Epidemiologic Trends of Cleft Lip and Palate in a Southern State: A 30-Year Follow-Up.

OBJECTIVES: Children's of Mississippi at the University of Mississippi Medical Center serves as the state's only American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association-approved cleft team at the only pediatric hospital in the state. The goal of this study is to report geographic and demographic patterns of patients with orofacial cleft (OFC) treated at Children's of Mississippi, which are lacking. METHODS: Patients with OFC treated at Children's of Mississippi from 2015 to 2020 were included. Demographic data were collected, including birth county and total live births from state data. Significant differences between incidence of OFC among public health regions of Mississippi were examined using analysis of variance (P < 0.05). Cases were compared with historical data from 1980 to 1989. RESULTS: There were 184 patients who presented with OFC, with a statewide incidence of 0.83 per 1000 live births among 222,819 live births in the state across 6 years. The incidence of OFC was 0.83/1000 for Whites and 0.82/1000 for non-Whites versus a historical rate of 1.36 and 0.54, respectively. Significantly fewer children in the northern region (0.25/1000) were born with OFC than in central (1.21; P < 0.001) and southern (0.86; P < 0.001) regions. CONCLUSIONS: Results from this study suggest changing regional patterns of OFC in Mississippi. Although rates increased among non-White infants, the overall incidence of OFC has decreased compared with historical data. The findings may reflect actual incidence patterns in the state or the proximity of certain regions to Children's of Mississippi. Further study may reveal regional differences in risk factors underlying OFC incidence, and/or issues with access to cleft care for different regions in the state.

Autochthonous Ascariasis, Mississippi, USA.

We describe a case of a 2-year-old child who expelled a single adult female Ascaris lumbricoides worm. The patient is from a rural county in Mississippi, USA, with no reported travel outside of the United States. The caregivers in the home practice good sanitation. Exposure to domestic pigs is the likely source of infection.

SEROPREVALENCE OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII INFECTION IN PIGS FROM SOUTHWESTERN MISSISSIPPI.

Toxoplasma gondii infection of swine is a potential public health concern because it can be acquired by humans through the handling and consumption of contaminated raw meat. Infections in immunocompromised individuals and fetuses are the most severe and these individuals are most likely to develop clinical toxoplasmosis. Since Mississippians consume a lot of pork, there was a significant need to know the extent to which it poses a health problem in the State. This study focused on the southwestern region of Mississippi. Between July 2003 and March 2004, blood samples were collected from slaughterhouses in southwestern Mississippi and the Alcorn State University swine farm in Churchill, Mississippi. The collected blood samples were centrifuged and the sera were collected, labeled, and stored in a freezer at -20 C. The modified agglutination test was performed at dilutions of 1:25, 1:50, and 1:500. A titer of 25 was considered seropositive. Of a total of 302 samples tested, 48 (16%) were positive at a titer of 25; 29 (10%) were positive at 50; 11 (4%) were positive at 500. The seroprevalence of T. gondii in pigs in southwestern Mississippi is not as high as previous studies done in Mississippi. This could be attributed to the sample size. However, the potential for infection still exists.

Risk Factors for Severe Maternal Morbidity Among Women Enrolled in Mississippi Medicaid.

Importance: Mississippi has one of the highest rates of severe maternal morbidity (SMM) in the US, and SMMs have been reported to be more frequent among Medicaid-insured women. A substantial proportion of pregnant women in Mississippi are covered by Medicaid; hence, there is a need to identify potential risk factors for SMM in this population. Objective: To examine the associations of health care access and clinical and sociodemographic characteristics with SMM events among Mississippi Medicaid-enrolled women who had a live birth. Design, Setting, and Participants: A nested case-control study was conducted using 2018 to 2021 Mississippi Medicaid administrative claims database. The study included Medicaid beneficiaries aged 12 to 55 years who had a live birth and were continuously enrolled throughout their pregnancy period and 12 months after delivery. Individuals in the case group had SMM events and were matched to controls on their delivery date using incidence density sampling. Data analysis was performed from June to September 2022. Exposure: Risk factors examined in the study included sociodemographic factors (age and race), health care access (distance from delivery center, social vulnerability index, and level of maternity care), and clinical factors (maternal comorbidity index, first-trimester pregnancy-related visits, and postpartum care). Main Outcomes and Measures: The main outcome of the study was an SMM event. Adjusted odds ratio (aORs) and 95% CIs were calculated using conditional logistic regression. Results: Among 13 485 Mississippi Medicaid-enrolled women (mean [SD] age, 25.0 [5.6] years; 8601 [63.8%] Black; 4419 [32.8%] White; 465 [3.4%] other race [American Indian, Asian, Hispanic, multiracial, and unknown]) who had a live birth, 410 (3.0%) were in the case group (mean [SD] age, 26.8 [6.4] years; 289 [70.5%] Black; 112 [27.3%] White; 9 [2.2%] other race) and 820 were in the matched control group (mean [SD] age, 24.9 [5.7] years; 518 [63.2%] Black; 282 [34.4%] White; 20 [2.4%] other race). Black individuals (aOR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.08-1.93) and those with higher maternal comorbidity index (aOR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.16-1.40) had higher odds of experiencing SMM compared with White individuals and those with lower maternal comorbidity index, respectively. Likewise, an increase of 100 miles (160 km) in distance between beneficiaries' residence to the delivery center was associated with higher odds of experiencing SMM (aOR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.07-1.20). Conclusions and Relevance: The study findings hold substantial implications for identifying high-risk individuals within Medicaid programs and call for the development of targeted multicomponent, multilevel interventions for improving maternal health outcomes in this highly vulnerable population.

