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1.
Acta sci., Health sci ; 44: e54648, Jan. 14, 2022.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1363590

ABSTRACT

Healthcare services must be guided by biosafety practices and microbial control. This control is highly influenced by humidity, which directly impacts the maintenance of sterility of the materials used in the appointments. High concentration of moisture, in the form of aerosol, splashes and spills, is caused during dental care. During the COVID-19 times the contamination by aerosol and droplets worries greatly. Considering that it could cause harm to the sterility of an autoclaved material, especially in dental environments, the objective was to evaluate the behavior of SMS sterilization packages (Spunbonded / Meltblown / Spunbonded) against microbial penetration in an aqueous vehicle. SMS of three brands were challenged, equally divided into two groups: virgin and processed (subjected to a single autoclaving cycle). Each specimen was aseptically deposited on Macconkey agar. Subsequently, 5 µL of Escherichia coliATCC 25922 saline solution [108CFU mL-1] was deposited in center of the SMS specimen and the dish incubated at36°C/ 48h. Reading was performed by the presence or absence of bacterial growth typical of the species under the SMS, observed on the back of Petri dish. The lowest penetration rate observed was 60% for one of the brands in the virgin condition, and 75% for two brands in the processed condition. Statistical analysis showed an association between bacterial penetration and the evaluated group, this association being valid only in the virgin condition. The different SMS behave similarly in terms of resistance to bacterial penetration after being processed. The data show that moisture can assist in bacterial transport through sterilized SMS. Therefore, SMS packages are not able to prevent bacterial penetration, and possibly other microorganisms, when in aqueous vehicles, offering a potential risk of breaking the aseptic chain. Thus, care must be taken in routines for handling and storage sterile packaging.


Subject(s)
Product Packaging/instrumentation , Containment of Biohazards/instrumentation , Dental Offices/organization & administration , Humidity/prevention & control , Sterilization/instrumentation , Infection Control/instrumentation , Evaluation Study , Drug Packaging/instrumentation , Saline Solution/analysis , COVID-19/prevention & control , Microbiological Phenomena/immunology
4.
Microbes Infect ; 17(7): 473-83, 2015 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25813714

ABSTRACT

Associations between oral and systemic health are ancient. Oral opportunistic bacteria, particularly, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum, have recently been deviated from their traditional roles as periodontal pathogens and arguably ascended to central players based on their participations in complex co-dependent mechanisms of diverse systemic chronic diseases risk and pathogenesis, including cancers, rheumatoid-arthritis, and diabetes.


Subject(s)
Absorption, Physiological/immunology , Gastrointestinal Microbiome/immunology , Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology , Microbiological Phenomena/immunology , Oral Medicine , Chronic Disease , Humans
6.
Rev. cuba. pediatr ; 86(4): 502-513, oct.-dic. 2014.
Article in Spanish | CUMED | ID: cum-58729

ABSTRACT

La microbiota intestinal comprende al conjunto de microorganismos comensales que cohabitan en simbiosis con el individuo. Su programación intraútero y colonización ulterior son factores determinantes en la maduración del sistema inmune. Para enriquecer nuestros conocimientos sobre el efecto de la microbiota intestinal en la maduración del sistema inmune en el niño, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica tras consultar las bases de datos Google, Medline y el Localizador de Información de Salud de Infomed, con la utilización de descriptores como microbiota intestinal, sistema inmune, gut microbiota(AU)


Intestinal microbiota covers the set of commensal microorganisms that live together with the individual. The intrauterine programming and further colonization are determining factors in maturation of the immune system. With the purpose of expanding our knowledge on the effect of the intestinal microbiota in the child´s immune system maturation, a literature review was made supported on Google, Medline databases and the Infomed health information searcher and using intestinal microbiota, immune system, gut microbiota as subject headings(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Microbiological Phenomena/immunology , Bacteria/immunology , Intestines/microbiology
7.
Femina ; 42(4): 185-192, jul-ago. 2014.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-737135

