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1.
J Hist Ideas ; 84(3): 487-510, 2023.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38588290

ABSTRACT

This article examines the use of astronomical chronology in Jesuit and secular works of history between the mid-seventeenth and mid-eighteenth centuries. It suggests that the highly visible adoption of astronomical records in historical scholarship in Enlightenment Europe by Nicolas Fréret and Voltaire was entangled with debates about Chinese chronology, translated by Jesuit missionaries. The article argues that the missionary Martino Martini's experience of the Manchu conquest of China was crucial in shaping his conception of history as a discipline. Political events that unfolded in seventeenth-century China had a marked effect on discussions about emergent world history in eighteenth-century Europe.


Subject(s)
Religious Missions , Humans , Religious Missions/history , Missionaries/history , Europe , China
2.
Can Bull Med Hist ; 38(1): 63-92, 2021.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33831314

ABSTRACT

This is a tale in three parts. It begins with an exploration of the story of Princess Tsahai, daughter of Haile Selassie, and the highly successful British campaign led by suffragette E. Sylvia Pankhurst to bring British-style nursing and medicine to Ethiopia in the 1940s and 1950s. Second, it examines the role of foreign women, most notably Swedish missionary nurses, in building health services and nursing capacity in the country. Finally, it examines the way in which nursing brought together gendered notions of expertise and geopolitical pressures to redefine expectations for Ethiopian women as citizens of the new nation-state.


Subject(s)
Developing Countries/history , History of Nursing , Hygiene/history , Nurses/statistics & numerical data , Nursing/statistics & numerical data , Professional Competence/statistics & numerical data , Colonialism , Ethiopia , History, 20th Century , Missionaries/history , Social Change
3.
Med Hist ; 64(2): 219-239, 2020 04.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32284635

ABSTRACT

This article surveys the evolution of Rwandan family planning practices from the nation's mythico-historical origins to the present. Rwanda is typically regarded as a patriarchal society in which Rwandan women have, throughout history, endured limited rights and opportunities. However, oral traditions narrated by twentieth-century Rwandan historians, storytellers and related experts, and interpreted by the scholars and missionaries who lived in Rwanda during the nation's colonial period, suggest that gender norms in Rwanda were more complicated. Shifting practices related to family planning - particularly access to contraception, abortion, vasectomies and related strategies - are but one arena in which this becomes evident, suggesting that women's roles within their families and communities could be more diverse than the historiography's narrow focus on women as wives and mothers currently allows. Drawing upon a range of colonial-era oral traditions and interviews conducted with Rwandans since 2007, I argue that Rwandan women - while under significant social pressure to become wives and mothers throughout the nation's past - did find ways to exert agency within and beyond these roles. I further maintain that understanding historical approaches to family planning in Rwanda is essential for informing present-day policy debates in Rwanda aimed at promoting gender equality, and in particular for ensuring women's rights and access to adequate healthcare are being upheld.


Subject(s)
Catholicism/history , Colonialism/history , Contraception/history , Family Planning Services/history , Religion and Medicine , Belgium , Female , Gender Identity , Government Regulation/history , History, 20th Century , Humans , Male , Missionaries/history , Religion/history , Rwanda
4.
Hist Psychiatry ; 31(2): 163-177, 2020 06.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31965866

ABSTRACT

The history of modern psychiatry in China began at the end of the nineteenth century, as a result of the work of missionaries. Soochow was one of the first cities to establish a hospital for the treatment of mental patients, but historians knew little about it. It provided a valuable service from 1898 to 1937. In the 1930s, there were 200 beds in the psychiatry and neurology section, making it the most influential psychiatric hospital in East China. After Soochow was occupied by the Japanese army in 1937, the hospital was destroyed and shut down.


Subject(s)
Hospitals, Psychiatric/history , Missionaries/history , Psychiatry/history , China , Female , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Humans , Male , Psychiatric Department, Hospital/history , Syphilis/drug therapy , Syphilis/history , United States
5.
Med Confl Surviv ; 36(1): 61-81, 2020 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31852278

ABSTRACT

Emily Keene (London 1849 - Tangier 1941) became a relevant figure in pre-colonial Moroccan history due to her involvement in British policy and to her philanthropic-medical initiatives during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Such prominence was closely linked with her marriage to the sheriff of Wazzan, a powerful spiritual and political figure. 'Grace', in a triple romantic, political and religious sense, was a defining feature of Keene's marriage and widowhood and explained that, despite her continuing adscription to Christian religion, British imperialism and Western science, she deployed a weakly hegemonic stand towards her country of adoption. This attitude distanced her from the 'civilizing mission' policy that set off in the mid-1880s and from the active proselytising and scientific supremacism of the British missionaries during the same period. After her husband's death in 1892, she showed a strong commitment towards (Western-style) Moroccan social and political emancipation, which she tried to promote in close association with a small circle of women friends and Quakers based in Tangiers. Emily Keene's is thus an excellent case study for exploring the interplay between gender, imperialism and religion in pre-colonial Morocco and also the connection between private life and public activity in 19th century women humanitarians.