Social, Structural, Behavioral, and Clinical Barriers Influencing Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Use Among Young Black Men Who Have Sex with Men in the South: A Qualitative Update to a 2016 Study.

Antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is highly effective in preventing HIV. Despite its promise, PrEP use is low, especially among young Black men who have sex with men (YBMSM). The prevalence of HIV in Mississippi (MS) is among the highest in the United States, with the bulk of new infections occurring amongst YBMSM living in Jackson, MS. We recruited 20 PrEP-eligible YBMSM and 10 clinic staff from MS health clinics between October 2021 and April 2022. Data were collected remotely using in-depth interviews and a brief survey, which lasted approximately 45-60 min. Interview content included PrEP knowledge/experiences, HIV risk perception, and PrEP use barriers and facilitators. Qualitative data were coded then organized using NVivo. Using thematic analysis methodology, data were assessed for current barriers to PrEP use. An array of barriers were identified by participants. Barriers included structural factors (cost of PrEP, lack of discreet clinics, time commitment, competing interests); social factors (unaware of HIV risk, stigma and homophobia, fear that partners would find out about PrEP use, not knowing anyone on PrEP); behavioral factors (sexual risk factors, denial, less priority for prevention vs treatment); and clinical factors (misunderstood side effects, fear PrEP won't work). Significant barriers to PrEP use among YBMSM stem from structural, social, behavioral, and clinical factors. These results will inform intervention efforts tailored to mitigate barriers and improve PrEP uptake among YBMSM in the southern United States.

COVID-19 impact on facial trauma: Insights from Mississippi's only level 1 trauma center.

PURPOSE: Our primary aim was to understand and describe the impact of COVID-19 on the incidence and etiology of facial trauma in the state of Mississippi. METHODS: Retrospective review of facial trauma-related Emergency Department encounters in Mississippi from March 11, 2019 to March 10, 2021, divided into three time periods using the state of Mississippi's Governor's Office Executive Orders. Chi-square tests and segmented linear regressions were used for analysis. RESULTS: Patients presenting with facial trauma were typically male, 18-44 years old, and lived in urban zip codes. Insurance payors significantly differed across time periods. There were no significant differences in self-inflicted assault or accidental injury between the 3 time periods, with pre- and pandemic patients more likely to be self-pay while patients during recovery being more likely to have private insurance. During the pandemic, facial trauma from a family member, partner or spouse, or other person in the household significantly increased. CONCLUSION: Similar accidental facial trauma trends may reflect lower adherence to social distancing guidelines. The increase in facial trauma perpetrated by family members is consistent with reported increases in domestic violence during the pandemic. While overall facial trauma demographic patterns did not change significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic, there were notable changes in the etiology and insurance payor of facial trauma cases. LAY SUMMARY: The COVID-19 pandemic impacted healthcare systems worldwide, and our study seeks to understand how the pandemic affected incidence of facial trauma.

SARCOCYSTIS AND OTHER PARASITES IN FECES OF BOBCATS (LYNX RUFUS) FROM MISSISSIPPI.

