glutathione (GSH) in the signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus). Crayfish were injected with mercury chloride or dimethoate (0.3, 0.6, 0.9 µg kg-1) and dissected after 72 h. EROD activity in the hepatopancreas did not change in response to mercury chloride treatment but exhibited a dose dependent decrease at all concentrations of dimethoate tested. MROD (hepatopancreas) exhibited a significant decrease at the 0.9 µg kg-1 treatment for both chemicals. GST (hepatopancreas) demonstrated a significant dose dependent decrease at all concentrations of both mercury chloride and dimethoate. AChE (tail muscle) decreased at the 0.6 and 0.9 µg kg-1 concentrations of dimethoate and 0.9 µg kg-1 mercury chloride. In gill tissue, MT increased in response to 0.3 and 0.6 µg kg-1 of mercury chloride but no effect was observed at the 0.9 µg kg-1 concentration of mercury chloride or any concentrations of dimethoate tested. MT did not change in response to mercury or dimethoate in tail tissue. Furthermore, neither chemical modulated GSH concentrations. Our results indicate that, apart from GSH, these markers are sensitive to the pollutants tested and that animals exposed in the wild are potentially compromised in their ability to detoxify environmental contaminants and carry out normal cellular processes.

Dexamethasone Inhibits Copper-Induced Alpha-Synuclein Aggregation by a Metallothionein-Dependent Mechanism.

Intracellular aggregates of α-synuclein are the pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), being linked to neurotoxicity. Multiple triggers of α-synuclein aggregation have been implicated, including raised copper. The potential protective role of the endogenous copper-/zinc-binding proteins, metallothioneins (MT), has been explored in relation to copper-induced α-synuclein aggregation. Up-regulated endogenous expression of MT was induced in SHSY-5Y cells by the synthetic glucocorticoid analogue, dexamethasone. After treatment to induce endogenous MT expression, immunofluorescence confocal microscopy was used to quantify protein aggregates in cells with/without copper treatment. MT induction resulted in significant (p < 0.01), dose-dependent up-regulation of MT expression and significant reduction in Cu-dependent α-synuclein intracellular aggregates (p < 0.01) that could be suppressed by MT-specific siRNA. Ubiquitous (MT-2) and brain-specific (MT-3) isoforms were investigated by transient transfection of the GFP-fusion proteins, observing equivalent α-synuclein aggregate suppression by each. These studies indicate MT induction could have potential in PD/DLB neuroprotective therapy by suppressing α-synuclein aggregation.

Autophagy of metallothioneins prevents TNF-induced oxidative stress and toxicity in hepatoma cells.

Lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) induced by oxidative stress has recently emerged as a prominent mechanism behind TNF cytotoxicity. This pathway relies on diffusion of hydrogen peroxide into lysosomes containing redox-active iron, accumulated by breakdown of iron-containing proteins and subcellular organelles. Upon oxidative lysosomal damage, LMP allows relocation to the cytoplasm of low mass iron and acidic hydrolases that contribute to DNA and mitochondrial damage, resulting in death by apoptosis or necrosis. Here we investigate the role of lysosomes and free iron in death of HTC cells, a rat hepatoma line, exposed to TNF following metallothionein (MT) upregulation. Iron-binding MT does not normally occur in HTC cells in significant amounts. Intracellular iron chelation attenuates TNF and cycloheximide (CHX)-induced LMP and cell death, demonstrating the critical role of this transition metal in mediating cytokine lethality. MT upregulation, combined with starvation-activated MT autophagy almost completely suppresses TNF and CHX toxicity, while impairment of both autophagy and MT upregulation by silencing of Atg7, and Mt1a and/or Mt2a, respectively, abrogates protection. Interestingly, MT upregulation by itself has little effect, while stimulated autophagy alone depresses cytokine toxicity to some degree. These results provide evidence that intralysosomal iron-catalyzed redox reactions play a key role in TNF and CHX-induced LMP and toxicity. The finding that chelation of intralysosomal iron achieved by autophagic delivery of MT, and to some degree probably of other iron-binding proteins as well, into the lysosomal compartment is highly protective provides a putative mechanism to explain autophagy-related suppression of death by TNF and CHX.

Biomarkers and bioaccumulation of clam Ruditapes philippinarum in response to combined cadmium and benzo[α]pyrene exposure.

