Subject(s)
International Cooperation/legislation & jurisprudence , Research/legislation & jurisprudence , Research/organization & administration , Security Measures/legislation & jurisprudence , Theft/legislation & jurisprudence , Uncertainty , Australia , China , Military Science/economics , Military Science/legislation & jurisprudence , Research/economics , Universities/economics , Universities/legislation & jurisprudenceSubject(s)
Budgets/legislation & jurisprudence , Federal Government , Global Warming/legislation & jurisprudence , Global Warming/prevention & control , Military Science/economics , Military Science/legislation & jurisprudence , Pandemics/legislation & jurisprudence , Armed Conflicts/economics , Armed Conflicts/prevention & control , Armed Conflicts/statistics & numerical data , Artificial Intelligence , COVID-19 , Coronavirus Infections/economics , Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control , Extreme Weather , Global Warming/economics , Goals , Humans , International Cooperation/legislation & jurisprudence , Pandemics/economics , Pandemics/prevention & control , Pneumonia, Viral/economics , Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology , Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control , Security Measures/economics , Security Measures/legislation & jurisprudence , Violence/prevention & control , Violence/statistics & numerical dataSubject(s)
Conflict of Interest , Industry/ethics , Industry/history , Science/ethics , Science/history , Trust , Conflict of Interest/legislation & jurisprudence , Consultants/history , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Industry/economics , Industry/organization & administration , Military Science/economics , Military Science/history , Nobel Prize , Outsourced Services/economics , Outsourced Services/history , Outsourced Services/organization & administration , Science/economics , Science/organization & administration , Universities/economics , Universities/historySubject(s)
Military Science/methods , Research Personnel , Science/organization & administration , Security Measures/organization & administration , Universities/organization & administration , Weapons , Artificial Intelligence , Military Science/economics , Military Science/ethics , Research Personnel/economics , Research Personnel/ethics , Research Personnel/psychology , Science/economics , Science/ethics , Universities/economics , Universities/ethics , Weapons/economics , Weapons/ethics , Weapons/legislation & jurisprudence , WorkforceSubject(s)
Federal Government , Politics , Research Personnel/psychology , Science/legislation & jurisprudence , Social Stigma , Confidentiality , Global Warming , Military Science/economics , Military Science/legislation & jurisprudence , National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/economics , Prejudice , Science/economics , United States , United States Environmental Protection Agency/economics , United States Environmental Protection Agency/organization & administration , Universities , WorkforceABSTRACT
Este artículo presenta una caracterización de las instancias comunitarias de resolución deconflictos que desde hace más de una década son las encargadas de tramitar conflictos en la región de la Sierra de La Macarena, Colombia. El texto propone que la Justicia Local de esta región integra una serie de condiciones sociales que no solo podrán apoyar la transición sociopolítica de la región, en caso de llegarse a un acuerdo entre el estado colombiano y la insurgencia, sino que además vale la pena su sostenimiento en el tiempo por la apuesta de paz que representan. Para tal efecto, el artículo presenta un balance analítico del trabajoadelantado por Comités de Conciliación a partir de su caracterización y ofrece elementos claves para comprender la lógica y naturaleza de la justicia comunitaria de La Macarena.
This article presents a characterization of the community agencies in the resolution of conflicts, which over one decade are in charge of dealing with conflicts in the region of theSierra de La Macarena, Colombia. The text proposes that the local Justice in this region integrates a series of social conditions that not only be able to support the socio-political transition of the region, in case of reaching an agreement between the Colombian State and the insurgency, but it is also worth supporting it in time for the bet of peace that they represent. For this purpose, the article introduces an analytical balance of the work carriedout by the Conciliation Committees from its characterization and it provides key elements to understand the logic and nature of the community justice in La Macarena.
Subject(s)
Military Science/adverse effects , Military Science/analysis , Military Science/classification , Military Science/economics , Military Science/history , Military Science/methods , Military Science/policies , Military Science/ethicsSubject(s)
Military Science/economics , Research Personnel/psychology , Research/economics , Research/trends , Fear , Japan , WorkforceABSTRACT
This paper analyzes the distribution of the Subsidiary Fund for Scientific Research, a predecessor to the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI), which operated in Japan from the 1930s to 1950s. It reveals that the Japanese government maintained this wide-ranging promotion system since its establishment during the war until well into the postwar period. Previous studies insist that, at the end of the war, the Japanese government generally only funded the research that it considered immediately and practically useful. In contrast to this general perception, my analysis illustrates that both before and after the war, funding was allotted to four research areas: natural science, engineering, agriculture, and medicine. In order to illuminate this continuity, I compare the Subsidiary Fund with another research fund existing from 1933 to 1947: the Grant of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS). The comparison demonstrates that the JSPS received externally raised capital from the military and munitions companies. However, while this group focused upon engineering and military-related research as the war dragged on, the Subsidiary Fund has consistently entrusted scientists with the authority to decide the allocation of financial support.