Rectal contents of 56 adult bobcats (Lynx rufus) in 2014 and 2017 from remote areas of Mississippi were examined microscopically for parasite stages after the sugar flotation method. Among the helminths, eggs/larvae found were: Paragonimus sp. in 12, Toxocara cati-like in 16, trichurid-capillarid-like in 3, hookworms in 27, and lungworms in 28. Among the protozoa, oocysts/cysts found were: Cystoisospora felis-like in 2, Cystoisospora rivolta-like in 4, Cryptosporidium sp. in 1, and Giardia sp. in 1. Additionally, numerous Sarcocystis sporocysts were detected in the feces of 12 bobcats; sporocysts were described morphologically. The status of C. felis derived from the bobcat and other wild felids is reviewed and compared with C. felis from the domestic cat. It is the first record of C. rivolta from the bobcat. The presence of eggs of Paragonimus sp. and T. cati in feces of 21.4% and 28.5%, respectively, suggests a role for the bobcat in the dissemination of these zoonotic helminths in the environment in the wild. Taxonomy of coccidia of wild Felidae is discussed and Isospora lyncisLevine and Ivens, 1981 from the Lynx is now regarded as a species inquirenda.

Surveillance for Soil-Transmitted Helminths in High-Risk County, Mississippi, USA.

Recent reports of hookworm infection in Alabama, USA, has prompted surveillance in Mississippi, given the states' similar environmental conditions. We collected stool specimens from 277 children in Rankin County, Mississippi. Kato-Katz microscopic smear, agar plate culture, and quantitative PCR indicated no soil-transmitted helminths. Nevertheless, further surveillance in other high-risk Mississippi counties is warranted.

Association of antecedent statin use on 30-day, 60-day and 90-day mortality among Mississippi Medicaid beneficiaries diagnosed with COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: To assess if the antecedent statin use was associated with all-cause death among COVID-19 patients enrolled in Medicaid. DESIGN: Cohort study. SETTING: Mississippi Medicaid population. PARTICIPANTS: This study included 10 792 Mississippi Medicaid-enrolled patients between 18 and 64 years of age with a confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis from March 2020 to June 2021. INTERVENTION: Antecedent statin use, which was determined by a record of statin prescription in the 90-day period prior to the COVID diagnosis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The outcomes of interest included mortality from all cause within 30 days, 60 days and 90 days after index. RESULTS: A total of 10 792 patients with COVID-19 met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, with 13.1% of them being antecedent statin users. Statin users were matched 1:1 with non-users based on age, sex, race, comorbidities and medication use by propensity score matching. In total, the matched cohort consisted of 1107 beneficiaries in each group. Multivariable logistic regression showed that statin users were less likely to die within 30 days (adjusted OR: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.32 to 0.83), 60 days (OR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.37 to 0.85) and 90 days (OR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.37 to 0.82) after diagnosis of COVID-19. Those with low-intensity/moderate-intensity statin use had significantly lower mortality risk in the 60-day and the 90-day follow-up period, while the high intensity of statin use was only found to be significantly associated with a lower odd of mortality within 30 days post index. CONCLUSION: After COVID infection, Medicaid beneficiaries who had taken statins antecedently could be at lower risk for death. For patients with chronic conditions, continuity of care is crucial when interruptions occur in their medical care. Further research is required to further investigate the potential mechanisms and optimal use of statins in COVID-19 treatment.

Impact of Regional Mobility on Air Quality during COVID-19 Lockdown in Mississippi, USA Using Machine Learning.

Social distancing measures and shelter-in-place orders to limit mobility and transportation were among the strategic measures taken to control the rapid spreading of COVID-19. In major metropolitan areas, there was an estimated decrease of 50 to 90 percent in transit use. The secondary effect of the COVID-19 lockdown was expected to improve air quality, leading to a decrease in respiratory diseases. The present study examines the impact of mobility on air quality during the COVID-19 lockdown in the state of Mississippi (MS), USA. The study region is selected because of its non-metropolitan and non-industrial settings. Concentrations of air pollutants-particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5), particulate matter 10 (PM10), ozone (O3), nitrogen oxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and carbon monoxide (CO)-were collected from the Environmental Protection Agency, USA from 2011 to 2020. Because of limitations in the data availability, the air quality data of Jackson, MS were assumed to be representative of the entire region of the state. Weather data (temperature, humidity, pressure, precipitation, wind speed, and wind direction) were collected from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA. Traffic-related data (transit) were taken from Google for the year 2020. The statistical and machine learning tools of R Studio were used on the data to study the changes in air quality, if any, during the lockdown period. Weather-normalized machine learning modeling simulating business-as-scenario (BAU) predicted a significant difference in the means of the observed and predicted values for NO2, O3, and CO (p < 0.05). Due to the lockdown, the mean concentrations decreased for NO2 and CO by -4.1 ppb and -0.088 ppm, respectively, while it increased for O3 by 0.002 ppm. The observed and predicted air quality results agree with the observed decrease in transit by -50.5% as a percentage change of the baseline, and the observed decrease in the prevalence rate of asthma in MS during the lockdown. This study demonstrates the validity and use of simple, easy, and versatile analytical tools to assist policymakers with estimating changes in air quality in situations of a pandemic or natural hazards, and to take measures for mitigating if the deterioration of air quality is detected.