Biochemical and molecular biomarkers (the contents of metallothionein (MT), glutathione (GSH), the activities of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the mRNA expressions of GST-pi and Cu, Zn-SOD) were evaluated in clams Ruditapes philippinarum exposed to cadmium (Cd, 15 µg/L) and benzo[α]pyrene (BaP, 0.01 µg/L) individually and in combination (15 µg/L Cd+0.01 µg/L BaP) for 21 days. The accumulation of Cd, BaP and the biomarkers measured in the gills and digestive glands of the clam showed significant increase in combination treatment and it was significantly higher than the Cd or BaP treatment (P>0.05). The contents of MT increased in Cd and Cd+BaP treatment, while AHH activities were increased in Bap and Cd+BaP treatment (P>0.05). GSH levels enhanced in Cd group and declined significantly in Cd+BaP treatment (P>0.05). The activities of GST, SOD, and mRNA expressions of GST-pi, Cu, Zn-SOD increased remarkably in the clams exposed to combined pollutants. In this study, a significant interaction was observed for Cd and BaP accumulation in the clam and the current findings demonstrate the differences in antioxidant response of the biomarkers in clam to single contaminant and the mixtures.

Metallic silver fragments cause massive tissue loss in the mouse brain.

Silver is a metal with well-known antibacterial effects. This makes silver an attractive coating material for medical devices for use inside the body, e.g. orthopaedic prostheses and catheters used in neurosurgery as it has been found to reduce the high risk of infections. Lately, the use of nano-silver particles in the industry, e.g. woven into fabrics and furniture has increased, and thus the exposure to silver particles in daily life increases. To study the effect of metallic silver particles on nervous tissue, we injected micron-sized silver particles into the mouse brain by stereotactic procedures. After 7, 14 days and 9 months, the silver-exposed animals had considerable brain damage seen as cavity formation and inflammation adjacent to the injected metallic silver particles. The tissue loss involved both cortical and hippocampal structures and resulted in enlargement of the lateral ventricles. Autometallographic silver enhancement showed silver uptake in lysosomes of glia cells and neurons in the ipsilateral cortex and hippocampus alongside a minor uptake on the contralateral side. Silver was also detected in ependymal cells and the choroid plexus. After 9 months, spreading of silver to the kidneys was seen. Cell counts of immunostained sections showed that metallic silver induced a statistically significant inflammatory response, i.e. increased microgliosis (7 days: p < 0.0001; 14 days: p < 0.01; 9 months: p < 0.0001) and TNF-α expression (7 and 14 days: p < 0.0001; 9 months: p = 0.91). Significant astrogliosis (7, 14 days and 9 months: p < 0.0001) and increased metallothionein (MT I + II) expression (7 and 14 days: p < 0.0001; 9 months: p < 0.001) were also seen in silver-exposed brain tissue. We conclude that metallic silver implants release silver ions causing neuroinflammation and a progressive tissue loss in the brain.

Zinc chloride for odontogenesis of dental pulp stem cells via metallothionein up-regulation.

INTRODUCTION: Previous studies have shown that zinc chloride (ZnCl(2)) can induce metallthionein (MT) in the liver and kidney to protect tissues against toxicants and shows a better corneal wound healing than conventional drugs do. We hypothesized that ZnCl(2) can promote odontogenesis of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) via MT. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of ZnCl(2) on human DPSCs and the expression of MT. METHODS: DPSCs were isolated by flow cytometry with selective surface marker CD146 and STRO-1. After they grew into confluence, DPSCs were induced into odontoblasts with or without ZnCl(2) supplemented in the culture medium for 21 days. The effect of ZnCl(2) on DPSCs differentiation was examined followed by alkaline phosphatase staining/activity and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. RESULTS: By treating DPSCs with ZnCl(2), the duration of mineralization was shortened and expressions of differentiation markers into odontoblasts were more significant than those without ZnCl(2) stimulation. Besides, the MT gene expression was increased with the increasing expressions of odontoblasts' markers after treated with ZnCl(2). CONCLUSION: This was the first report that ZnCl(2) could promote odontoblastic differentiation of DPSCs through the up-regulation of gene MT.

Genotypic, phenotypic, and proteomic characterization of Candida glabrata during sequential fluconazole exposure.