ABSTRACT

Se ha considerado que el útero gestante es un lugar inmunológicamente privilegiado, donde el feto es protegido del rechazo por el sistema inmune materno, mediante un amplio repertorio de estrategias de evasión que contribuye a la sobrevivencia del feto. La gestación en sí misma constituye un acontecimiento de equilibrio inmunológico y la tolerancia inmunológica permite la progresión del embarazo, donde participan una secuencia sincronizada de eventos que se inicia desde la concepción y fertilización para dar lugar a la implantación y progresa hasta alcanzar un embarazo a término. El sistema inmune es la principal barrera que poseemos para protegernos de las infecciones. Durante la vida intrauterina, el feto está protegido por la madre de las agresiones externas, por lo que no necesita que su sistema inmunológico sea operativo, sin embargo, al nacer, recibe una avalancha de elementos extraños, por lo que necesitará disponer de cierta protección, así como una preparación para ejecutar las defensas necesarias para su protección inmunológica. La inmunidad sérica durante la vida fetal queda limitada a la transferencia a través de la placenta de IgG materna, a pesar de que el feto tiene la facultad de sintetizar inmunoglobulinas desde las primeras etapas de la gestación. Al nacimiento, el niño tiene su sistema inmunológico completo, aunque inmaduro, pero es capaz de responder a los estímulos antigénicos. Tiene múltiples anormalidades en el desarrollo de su sistema inmune, que involucran a los anticuerpos/inmunoglobulinas, complemento y granulocitos pudiendo contribuir a la alta incidencia de sus infecciones. El recién nacido carece de memoria inmunológica debido a que, en condiciones normales, el feto está exento de estímulos producidos por antígenos extraños. Dicha memoria se va adquiriendo a medida que entra en contacto con los diferentes antígenos. Se obtendrá cierta protección a las infecciones entéricas gracias a las IgA que aporta la lactancia materna. La exposición prenatal y postnatal a productos microbianos ambientales que pueden activar la inmunidad innata, puede acelerar el proceso de maduración del sistema inmune.(AU)


It has been considered the pregnant women`s womb as an immunological exceptional place, where fetus is protected against been rejected because of maternal immune system by means of a wide groups of evasive strategies that help in its survival. Pregnancy itself is an immunological equilibrium state and the immunological tolerance allow the progression of this event, where participate a synchronized sequence of biological events started from conception and fertilization to allow the implantation, and progress until to reach the pregnancy end. The immune system is our main barrier against infections. During intrauterine life fetus is protected by the mother against external aggressions, therefore he don`t need an operative immune system, nevertheless, at birth the new organisms receive an avalanche of strange elements needing some kind of protection as well as a preparation to carry out the necessary defense for his immunological protection. Serum immunity during fetal life is limited to the transference of maternal IgG through placenta, despite fetus capability to synthesize immunoglobulins from first stages of gestation. At birth the babe has a complete immunological system although immature but capable to respond to antigenic stimulus. He has multiples abnormalities in the immune system development that take account antibodies/immunoglobulin, complement and granulocytes contributing to his high incidence of infections. Newborn lack immunological memory because in normal conditions fetus is not stimulated by odd antigens. This memory is acquired through the contact with different antigens. It will be obtained some protection against enteric infections because IgA from maternal lactation. The prenatal and postnatal exposition to environmental microbial products that activate the innate immunity can accelerate the immune system maturing process.(AU)


Subject(s)
Female , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Immunoglobulins/immunology , Infant, Newborn/immunology , Infant, Premature/immunology , Fetus/immunology , Immunity, Maternally-Acquired/immunology , Antibodies/immunology , Pregnancy/immunology , B-Lymphocytes/immunology , Adaptive Immunity/immunology , Microbiological Phenomena/immunology , Milk, Human/immunology
9.
Med. interna (Caracas) ; 29(2): 119-126, 2013. ilus, tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-753314

ABSTRACT

La infección por el Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana es un importante problema de salud pública a pesar del advenimiento de la terapia antiretroviral. Describir los patógenos pulmonares más frecuentes en pacientes VIH+ en la era del uso de terapia antirretroviral de gran actividad (TARGA). Se evaluaron 35 pacientes VIH+ que acudieron al Servicio de Neumonología y Cirugía de Tórax del Instituto Autónomo Hospital Universitario de Los Andes (Mérida, Venezuela). Se realizó evaluación clínica y fibrobroncoscopia con la finalidad de obtener muestras para cultivos cuantitativos bacteriológicos, micológicos y estudio anatomopatológico. Todos los pacientes mostraron síntomas respiratorios; sólo la disnea fue más frecuente en pacientes sin TARGA. Las alteraciones radiológicas no fueron significativamente diferentes entre ambos grupos de pacientes; sin embargo, el engrosamiento septal evidenciado en la TCAR (tomografía de alta resolución) de Tórax y la neumonía intersticial en las muestras histopatológicas fueron más frecuentes en pacientes que no recibían TARGA. El 72% de los pacientes tuvo cultivos bacteriológicos positivos, asociados con niveles bajos de CD4+ (p=0.02). El 37% mostró cultivos micológicos positivos, pero ningún paciente presentó serología positiva para los hongos cultivados del LBA. El 57% presentó evidencias histopatológicas de infección por P. jirovecci, generalmente asociada a coinfección con C. albicans y/o H. capsulatum. A pesar del uso de terapia antiretroviral, las patologías pulmonares infecciosas siguen siendo causa frecuente de morbilidad en pacientes infectados con el VIH en Venezuela.