A Comparison of COVID-19 Vaccine and PrEP Hesitancy Among Individuals Living in Mississippi: A Qualitative Study.

Mississippi (MS) trails behind other states in both pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and COVID-19 vaccine uptake. This study investigated similarities in willingness to receive the COVID-19 vaccine and use PrEP. Semi-structured interviews were conducted between April 2021 and January 2022 with 15 clinical staff and 49 PrEP-eligible patients living in MS. Reflexive thematic analysis was conducted. Overall, 51% of patients were on PrEP, and 67% received the COVID-19 vaccine. Among PrEP users, 64% had received the vaccine. Participants reported similar hesitations (efficacy, side effects, and no perceived risk) and reasons for use (health autonomy and protecting themselves and others) regarding PrEP and the COVID-19 vaccine. Taking PrEP did not increase the likelihood of getting the COVID-19 vaccine, thus engaging in one prevention behavior does not lead to engaging in other prevention behaviors. However, results indicated commonalities in hesitancy and motivators to utilize both preventive measures. Future prevention and implementation efforts can be informed by these commonalities.

PrEP Acceptance among Eligible Patients Attending the Largest PrEP Clinic in Jackson, Mississippi.

Compared to other states in the United States, Mississippi has the lowest uptake of PrEP relative to the number of people newly diagnosed with HIV in the state. Open Arms Healthcare Center is the largest provider of PrEP in Mississippi, and has systematically documented PrEP eligibility, offers, and acceptance (ie, agreed to undergo a clinical PrEP evaluation) from 2017 to mid-2020. In encounter-based analyses, we examined factors associated with PrEP acceptance. Among 721 encounters where patients were eligible for PrEP, staff offered PrEP at 680 (94%) of encounters (526 unique individuals); individuals accepted a PrEP offer at 58% of encounters. Accepting a PrEP offer was lowest (15.8%) among transgender/non-binary individuals and highest (93.3%) among individuals who reported having sex partners living with HIV. This clinic's model worked to offer PrEP to a highly impacted population, though there is a need to enhance PrEP acceptance for key groups such as transgender/non-binary individuals.

Surviving The Surge: Nonurgent Elective Procedures, Intensive Care, And Mississippi's COVID-19 Waves.

During the COVID-19 pandemic in Mississippi in 2020 and 2021, nonurgent elective procedures requiring hospitalization were halted three times to preserve the state's hospital resources. To evaluate the change in hospital intensive care unit (ICU) capacity after the implementation of this policy, we analyzed Mississippi's hospital discharge data. We compared daily mean ICU admissions and census for nonurgent elective procedures between three intervention periods and baseline periods corresponding to Mississippi State Department of Health executive orders. We further evaluated the observed and predicted trends, using interrupted time series analyses. Overall, the executive orders reduced the mean number of ICU admissions for elective procedures from 13.4 patients to 9.8 patients daily (a 26.9 percent decline). This policy also decreased the mean ICU census for nonurgent elective procedures from 68.0 patients to 56.6 patients daily (a 16.8 percent decline). The state managed to free, on average, eleven ICU beds daily. Postponing nonurgent elective procedures in Mississippi was a successful strategy that resulted in a decline in ICU bed use for nonurgent elective surgeries during times of unprecedented stress on the health care system.

Evidence and potential drivers of neglected parasitic helminth and protist infections among a small preliminary sample of children from rural Mississippi.