AIM: Candida glabrata is a major pathogen in humans known to be intrinsically resistant to fluconazole. However, genotypic, phenotypic, and proteomic changes associated with reduced susceptibility to fluconazole are not properly understood. The aim of this study was to observe specific phenotypic, chromosomal, and proteomic alterations in a Candida glabrata strain sequentially exposed to fluconazole. METHODS: Candida glabrata was exposed to increased concentrations of fluconazole in RPMI for 55 days. Phenotypic changes were evaluated using standard assays. Molecular/proteomic changes in C. glabrata were analyzed by contour-clamped homogeneous electric field electrophoresis, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Candida glabrata demonstrated increased fluconazole resistance (>256 µg/mL), with extensive cross-resistance to ketoconazole (0.38-3.0 µg), itraconazole (8 to >32 µg), and voriconazole (0.125-1.5 µg). Morphologically dissimilar colonies on RPMI/fluconazole agar demonstrated variable chromosomal profiles compared with the control isolate. Stable chromosomal changes were associated with a significantly higher (P<0.05) mRNA level of the hemolysin gene compared with the control. Phenotypic switching on CuSO4 agar was associated with variable metallothionein mRNA transcription levels. The proteome analysis of a fluconazole-resistant offshoot demonstrated a total of 98 protein spots, 25 showing a twofold upregulation. CONCLUSION: Fluconazole exposure initiates the chance evolution of a new colonizing population with specific virulence traits.

Zinc protects against indomethacin-induced damage in the rat small intestine.

The clinical utility of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is often limited by the adverse effects that they produce in the small intestine. Alterations in the composition and functions of the glycocalyx and brush border membranes of the rat small intestine have been shown to occur in response to indomethacin, an NSAID often used in the study of adverse effects of these drugs. The micronutrient, zinc, has been documented to have cytoprotective effects in the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of zinc to reduce indomethacin-induced small intestinal damage. We pre-treated rats with zinc sulphate (50 mg/kg body weight) 2h before administration of indomethacin (20 mg/kg body weight) and sacrificed the rats 1, 12 or 24h after indomethacin. The extent of small intestinal mucosal damage and the content of lipids and sugars in the mucosa were determined. Bacterial counts in the intestinal lumen and the mucosa were ascertained. Activities of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and levels of metallothionein in the mucosa were also measured. Pre-treatment with zinc sulphate was found to reduce the extent of indomethacin-induced mucosal damage. It also prevented drug-induced changes in the content of lipids and sugars in the mucosa. Drug-induced increases in activities of the MMPs and bacterial counts in the intestine were also attenuated by zinc. Metallothionein levels were significantly higher in animals pre-treated with zinc. We conclude that zinc was effective in protecting against indomethacin-induced small intestinal damage and suggest that it may do so by induction of metallothionein.

Evaluation of the potential of the common cockle (Cerastoderma edule L.) for the ecological risk assessment of estuarine sediments: bioaccumulation and biomarkers.

Common cockles (Cerastoderma edule, L. 1758, Bivalvia: Cardiidae) were subjected to a laboratory assay with sediments collected from distinct sites of the Sado Estuary (Portugal). Cockles were obtained from a mariculture site of the Sado Estuary and exposed through 28-day, semi-static, assays to sediments collected from three sites of the estuary. Sediments from these sites revealed different physico-chemical properties and levels of metals and organic contaminants, ranging from unimpacted (the reference site) to moderately impacted, when compared to available sediment quality guidelines. Cockles were surveyed for bioaccumulation of trace elements (Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb) and organic contaminants (PAHs, PCBs and DDTs). Two sets of potential biomarkers were employed to assess toxicity: whole-body metallothionein (MT) induction and digestive gland histopathology. The bioaccumulation factor and the biota-to-soil accumulation factor were estimated as ecological indices of exposure to metals and organic compounds. From the results it is inferred that C. edule responds to sediment-bound contamination and might, therefore, be suitable for biomonitoring. The species was found capable to regulate and eliminate both types of contaminants. Still, the sediment contamination levels do not account for all the variation in bioaccumulation and MT levels, which may result from the moderate metal concentrations found in sediments, the species' intrinsic resistance to pollution and from yet unexplained xenobiotic interaction effects.

Metal and metallothionein content in bullfrogs: study of a whole watershed impacted by agricultural activities.