HIV infection is an important public health problem despite the use of antiretroviral therapy. To determine the pathogens in a group of HIV+ patients with lung infections in the era of current high activity anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). Thirty five patients who consulted to the Pulmonary and Thoracic Surgery Department of the University Hospital of Los Andes (Mérida, Mérida state, Venezuela) were evaluated. Clinical evaluation and flexible bronchoscopy were done to obtain samples for quantitative bacterial culture, mycological culture and anatomopathologic evaluation. All patients showed respiratory symptoms, but dyspnea was more frequent in patients not receiving HAART. Radiologic findings were not different between the two groups of patients although septal thickening in High Resolution Computed Thoracic Tomography (HRCT) and interstitial pneumonia in histopathologic samples were more often found in patients not receiving HAART. 72% of had positive bacterial cultures and these were associated with low CD4+ count (p = 0.02). 37% of patients showed positive my cological culture, although none of them showed positive serology for any of the fungi cultured from bronchoalveolar lavage. 57% of patients showed histopathologic evidence of P. jirovecci infection, generally associated with confection by C. albicans and/or H. capsulatum. Despite the use of antiretroviral therapy, pulmonary infectious diseases continue to be a major cause of morbidity among HIV infected patients in Venezuela.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Anti-Retroviral Agents/therapeutic use , Lung Diseases/complications , Lung Diseases/pathology , Communicable Diseases/mortality , Communicable Diseases/pathology , HIV , Microbiological Phenomena/immunology , Allergy and Immunology , Internal Medicine , Pulmonary Medicine
10.
Rev. iberoam. micol ; 29(4): 245-248, oct.-dic. 2012.
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-105670

ABSTRACT

Antecedentes. La coccidioidomicosis es una infección micótica endémica debida a Coccidioides immitis y Coccidioides posadasii. Su presencia en receptores de un trasplante puede revestir especial gravedad, en particular en pacientes con una infección activa o previa por Coccidioides. En este grupo de pacientes se han descrito casos letales de la infección. Objetivos. Describimos un caso grave de neumonía debida a C. posadassi en una mujer blanca de 29 años de edad, que fue ingresada en el hospital como parte de la valoración de un trasplante bipulmonar. La paciente había nacido y residía en Catamarca, Argentina. La metodología molecular contribuyó a la identificación de la especie. Métodos. Para establecer el diagnóstico de la infección e identificar C. posadasii, se efectuaron una exploración clínica, pruebas de laboratorio y exámenes microbiológicos. Resultados. A partir del cultivo del líquido de lavado broncoalveolar se aisló el hongo. La caracterización fenotípica, la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa específica y la inoculación experimental a un animal demostraron la presencia de C. posadasii. La paciente respondió al tratamiento con anfotericina B desoxicolato. El trasplante de pulmón se difirió. Conclusiones. La RCP específica puede ser una importante alternativa para la correcta identificación de C. immitis o C. posadasii en los laboratorios con medios implementados de biología molecular. El caso descrito destaca la necesidad de que, en las unidades de trasplante de órganos, se efectúe una valoración sistemática de los pacientes que viven en áreas endémicas de coccidioidomicosis(AU)


Background. Coccidioidomycosis is an endemic fungal infection caused by Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii. It can be particularly severe in transplant recipients that have a current or a previous coccidioidal infection. Fatal case of coccidioidomycosis has been described in this group of patients. Aims. We report a severe case of pneumonia caused by C. posadassi in a 29 year-old white woman that had been admitted to hospital as part of the evaluation for bilateral lung transplantation. The patient was a native and resident of Catamarca, Argentina. Molecular methodologies contributed to the species identification. Methods. Clinical, laboratory records and microbiological tests were carried out to diagnose the infection and to identify C. posadasii. Results. A fungus was isolated from BAL culture. Phenotypic characterization, specific PCR and experimental animal inoculation demonstrated the presence of C. posadasii. The patient responded well to amphotericin B deoxycholate. Lung transplantation was postponed. Conclusions. Specific PCR can be an important alternative for the correct identification of C. immitis or C. posadasii in laboratories with implemented molecular biology tools. This case emphasizes the need for a systematic assessment in organ transplant units of patients inhabiting endemic areas of coccidioidomycosis(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Coccidioides/isolation & purification , Coccidioides/pathogenicity , Lung Transplantation/immunology , Lung Transplantation/methods , Bronchoalveolar Lavage/methods , Bronchoalveolar Lavage/trends , Coccidioides , Nuclear Medicine/methods , Nuclear Medicine/trends , Microbiological Phenomena , Microbiological Phenomena/immunology , Deoxycholic Acid/therapeutic use , Polymerase Chain Reaction
11.
Rev. iberoam. micol ; 28(4): 159-165, oct.-dic. 2011.
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-91057