Subject(s)
Altruism , Christianity/history , Feminism/history , Colonialism/history , Female , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Humans , Islam/history , Missionaries/history , Morocco , United Kingdom
6.
Soc Sci Med ; 226: 56-62, 2019 04.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30844673

ABSTRACT

Stronger primary care has been associated with important contributions to health system performance, yet countries struggle to resource it adequately, given competing demands from hospitals. Although historically China has originated influential models of primary health care, it has an enduring problem with hospital dominance in health service delivery. This paper is a historical analysis of the co-evolution of hospitals and primary care providers in China from 1835 (the year when the first hospital was built in mainland China) to 1949 (the year when the People's Republic of China was founded), which aims to shed light on approaches to primary care strengthening. We develop and use a path dependence analytic framework, specifying the critical juncture, conjuncture and post-juncture development of the institutions shaping the balance between hospitals and primary care providers in China. We find that China had historically formed the hospital-centric model involving four sets of regenerating and mutually reinforcing institutions: 1) financial resources were being disproportionally distributed to hospitals; 2) high-quality medical professionals were largely concentrated in hospitals; 3) large outpatient departments were incorporated in hospitals, which functioned as a first point of care for many patients; 4) hospitals answered primarily to the demand of the more privileged social group. The early institutionalization of a hospital-centric model of Western medicine in China from 1835 became resistant to change, and efforts to strengthen primary care eventually took a divergent low-cost and de-professionalized developmental path towards 1949. As China still has a hospital-centric health system seeded in the nineteenth century, these findings can inform the framing of contemporary options for primary care strengthening. Without addressing these deep regenerating causes using a whole-system approach, China is unlikely to achieve a primary care orientation for health system development.


Subject(s)
Hospital Administration/history , Primary Health Care/history , China , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Hospital Administration/methods , Missionaries/history , Primary Health Care/methods
7.
J Med Libr Assoc ; 107(1): 108-113, 2019 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30598656

ABSTRACT

The missionaries Marcus Whitman, a doctor, and Narcissa Whitman, his wife, and twelve other members of the Waiilatpu Mission were murdered in November 1847 by a small contingent of the Cayuse Indians in the Oregon Territory. The murders became known as the "Whitman Massacre." The authors examine the historical record, including archived correspondence held at the Yale University Libraries and elsewhere, for evidence of what motivated the killings and demonstrate that there were two valid perspectives, Cayuse and white. Hence, the event is better termed the "Whitman Tragedy." A crucial component, a highly lethal measles epidemic, has been called the spark that lit the fuse of the tragedy.


Subject(s)
Indians, North American/history , Manuscripts as Topic/history , Measles/history , Missionaries/history , Religious Missions/history , History, 19th Century , Humans , Oregon
8.
J Med Biogr ; 27(1): 8-13, 2019 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27681059

ABSTRACT

Dr Jerome Pierce Webster is best remembered as the 'founder of plastic surgery education in the United States' on the basis of developing his nation's first plastic surgery residency programme, his role in the founding of the American Board of Plastic Surgery, and, more generally, his influence in professionalising this subspecialty. He also deserves to be remembered for his extensive missionary work in China, his publications as a successful bibliographer, and as an accomplished historian.


Subject(s)
Missionaries/history , Surgery, Plastic/history , China , History, 20th Century , Humans , Surgery, Plastic/education , United States
9.
Ann Sci ; 76(3-4): 303-323, 2019.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32028855

ABSTRACT

During the late Ming and early Qing period, Jesuit missionaries introduced European science into China, and thereby profoundly influenced the later development of Chinese astronomy. Not only did European astronomy become the official system of the Qing dynasty, but the traditional way to 'attain up above' by connecting the study of astronomy and Yi learning gradually fell into disuse. However, the astronomers in this period expressed different views on these two processes. As one of the most important early Qing astronomers, Xue Fengzuo's case presents a distinctive and important example. Firstly, under the influences of both Chinese tradition and European science, Xue Fengzuo rebuilt the way to 'attain up above' based on his three-fold 'calendrical learning', i.e. calendrical astronomy, astrology and related pragmatic applications, through which he could realize the highest Confucian ideal. Secondly, he integrated Chinese and Western knowledge for all three aspects of his 'calendrical learning', instead of ceding the dominant position to Western methods. From Xue Fengzuo's example, many of the complex effects of the encounter between different cultures and the process of knowledge transfer can be revealed.