Among the various anthropogenic activities potentially affecting amphibian populations, agriculture has often been evoked. Fertilizers used in agriculture are documented sources of metals that may contaminate nearby rivers. Bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) were collected within the Yamaska River basin (Quebec, Canada) along a gradient of agricultural land use intensity. Hepatic, renal and intestinal metal content, along with hepatic metallothionein content, were determined. In general, dissolved metal concentrations and accumulated metal concentrations in bullfrogs varied little among sites. Hepatic Cu and Zn concentrations were significantly different among subwatersheds and were in accordance with the gradient in agricultural activities in at least one of the three years studied. Liver metallothionein content did not vary significantly among the subwatersheds, but they were correlated with Cu content within two sites and Cd content at one site. We conclude that R. catesbeiana could be used as a biomonitor for Cu contamination and potentially for other metals.

Comparative toxicity of cadmium in the commercial fish species Sparus aurata and Solea senegalensis.

The induction of metallothionein-like proteins (MTLPs) as well as cadmium levels (Cd) was studied in tissues of gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata and flatfish Solea senegalensis after an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of cadmium (2.5 mg kg(-1) body weight). The liver, gills, intestine and blood of S. aurata as well as the liver and intestine of S. senegalensis were collected for analysis at 0, 3 and 6 days after the injection. Cd levels significantly increased in all tissues of the treated animals, and the highest accumulation was found in the liver in both species (p<0.05). Cadmium administration provoked significant inductions of MTLP synthesis in the liver and intestine of S. aurata (p<0.05), while no increase in these protein levels was recorded in tissues of S. senegalensis. Our findings imply that MTLP synthesis in S. aurata probably led to an enhanced ability to cope with the toxicant, whereas the MTLP induction in S. senegalensis was inhibited by the accumulated cadmium, as reflected by the mortality rate of this species. Under the experimental conditions, hepatic MTLPs appear to be a good indicator of the Cd level in S. aurata; however, no link was found between the cadmium concentration and MTLP induction in S. senegalensis, which suggests that MTLPs did not play a main role in detoxification by metal sequestration.

Effects of combined gamma-irradiation and metal (Al+Cd) exposures in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.).

These experiments were designed to investigate transcriptional effects in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) after exposure in vivo to ionizing gamma radiation combined with subtoxic levels of aluminum (Al) and cadmium (Cd). Juvenile fish (35 g) in freshwater with or without Al and Cd (255 microg Al/L + 6 microg Cd/L) were exposed to a 75 mGy dose of gamma-irradiation, and induced responses were compared to those of controls. The transcriptional levels of eight genes encoding proteins known to respond to stress in fish were quantified in liver of fish exposed for 5 h to gamma radiation, to Al and Cd or to the combination of Al, Cd and gamma radiation. The studied genes were caspase 3B, caspase 6A, caspase 7, p53 (apoptosis), glutathione reductase (GR), phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), (oxidative stress), metallothionein (MT-A) (metal stress) and ubiquitin (Ubi) (protein degradation). The results showed that gamma-irradiation alone induced significant upregulation of caspase 6A, GR, GSH-Px, MT-A and Ubi compared to the control group, while 5 h exposure to Al+Cd alone did not induce any of the studied genes compared to the control. No significant upregulation of the series of investigated genes could be observed in fish exposed to gamma-irradiation in combination with Al+Cl. In conclusion, the results suggest that the presence of Al+Cd in the water counteracted the gamma-irradiation effect by modifying the transcription of genes encoding proteins involved in the defense mechanisms against free radicals in the cells.

Biomarkers of exposure to metal contamination and lipid peroxidation in the benthic fish Cathorops spixii from two estuaries in South America, Brazil.

Biomarkers as lipid peroxidation, metallothionein and delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase were determined in Cathorops spixii to compare the biological responses of this fish from estuaries with distinct anthropogenic influence. Three areas were selected in two estuaries in accordance with the levels of contamination for the polluted (Santos/São Vicente) and with the hydrodynamic characteristics for the non-polluted (Cananéia) estuary. Water characteristics and mercury levels in C. spixii confirmed a high human influence in the polluted system. In general, the biomarkers showed differences between the estuaries, suggesting disturbances in the specific cell mechanisms due to the presence of multiple xenobiotics in the contaminated system. Therefore, these biomarkers are recommended to promote more accurate information about the exposure to pollutants. Additionally, the study of the effect of the multiple xenobiotics on resident species such as the benthic fish C. spixii can favor a better assessment of the environmental quality of these systems.