INTRODUCTION: Intestinal infections with helminths (parasitic worms) and protists (single-celled eukaryotes) may be neglected health issues in low-resource communities across the United States. Because they predominantly infect school-aged children and can lead to nutritional deficiencies and developmental delays, these infections can affect lifelong health. More research is needed to understand the prevalence and risk factors of these parasitic infections in the United States. METHODS: A total of 24 children (ages 0.5-14 years) from a low-resource, rural Mississippi Delta community provided stool samples for 18s rRNA amplification and sequencing to determine infection presence. Parent/guardian interviews provided age, sex, and household size to test for associations with infection. RESULTS: Infections were found in 38% (n = 9) of the samples. 25% (n = 6) of participants were infected with helminths (platyhelminths [n = 5]; nematodes [n = 2]), while 21% (n = 5) were infected with protists (Blastocystis [n = 4]; Cryptosporidium [n = 1]). There were no associations between infection status and age, sex, or household size. Problematically, analytical methods did not allow for more specific classifications for helminth species. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary findings suggest parasitic infections may be overlooked health issues in the rural Mississippi Delta and emphasize the need for more research on potential health outcomes within the United States.

Trends in Sexual Risk Behavioral Responses among High School Students between Mississippi and the United States: 2001 to 2019 YRBSS.

BACKGROUND: Early sexual reproductive health (SRH) education is linked to a reduction in risky sexual behaviors. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are rising at alarming rates. Risky sexual behaviors, including initiation of sex before age 13, having more than four sexual partners, and lack of use of condoms, increase the chance of infection and cancer. Informing students about the link between risky behaviors and cancer is vital to reduce morbidity and mortality. METHODS: A trend analysis of the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) data between 2001 and 2019 was conducted. Results from four survey responses related to sexual risk behaviors among 9th to 12th grade in Mississippi students are compared with their US peers. RESULTS: Between 2001 and 2019, favorable declines in 3 out of 4 sexual risk behaviors were observed. Declining prevalence was reported for "ever had sexual intercourse," "age of sexual initiation at age 13 or younger," and "having 4 or more sexual partners in their lifetime" are promising. However, fewer students report using condoms. The adjusted prevalence rates for Mississippi students in all 4 measures were higher than the national responses. CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis supports the need for early skill-based sex education to promote health. States with increased behavioral risk among students should consider trends in data to improve education and policy.

Policies and Practices in a Cohort of Mississippi Birthing Hospitals During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background and Objectives: Guidance around maternity care practices and infant feeding during the COVID-19 pandemic changed over time and was sometimes conflicting. Hospital maternity practices influence breastfeeding, an important preventive strategy against viral illness. Most birthing hospitals in Mississippi are enrolled in CHAMPS, a quality improvement initiative to support breastfeeding and continuously collect maternity care data. The aims of this study were to (1) assess changes to maternity care policies in response to COVID-19, and (2) compare hospital-level breastfeeding, skin-to-skin, and rooming-in rates, at cohort hospitals, before and during the pandemic, overall and stratified by race. Methods: Hospitals responded to a survey on maternity policies in May and September 2020 (Aim 1); hospitals submitted data on breastfeeding and maternity care practices before and during the pandemic (Aim 2). We tested for differences in survey responses using chi-squared statistics and performed an interrupted time series analysis on breastfeeding and maternity care practices data. Results: Twenty-six hospitals responded to the May and September 2020 surveys. Hospitals used different sources to create maternity care policies, and policies differed between institutions. Trends in rates of any and exclusive breastfeeding in the hospital cohort plateaued during the pandemic, in comparison to previous gains, and rates of skin-to-skin and hospital rooming-in decreased. No differences were evident between races. Conclusions: Policies (Aim 1) and practices in the quality improvement cohort hospitals were inconsistent during the COVID-19 pandemic, and changes measured to practices were detrimental (Aim 2). Ongoing monitoring is recommended.

Family-Related Factors and HIV-Related Outcomes Among Black Young Men Who Have Sex with Men in Mississippi.

Given their disproportionate HIV incidence, there is a critical need to identify factors related to HIV risk among Black young men who have sex with men (YMSM) in the southeastern United States. This study investigated the association of family factors and HIV-related outcomes among Black YMSM in Mississippi ages 14-20 (n = 72). Multivariable regression models evaluated associations of family factors and outcomes. Greater parent/child communication about sex was associated with fewer lifetime male sex partners and lower odds of lifetime anal sex. Greater parental monitoring was associated with greater likelihood of future condom use. Sexual orientation disclosure was associated with more lifetime male sex partners. Parental monitoring and parent/child communication about sex were protective, suggesting that family-based interventions are promising for HIV prevention among Black YMSM in Mississippi. Results also indicated that YMSM who are "out" to family are important to reach, and families could be useful in encouraging healthy behaviors.