Subject(s)
Astronomy/history , Catholicism/history , Missionaries/history , China , History, 16th Century , History, 17th Century , Western World
10.
J Christ Nurs ; 36(2): 119-123, 2019.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30161060

ABSTRACT

How can one nurse change the world? This descriptive case study examines the remarkable career of Margaret Kollmer, a nurse and Mary-knoll Sister who developed Korea's first Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist training program and organized the Korean Association of Nurse Anesthetists. Later, she joined a team serving displaced Korean families and helped establish the first hospice program in Korea, as well as a resident hospice program for homeless AIDS patients in New York. Her 59 years of service shows what faithful reliance on God can accomplish.


Subject(s)
Parish Nursing/history , History, 20th Century , Humans , Missionaries/history , Republic of Korea
11.
Zhonghua Yi Shi Za Zhi ; 48(1): 54-60, 2018 Jan 28.
Article in Chinese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29886704

ABSTRACT

In February 1906, Union Medical College (UMC, Peking) held the opening ceremony. The establishment and operation of the College was mostly attributed to Thomas Cochrane (1866-1953) from London Missionary Society. As a medical missionary in China, Cochrane lived through the dramatic political and social changes in the modern history of China and the world.As an English medical missionary, he witnessed and experienced the extreme poverty and severe shortage of medicine of the Chinese people when he was in Chaoyang, Liaoning Province, most inhabited by the Mongolian ethnic group. Then, he survived the Boxer Movement which with great resentment toward Christianity massacred the Chinese and foreign missionaries. After that, he approached to and then won over the trust and appreciation of the highest ruler of the Qing Dynasty. After the establishment of Republic of China, he handed over in person the college established by himself to the philanthropic organization of American capitalist. Cochrane's less than 30 years of life in China mirrored the great political, social, healthy, educational, intellectual, and ideological changes in China that shaped the medicine and health at the turn of the 20(th) century.


Subject(s)
Medical Missions/history , Missionaries/history , China , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , United Kingdom
12.
J R Coll Physicians Edinb ; 48(1): 78-84, 2018 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29741534

ABSTRACT

The Deaconess Hospital, Edinburgh, opened in 1894 and was the first establishment of its kind in the UK, maintained and wholly funded as it was by the Reformed Church. Through its 96-year lifetime it changed and evolved to time and circumstance. It was a school: for the training of nurses and deaconesses who took their practical skills all over the world. It was a sanctum: for the sick-poor before the NHS. It was a subsidiary: for the bigger hospitals of Edinburgh after amalgamation into the NHS. It was a specialised centre: as the Urology Department in Edinburgh and the Scottish Lithotripter centre. And now it is currently student accommodation. There is no single source to account for its history. Through the use of original material made available by the Lothian Health Services Archives - including Church of Scotland publications, patient records, a doctor's casebook and annual reports - we review its conception, purpose, development and running; its fate on joining the NHS, its identity in the latter years and finally its closure.


Subject(s)
Hospitals, Religious/history , Schools, Nursing/history , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Hospitals, Religious/organization & administration , Hospitals, Teaching/history , Hospitals, Teaching/organization & administration , Missionaries/education , Missionaries/history , Scotland , State Medicine/history
13.
Zhonghua Yi Shi Za Zhi ; 47(4): 251-254, 2017 Jul 28.
Article in Chinese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28954369

ABSTRACT

The Englishman Shi Weishan (Frederick Porter Smith) is the first Christianity medical missionary sent to Central China, who is also the founder of the first mission hospital named 'Hospital of Universal Love' in Hubei. Arrived at Hankou in May 1864, he started medical work in July, and left Hankou in December 1870 because of health problem. In addition to medical mission, he tried to communicate with Chinese doctors in Hankou, then enlightened local people with health knowledge by written several books and articles, which brought some success. He also devoted to the translation of Chinese proper names and also wrote related book.