Biochemical endpoints on juvenile Solea senegalensis exposed to estuarine sediments: the effect of contaminant mixtures on metallothionein and CYP1A induction.

Juvenile Solea senegalensis were exposed to fresh sediments from three stations of the Sado estuary (Portugal) in 28-day laboratory assays. Sediments revealed distinct levels of total organic matter, fine fraction, redox potential, trace elements (arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc) and organic contaminants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls and a pesticide: dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane). Organisms were surveyed for contaminant bioaccumulation and induction of two hepatic biochemical biomarkers: metallothionein (MT) and cytochrome P450 (CYP1A), as potential indicators of exposure to metallic and organic contaminants, respectively. Using an integrative approach it was established that, although bioaccumulation is in general accordance with sediment contamination, lethality and biomarker responses are not linearly dependent of the cumulative concentrations of sediment contaminants but rather of their bioavailability and synergistic effects in organisms. It is concluded that metals and organic contaminants modulate both MT and CYP1A induction and it is suggested that reactive oxygen species may be the link between responses and effects of toxicity.

Oxidative stress-dependent toxicity of silver nanoparticles in human hepatoma cells.

Cytotoxicity induced by silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and the role that oxidative stress plays in this process were demonstrated in human hepatoma cells. Toxicity induced by silver (Ag(+)) ions was studied in parallel using AgNO(3) as the Ag(+) ion source. Using cation exchange treatment, we confirmed that the AgNP solution contained a negligible amount of free Ag(+) ions. Metal-responsive metallothionein 1b (MT1b) mRNA expression was not induced in AgNP-treated cells, while it was induced in AgNO(3)-treated cells. These results indicate that AgNP-treated cells have limited exposure to Ag(+) ions, despite the potential release of Ag(+) ions from AgNPs in cell culture. AgNPs agglomerated in the cytoplasm and nuclei of treated cells, and induced intracellular oxidative stress. AgNPs exhibited cytotoxicity with a potency comparable to that of Ag(+) ions in in vitro cytotoxicity assays. However, the toxicity of AgNPs was prevented by use of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine, and AgNP-induced DNA damage was also prevented by N-acetylcysteine. AgNO(3) treatment induced oxidative stress-related glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1) and catalase expression to a greater extent than AgNP exposure, but treatment with AgNO(3) and AgNPs induced comparable superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) expression levels. Our findings suggest that AgNP cytotoxicity is primarily the result of oxidative stress and is independent of the toxicity of Ag(+) ions.

Pyridine induction of cytochrome P450 1A1, iNOS and metallothionein in Syrian hamsters and protective effects of silymarin.

An in vivo assessment for the protective effects of silymarin for pyridine toxicity was investigated through cytochrome P450 isoform CYP1A1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity prevention. Moreover, the effect of pyridine-induced oxidative stress on metallothionein I-II (MT), a scavenger of oxygen-derived free radicals, was investigated. Forty Syrian hamsters were allocated into 4 groups. Syrian hamsters were dosed with pyridine (400mg/kg) intraperitoneally with and without silymarin (200mg/kg daily by gavage) for 4 days. Pyridine induced diffuse degeneration and necrosis of the proximal and distal renal tubular cells; cloudy swelling, necrosis and hepatocellular atypia of the liver; and degenerative changes in the myocardium. The degree of pathological alterations was less severe with simultaneous silymarin application. CYP1A1, iNOS and MT expression levels were elevated in liver, kidney and heart in response to acute pyridine toxicity. Silymarin application abolished or significantly suppressed the induction of CYP1A1, iNOS and MT expressions in liver, kidney and heart of the pyridine-treated Syrian hamsters. Enhanced synthesis of MT by pyridine possibly implies a purposive cellular response to prevent damage caused by oxygen radicals. However, silymarin significantly reduced the oxidative-stress-inducing effect of pyridine as reflected by decreased synthesis of MT. These results suggest that through oxidant generation, pyridine may cause alteration of the metabolic ways, including nitric oxide-mediated CYP1A1 activity.

Metallothionein abrogates GTP cyclohydrolase I inhibition-induced cardiac contractile and morphological defects: role of mitochondrial biogenesis.