Racial and Ethnic Disparity in Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Associated With SARS-CoV-2 in Mississippi, USA.

We aimed to study the disparity in the clinical profile and outcomes of hospitalized Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) patients at our center. The second goal was to examine the temporal association with preceding SARS-CoV-2 infection by race/ethnicity in our community in Mississippi. We found the racial disparity in the prevalence of MIS-C exceeded its temporal association with SARS-CoV-2 infections. We included 51 consecutive MIS-C patients hospitalized, whose median age was 9 (interquartile range [IQR] 5-12) years, 58% were male, 71% were black, 25% were white, and 4% belonged to other groups. We found a delay between onset of symptoms and hospitalization in black patients compared with white patients with a median of 2 (IQR 0-7) vs median of 0 (0-5) urgent care visits (P = .022), respectively. Black patients were hospitalized longer (median 8, IQR 2-39 days) than whites (median 5, IQR 3-14 days), P = .047. A total of 38.9% of blacks and 23.1% of whites were admitted to intensive care unit (P = .498); 36.1% of blacks had severe cardiac involvement vs 23.1% of white patients, P = .531. Future studies of MIS-C are required to improve health equity for children.

Biological Age Mediates the Effects of Perceived Neighborhood Problems on Heart Failure Risk Among Black Persons.

OBJECTIVE: We assessed whether biological age, measured by the epigenetic clock GrimAge, mediates the association of objective and subjective neighborhood disadvantage with incident HF among Black persons. METHODS: Participants were 1448 self-reported Black adults (mean age (standard deviation, SD) = 64.3 (5.5)) dually enrolled in two community-based cohorts in Jackson, Mississippi, the ARIC and JHS cohorts, who were free of HF as of January 1, 2000. Incident HF events leading to hospitalization through December 31, 2017, were classified using ICD-9 discharge codes of HF. Multilevel age- and sex-adjusted Cox causal mediation models were used to examine whether biological age (at the person and neighborhood level) mediated the effects of objective (the National Area Deprivation Index, ADI) and subjective (perceived neighborhood problems) neighborhood disadvantage on incident HF. RESULTS: A total of 334 incident hospitalized HF events occurred over a median follow-up of 18.0 years. The total effect of the ADI and perceived neighborhood problems (SD units) on HF was hazard ration (HR) = 1.26 and 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.98-1.56 and HR = 1.26 and 95% CI 1.10-1.41, respectively. GrimAge mediated a majority of the effect of perceived neighborhood problems on HF (person-level indirect effect HR = 1.07; 95% CI 1.02-1.12 and neighborhood-level indirect effect HR = 1.18; 95% CI 1.03-1.34), with the combined indirect effect explaining 94.8% of the relationship. The combined indirect effect of ADI on incident HF was comparable but not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Subjective neighborhood disadvantage may confer an increased risk of HF among Black populations.

Race and Sex Differences in Vital Signs Associated with COVID-19 and Flu Diagnoses in Mississippi.

Early detection of viral infections, such as COVID-19 and flu, have potential to reduce risk of morbidity, mortality, and disease transmission through earlier intervention strategies. For example, detecting changes in vital signs have the potential to more rapidly diagnose respiratory virus diseases. The objective of this study was to utilize the University of Mississippi Medical Center's extensive clinical database (EPIC) to investigate associations between temperature, pulse rate, blood pressure (BP), and respiration rate in COVID-19 and flu diagnosed patients. Data from 1,363 COVID-19 (March 3, 2020, to February 27, 2021) and 507 flu (October 1, 2017, to September 30, 2018) diagnosed patients with reported demographic dimensions (age, first race, and sex) and office visit dimensions (BMI, diastolic BP, pulse rate, respiration rate, systolic BP, and temperature) was obtained, including day of diagnosis and additional encounter visits 60 days before and after first unique diagnosis. Patients with COVID-19 or flu were disproportionately obese, with 93% of COVID-19 and 79% of flu patients with BMI ≥ 30. Most striking, Black women 50-64 years of age disproportionately carried the burden of disease. At the time of diagnosis, temperature was significantly increased for all patients, yet pulse rate was only significantly increased for flu diagnosis, and BP was not significantly different in either. Our findings show the need for more complete demographic and office visit dimension data from patients during epidemic and pandemic events and support further studies needed to understand association between vital signs and predicting respiratory disease.