Subject(s)
Missionaries/history , England , History, 19th Century
14.
Zhonghua Yi Shi Za Zhi ; 47(3): 178-182, 2017 May 28.
Article in Chinese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28810351

ABSTRACT

After the Second Opium War, the signing of the Tientsin Treaty and the Peking Treaty legitimized the missionary activities and authorized the missionary the rights to enter inland China for propagating their religious doctrines. In the late 1870s, the"The extraordinary famine of the Ding Wu year"and the subsequent epidemic provided the opportunity for missionaries to enter Shanxi. Dr. Schofield, sent by the China Inland Mission, arrived in Taiyuan in 1880, set up clinics and practised there. He died of typhus after treating a typhus patient in the summer of 1883. Schofield stayed and practised in Taiyuan for 2 years and 8 months. Later, the China Inland Mission and other missionaries donated to establish a Shanxi's first western medicine Hospital to commemorate Schofield. The medical activities of Dr. Schofield enlightened and promoted the Shanxi people's understanding of western medicine.


Subject(s)
History of Medicine , Religious Missions/history , China , History, 19th Century , Humans , Male , Missionaries/history , Typhus, Epidemic Louse-Borne/history , Western World
15.
Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos ; 24(1): 13-39, jan.-mar. 2017.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-840687

ABSTRACT

Resumo A partir de documentação produzida entre a primeira metade do século XIX e a primeira metade do século XX, prioritariamente relatórios médicos, o artigo aponta as concepções vigentes na comunidade médica colonial e entre as populações locais sobre a lepra, suas manifestações e seu enfrentamento. Enfoca as tensões quanto à prática de segregação dos leprosos e suas implicações sanitárias e sociais. Para compreender as raízes dos discursos e estratégias no meio médico português e colonial, recupera-se a trajetória das definições de isolamento, segregação, lepra e suas aplicações, ou ausência de referência, na literatura de missionários, cronistas e médicos em Angola e Moçambique a partir da segunda metade do século XVII.


Abstract Drawing on documents produced between the early nineteenth and mid-twentieth centuries, mainly medical reports, this paper indicates the prevailing conceptions in the colonial medical community and local populations about leprosy, its manifestations, and how to deal with it. It focuses on the tensions concerning the practice of segregating lepers and its social and sanitation implications. To comprehend the roots of the discourses and strategies in the Portuguese and colonial medical environment, the trajectory of the definitions of isolation, segregation, and leprosy are traced, as are their use in or absence from the writings of missionaries, chroniclers, and doctors in Angola and Mozambique as of the second half of the seventeenth century.


Subject(s)
Humans , History, 17th Century , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Patient Isolation/history , Leper Colonies/history , Leprosy/history , Physicians/history , Portugal , Colonialism/history , Endemic Diseases/history , Africa , Missionaries/history , Leprosy/therapy , Mozambique
16.
Hist Cienc Saude Manguinhos ; 24(1): 13-39, 2017.
Article in Portuguese, English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27849217

ABSTRACT

Drawing on documents produced between the early nineteenth and mid-twentieth centuries, mainly medical reports, this paper indicates the prevailing conceptions in the colonial medical community and local populations about leprosy, its manifestations, and how to deal with it. It focuses on the tensions concerning the practice of segregating lepers and its social and sanitation implications. To comprehend the roots of the discourses and strategies in the Portuguese and colonial medical environment, the trajectory of the definitions of isolation, segregation, and leprosy are traced, as are their use in or absence from the writings of missionaries, chroniclers, and doctors in Angola and Mozambique as of the second half of the seventeenth century.


Subject(s)
Leper Colonies/history , Leprosy/history , Patient Isolation/history , Africa , Colonialism/history , Endemic Diseases/history , History, 17th Century , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Humans , Leprosy/therapy , Missionaries/history , Mozambique , Physicians/history , Portugal
17.
Nurs Hist Rev ; 25(1): 54-81, 2017.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27502613

ABSTRACT

From 1896 to 1942, a Japanese hospital operated in the village of Steveston, British Columbia, Canada. For the first 4 years, Japanese Methodist missionaries utilized a small mission building as a makeshift hospital, until a larger institution was constructed by the local Japanese Fishermen's Association in 1900. The hospital operated until the Japanese internment, after the attack on Pearl Harbor during World War II. This study offers important commentary about the relationships between health, hospitals, and race in British Columbia during a period of increased immigration and economic upheaval. From the unique perspective of Japanese leaders, this study provides new insight about how Japanese populations negotiated hospital care, despite a context of severe racial discrimination. Japanese populations utilized Christianization, fishing expertise, and hospital work to garner more equitable access to opportunities and resources. This study demonstrates that in addition to providing medical treatment, training grounds for health-care workers, and safe refuge for the sick, hospitals played a significant role in confronting broader racialized inequities in Canada's past.