Subject(s)
Financing, Government/history , Agriculture/economics , Engineering/economics , History, 20th Century , Japan , Military Science/economics , Natural Science Disciplines/economics , Societies, Scientific/history , World War IISubject(s)
Bioengineering/methods , Explosive Agents , Green Chemistry Technology/methods , Military Science/economics , Military Science/methods , Synthetic Biology/methods , United States Department of Defense/economics , Bioengineering/economics , Bioengineering/ethics , Biological Warfare Agents/ethics , Explosive Agents/chemical synthesis , Explosive Agents/economics , Green Chemistry Technology/economics , Green Chemistry Technology/ethics , Military Science/ethics , Robotics/economics , Synthetic Biology/economics , Synthetic Biology/ethics , United StatesABSTRACT
Although amphetamine was thoroughly tested by leading scientists for its effects in boosting or maintaining physical and mental performance in fatigued subjects, the results never provided solid grounds for approving the drug's use, and, in any case, came too late to be decisive. The grounds on which amphetamine was actually adopted by both British and American militaries had less to do with the science of fatigue than with the drug's mood-altering effects, as judged by military men. It increased confidence and aggression, and elevated "morale."
Subject(s)
Amphetamine , Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions , Military Medicine , Military Personnel , Military Science , World War II , Amphetamine/history , Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/economics , Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/ethnology , Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/history , History, 20th Century , Military Medicine/economics , Military Medicine/education , Military Medicine/history , Military Medicine/legislation & jurisprudence , Military Personnel/education , Military Personnel/history , Military Personnel/legislation & jurisprudence , Military Personnel/psychology , Military Science/economics , Military Science/history , Military Science/legislation & jurisprudence , Social Behavior/historySubject(s)
Advisory Committees/history , Advisory Committees/organization & administration , Biomedical Research/organization & administration , Bombs , Brain Injuries , Computer Simulation , Cooperative Behavior , Environmental Monitoring/statistics & numerical data , Explosive Agents/adverse effects , Federal Government , Global Health , Information Dissemination , Military Medicine/organization & administration , Military Medicine/trends , Military Personnel/education , Military Science/economics , Military Science/ethics , Military Science/history , Military Science/instrumentation , Military Science/methods , Research Personnel/organization & administration , Robotics/ethics , Robotics/statistics & numerical data , United States Department of Defense/economics , User-Computer Interface , Weapons/ethics , Animals , Humans , Male , WorkforceSubject(s)
Bioterrorism/prevention & control , United States Department of Defense/organization & administration , Biomedical Research/economics , Biomedical Research/organization & administration , Bioterrorism/economics , Clinical Trials as Topic , Humans , Military Science/economics , United States , United States Department of Defense/economicsSubject(s)
Military Science/economics , United States Department of Defense/economics , Budgets , Explosive Agents , Humans , Military Science/statistics & numerical data , Social Sciences/economics , Social Sciences/trends , Terrorism/economics , Terrorism/prevention & control , United States , United States Department of Defense/organization & administration , WarfareSubject(s)
Advisory Committees/history , Advisory Committees/organization & administration , Federal Government , Military Science/history , Advisory Committees/economics , Advisory Committees/trends , Biological Warfare/prevention & control , Consultants , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Military Science/economics , Security Measures , United States , United States Department of Defense/economics , United States Department of Defense/organization & administration , WorkforceSubject(s)
Conservation of Natural Resources/methods , Ecology/methods , Ecology/trends , Warfare , Chemical Warfare Agents/adverse effects , Chemical Warfare Agents/analysis , Chemical Warfare Agents/poisoning , Conservation of Natural Resources/economics , Conservation of Natural Resources/statistics & numerical data , Ecology/economics , El Nino-Southern Oscillation , Forestry/economics , Humans , Military Science/economics , Military Science/methods , Violence/statistics & numerical data , Violence/trendsSubject(s)
Federal Government , Science/economics , Science/organization & administration , Technology/economics , Technology/organization & administration , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Military Science/economics , Military Science/history , Policy Making , Public-Private Sector Partnerships/economics , United States , United States Department of Defense/economics , United States Department of Defense/history , United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration/economicsSubject(s)
Federal Government , Research Support as Topic/legislation & jurisprudence , Research Support as Topic/trends , Science/legislation & jurisprudence , Science/trends , Age Factors , Budgets/trends , Conflict of Interest/legislation & jurisprudence , Humans , Military Science/economics , Military Science/legislation & jurisprudence , National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/economics , Policy Making , Science/economics , United StatesSubject(s)
Homosexuality , Military Personnel , Prejudice , Social Behavior , Social Conditions , History, 20th Century , Homosexuality/ethnology , Homosexuality/history , Homosexuality/physiology , Homosexuality/psychology , Military Personnel/education , Military Personnel/history , Military Personnel/legislation & jurisprudence , Military Personnel/psychology , Military Science/economics , Military Science/history , Military Science/legislation & jurisprudence , Publications/economics , Publications/history , Publications/legislation & jurisprudence , Sexual Behavior/ethnology , Sexual Behavior/history , Sexual Behavior/physiology , Sexual Behavior/psychology , Social Conditions/economics , Social Conditions/history , Social Conditions/legislation & jurisprudence , WarfareABSTRACT
Few scientists realize that the enormous budget of the US Department of Defense includes sizeable funds for basic research. Eric Hand provides a guide for the uninitiated.