ABSTRACT

Antecedentes. Hay un creciente interés por el estudio de los microorganismos que habitan ambientes extremos por razones que van desde incrementar el conocimiento sobre el origen de la vida hasta la búsqueda de nuevas aplicaciones biotecnológicas. Objetivos. En el presente trabajo se aborda el estudio de la tolerancia de hongos aislados del Arroyo de Aguas Agrias (AAS; Tharsis, Huelva, España), un ambiente ácido y rico en metales, frente a medios de cultivo preparados con agua procedente de este ecosistema extremo (medio AASW). También se investigó la posibilidad de crecimiento en estas condiciones de cepas de colección de hongos y levaduras. Métodos. Para los hongos miceliares se calculó un índice de tolerancia, definido como el cociente entre el diámetro de crecimiento de las colonias sobre AASW y el que se produce en un medio control. Para las levaduras se determinó la concentración mínima inhibitoria de AASW. Resultados. En general, los hongos aislados del AAS manifestaron diferencias en su capacidad para germinar y crecer sobre el medio AASW. Las cepas de colección del género Aspergillus fueron capaces de crecer sobre el medio AASW, pero mostraron diferencias en su tolerancia al mismo en comparación con los aislamientos ambientales. Conclusiones. Los hongos extremotolerantes pueden manifestar diferencias en su tolerancia a medios de cultivo que simulan las condiciones de su hábitat natural. Los resultados de nuestro trabajo sugieren que la capacidad de los hongos para crecer en ambientes ácidos, ricos en metales, puede ser más común de lo que pudiera pensarse, y pone de manifiesto la importancia de determinar los factores específicos que son responsables de la tolerancia a esos ambientes extremos(AU)


Background. There is an increasing interest in the study of microorganisms that inhabit extreme environments for reasons that vary from gaining insight into the origin of life to the searching of new biotechnological applications. Aims. In this work, we studied the tolerance of fungi isolated from the Aguas Agrias Stream (AAS; Tharsis, Huelva, Spain), an acidic metal-rich environment, to a culture medium prepared with water from this extreme ecosystem (AASW medium). The ability of some culture collection strains of moulds and yeasts to grow on AASW medium was also assessed. Methods. For moulds, a tolerance index was calculated by dividing the growth diameter of colonies on AASW medium by the diameter in the control medium, and their germinative potential was recorded. For yeasts and yeast-like fungi, the minimum inhibitory concentration of AASW was determined. Results. In general, the fungi isolated from the AAS showed differences in their ability to germinate and grow on AASW medium. Collection strains of the genus Aspergillus could grow on AASW medium, but showed some differences in tolerance when compared to environmental isolates. Conclusions. Extremotolerant fungi can manifest differences in their tolerance to culture media that simulate the conditions of their natural habitat. The results of this work suggest that the ability of fungi to grow in acidic, metal-rich environments might be more widespread than previously thought, and highlight the importance of determining the factors that are responsible for tolerance to these extreme environments(AU)


Subject(s)
Culture Media/analysis , Culture Media/isolation & purification , 24929/analysis , Aspergillus/isolation & purification , Metals, Heavy/analysis , Mycology/methods , Biotechnology/methods , Biotechnology/trends , Microbiological Phenomena/immunology
12.
Article in Russian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21604391

ABSTRACT

The molecular and cell-mediated mechanisms that are developed by certain opportunistic and pathogenic bacteria and were obtained over the course of evolution to preserve resistance against principal components of human body innate immunity are summarized.


Subject(s)
Bacteria/pathogenicity , Bacterial Proteins/immunology , Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology , Immune Evasion , Peptide Hydrolases/immunology , Bacteria/immunology , Bacterial Infections/immunology , Bacterial Infections/microbiology , Bacterial Proteins/metabolism , Humans , Immunity, Innate , Microbiological Phenomena/immunology , Peptide Hydrolases/metabolism
13.
Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am ; 37(4): 857-71, 2008 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19026936

ABSTRACT

This article summarizes advances in the field of host-microbe interactions in the gut. The human gut is home to a complex community of microbes (the microbiota) that plays a critical role in host nutrient acquisition and metabolism, development of intestinal epithelial cells, and host immune system. Genetic background, nutritional status, and environmental factors influence the structure and function of the gut microbiota. Networks for cell-cell communication include microbes actively communicating with microbes of the same and other species; host cells recognizing and interacting with commensal versus pathogenic organisms; and microbes releasing peptides that resemble peptide hormones of vertebrates, possibly influencing host cell function.


Subject(s)
Intestines/microbiology , Metabolism/physiology , Metagenome/physiology , Signal Transduction/physiology , Animals , Humans , Immunity, Innate/physiology , Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism , Microbiological Phenomena/immunology , Models, Biological , Quorum Sensing/physiology , Symbiosis/immunology
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