Subject(s)
Emigrants and Immigrants/history , Hospitals, Religious/history , British Columbia , Emigration and Immigration/history , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Hospitals/history , Humans , Japan/ethnology , Missionaries/history , Protestantism/history
18.
Zhonghua Yi Shi Za Zhi ; 46(1): 20-3, 2016 Jan 28.
Article in Chinese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27049741

ABSTRACT

In the missionary hospitals founded in the nineteenth century by the missionaries in China, the sprout of consciousness of medical risk control emerged. They did their best to avoid medical accidents which might lead to anti-missionary struggle by the Chinese people, and were especially cautious to control the happening of medical accidents. First of all, the hospitals made careful screening on patients by giving priority to those patients pursuing treatment of eye diseases, and barely forced to accept patients with intractable and critical diseases. Second, before the operation, the missionary doctors usually let the patient sign an agreement of consent for surgical operation, with the patient him/herself responsible for all the consequences of operation. Generally, the patient(s) won't be hospitalized, even though the work of their nursing was generally done by the patient's relatives. All these three initiatives promoted the spread of western medicine in China and expanded a positive influence of western medicine, though it seemed to be contradictory to the principles of equality and universal love of Christianity.


Subject(s)
Missionaries/history , China , History, 18th Century , Hospitals , Humans , Physicians , Religious Missions
19.
Bull Hist Med ; 90(1): 1-31, 2016.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27040024

ABSTRACT

This article focuses on the historical confrontation between Western obstetrical medicine and indigenous midwifery in nineteenth-century Siam (Thailand). Beginning with the campaign of medical missionaries to reform Siamese obstetrical care, it explores the types of arguments that were employed in the contest between these two forms of expert knowledge. Missionary-physicians used their anatomical knowledge to contest both particular indigenous obstetrical practices and more generalized notions concerning its moral and metaphysical foundations. At the same time, by appealing to the health and well-being of the consorts and children of the Siamese elite, they gained access to the intimate spaces of Siamese political life. The article contends that the medical missionary campaign intersected with imperial desires to make the sequestered spaces of Siamese political life more visible and accessible to Western scrutiny. It therefore reveals the imbrication of contests over obstetrical medicine and trade diplomacy in the imperial world.


Subject(s)
Midwifery/history , Missionaries/history , Obstetrics/history , Physicians/history , Colonialism/history , History, 19th Century , Medicine, Traditional/history , Thailand
20.
Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc ; 54(3): 380-5, 2016.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27100985

ABSTRACT

In this research we focus on the medical evangelist Levi B. Salmans, and The Good Samaritan sanitarium. Doctor Salmans lived in Mexico for about 50 years (1885-1935). During the first part of his stay, he was devoted to found churches and Methodist schools. However, from 1891 he took a turn in his career by founding dispensaries in different towns of Guanajuato to create, in 1899, the private charity association for the sick and infirm The Good Samaritan. His intense, intellectual, and practical work led him to create health journals, to train nurses, and to promote physiotherapies in accordance with the science advances of that time. By itself, this research shows that the history of medicine in Mexico still has long way to go and that Protestant communities, in favor of modernity and scientific knowledge, took a big part in shaping the history of this discipline in Mexico.


La presente investigación expone la figura del médico evangelista Levi Salmans y del sanatorio El Buen Samaritano. El doctor Salmans radicó en México aproximadamente 50 años (1885-1935). Durante la primera parte de su estancia se dedicó a fundar tanto iglesias como escuelas metodistas. Sin embargo, a partir de 1891 dio un giro a su carrera al fundar dispensarios en distintos poblados de Guanajuato hasta crear, en 1899, la Asociación de Beneficencia Privada para Enfermos "El Buen Samaritano". Su intensa labor práctica e intelectual lo llevó a crear revistas de higiene y salud, a formar enfermeras y a promover fisioterapias congruentes con los adelantos surgidos de la modernidad y la ciencia. Por sí misma, esta investigación muestra que la historia de la medicina en México aún tiene un largo camino por recorrer y que las comunidades protestantes, partidarias de la modernidad y del conocimiento científico, fueron partícipes en la institucionalización de la medicina en México.


Subject(s)
Charities/history , Hospitals, Religious/history , Missionaries/history , Protestantism/history , Religion and Medicine , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Mexico
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