One key mechanism for endothelial dysfunction is endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) uncoupling, whereby eNOS generates O(2)(*-) rather than NO because of deficient eNOS cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). This study was designed to examine the effect of BH4 deficiency on cardiac morphology and function, as well as the impact of metallothionein (MT) on BH4 deficiency-induced abnormalities, if any. Friend virus B (FVB) and cardiac-specific MT transgenic mice were exposed to 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxy-pyrimidine (DAHP; 10 mmol/L, 3 weeks), an inhibitor of the BH4 synthetic enzyme GTP cyclohydrolase I. DAHP reduced plasma BH4 levels by 85% and elevated blood pressure in both FVB and MT mice. Echocardiography found decreased fractional shortening and increased end-systolic diameter in DAHP-treated FVB mice. Cardiomyocytes from DAHP-treated FVB mice displayed enhanced O(2)(*-) production, contractile and intracellular Ca(2+) defects including depressed peak shortening and maximal velocity of shortening/relengthening, prolonged duration of relengthening, reduced intracellular Ca(2+) rise, and clearance. DAHP triggered mitochondrial swelling/myocardial filament aberrations and mitochondrial O(2)(*-) accumulation, assessed by transmission electron microscopy and MitoSOX Red fluorescence, respectively. DAHP also promoted the N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester-inhibitable O(2)(*-) production and eNOS phosphorylation at Thr497. Although MT had little effect on cardiac mechanics and ultrastructure, it attenuated DAHP-induced defects in cardiac function, morphology, O(2)(*-) production, and eNOS phosphorylation (Thr497). The DAHP-induced cardiomyocyte mechanical responses were alleviated by in vitro BH4 treatment. DAHP inhibited mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2, and chaperone heat shock protein 90, and all but uncoupling protein 2 were rescued by MT. Our data suggest a role for BH4 deficiency in cardiac dysfunction and the therapeutic potential of antioxidants against eNOS uncoupling in the heart.

Response of metallothionein gene-1 to laboratory exposure to heavy metals and thermal stress in the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii.

Metallothioneins, metal-inducible proteins, are being characterized from different organisms and shown as potential biomarkers of exposure to pollution by certain heavy metals. Here we report the identification of a new metallothionein cDNA (433bp) from the shrimp Macrobrachium rosenbergii, putatively encoding a 61 residue polypeptide. Tissue specific analysis indicated that Mar-MT-I (M. rosenbergii Metallothionein Gene-1) is expressed with the highest levels in the hepatopancreas and lowest in the thoracic ganglia, and none in the gills or muscles. In addition, our data showed that Mar-MT-I is differentially regulated in the hepatopancreas by certain heavy metals and thermal stress: Cd and Cu produce somewhat similar expression profile patterns, Zn has a reductional effect and thermal stress alone entirely stops its expression. These results show that Mar-MT-I mRNA levels can potentially be used as biomarkers for Cd, Cu or Zn pollution individually. However, in the case of combined metal treatment, different combinations of these metals have quite different effect on Mar-MT-I expression. Therefore, factors of such differential behaviors should be kept as a priority for further biomonitoring studies.

Cadmium accumulation and biochemical responses in Sparus aurata following sub-lethal Cd exposure.

Cadmium (Cd), a heavy metal with limited biological function, is widely distributed in the aquatic environment as a result of natural and anthropogenic activities. The effect of 4 and 11 days exposure of gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata to sub-lethal concentrations of Cd was evaluated as levels of Cd content and Cd-metallothionein (MT) presence in different organs. The possible genotoxic effect was also evaluated in erythrocytes by using the "comet assay", a promising tool for estimating DNA damage at the single-cell level. The results obtained show that in the controls, Cd content was significantly higher in gills compared to in liver, but the treatment of fish with 0.1mg/l Cd induced a stronger accumulation of metal in liver depending on the length of the exposure period. Cd traces were found in plasma, muscle and kidney. Cd forms complexes in the cytosol with MT only in the liver but Cd-MT content significantly increased after 11 days of exposure to the metal, while after 4 days of treatment the protein level was similar to the control. The "comet assay" performed on S. aurata eryhtrocytes isolated from fish treated for 4 and 11 days with 0.1mg/l Cd, showed that there was no DNA damage at both exposure periods.