Analysis of the Correlation between FH and PCSK9 and APOB Gene Mutations in Han and Mongolian Populations of the Hulunbuir.

BACKGROUND: The goal of the study was to provide an individual and precise genetic and molecular biological basis for the early prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of local FH by analyzing the risk factors for the development of FH in Han and Mongolian patients in the Hulunbuir, comparing the lipid levels of FH patients of the two ethnicities, and assessing differences in mutations to two genes between the two ethnic groups. METHODS: Twenty cases each of Han Chinese and Mongolian healthy controls and fifty patients who each met the inclusion criteria from November 2021 to December 2022 in five general hospitals in Hulunbuir were selected. Multifactor logistic analysis was used to analyze the risk factors associated with the development of FH. We used t-tests to analyze statistical differences in lipid levels between the groups, and Sanger sequencing to detect the dis-tribution of common mutation sites of PCSK9 and APOB in all study subjects. The mutation rates and differences between regions and ethnic groups were summarized and compared. RESULTS: 1) Gender, age, alcohol consumption, dietary status, and a family history of FH were risk factors associated with the development of FH. 2) TC, LDL-C, and APOB were significantly higher in Mongolian cases than Han cases (p < 0.05). sdLDL-C was not statistically different between the two ethnicities (p > 0.05). 3) We detected four (8%) heterozygous mutations at the PCSK9 gene E670G mutation site in the Han case group and a total of nine (18%) mutations at this site in the Mongolian cases, including one (2%) homozygous and eight (16%) heterozygous mutations. One case of a heterozygous mutation was detected in the Mongolian control group. We detected a total of ten (20%) mutations at the APOB gene rs1367117 mutation site in the Han case group, including eight (16%) heterozygous and two (4%) homozygous mutations, 11 cases (22%) of heterozygous mutations in the Mongolian case group, two cases of heterozygous mutations in the Han control group, and one case of a heterozygous mutation in the Mongolian control group. 4) The D374Y and S127R mutation sites of PCSK9 and the R3500Q mutation site of APOB were not detected in any of the study subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The mutation sites of the PCSK9 and APOB genes in FH patients in Hulunbuir are different from other regions, and the mutation rate is higher than in other regions. Therefore, we recommend that the mutation sites of the PCSK9 and APOB genes described herein be used as clinical detection indicators to assist the diagnosis of FH in this region.

Systematically exploring the performance of a self-developed Multi-InDel system in forensic identification, ancestry inference and genetic structure analysis of Chinese Manchu and Mongolian groups.

The insertion/deletion (InDel) polymorphism has promising applications in forensic DNA analysis. However, the insufficient forensic efficiencies of the present InDel-based systems restrict their applications in parentage testing, due to the lower genetic polymorphism of the biallelic InDel locus and the limited number of InDel loci in a multiplex amplification system. Here, we introduced an in-house developed system which contained 41 polymorphic Multi-InDel markers (equivalent to 82 InDels in total), to serve as an efficient and reliable tool for different forensic applications in the Manchu and Mongolian groups. We demonstrated that the new system exhibited potential efficiencies for personal identification, parentage testing, two-person DNA mixture interpretation and ancestry inference of intercontinental populations. Meanwhile, we explored the genetic backgrounds of the Manchu and Mongolian groups by conducting a series of population genetic analyses. We showed that the Manchu and Mongolian groups shared closer genetic relationships with East Asian populations, especially Han Chinese populations in northern China. Moreover, more similar genetic compositions were detected between the Manchu group and the northern Han populations in this study, suggesting that the Manchu group had higher genetic affinities with northern Han populations than the Mongolian group. Overall. this study provided the necessary evidence that these Multi-InDel genetic markers could play an important role in forensic applications.

Mitogenomics of modern Mongolic-speaking populations.

Here, we present a comprehensive data set of 489 complete mitogenomes (211 of which are new) from four Mongolic-speaking populations (Mongols, Barghuts, Khamnigans, and Buryats) to investigate their matrilineal genetic structure, ancestry and relationship with other ethnic groups. We show that along with very high levels of genetic diversity and lack of genetic differentiation, Mongolic-speaking populations exhibit strong genetic resemblance to East Asian populations of Chinese, Japanese, and Uyghurs. Phylogeographic analysis of complete mitogenomes reveals the presence of different components in the gene pools of modern Mongolic-speaking populations-the main East Eurasian component is represented by mtDNA lineages of East Asian, Siberian and autochthonous (the Baikal region/Mongolian) ancestry, whereas the less pronounced West Eurasian component can be ascribed to Europe and West Asia/Caucasus. We also observed that up to one third of the mtDNA subhaplogroups identified in Mongolic-speaking populations can be considered as Mongolic-specific with the coalescence age of most of them not exceeding 1.7 kya. This coincides well with the population size growth which started around 1.1 kya and is detectable only in the Bayesian Skyline Plot constructed based on Mongolic-specific mitogenomes. Our data suggest that the genetic structure established during the Mongol empire is still retained in present-day Mongolic-speaking populations.

[Hepatic Hydatid Cyst: A Case Report].

Hydatid cysts are caused by an infestation with larval tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus. The disease is endemic in developing countries but has rarely been reported from immigrant workers in Korea. This paper reports a case of hepatic hydatid cyst in a 27-year-old female. She was referred with abdominal pain that had persisted for the past 2 months. The patient was a foreign worker from Mongolia. The physical examination was unremarkable, and blood tests showed peripheral blood eosinophilia and elevated liver enzymes. Abdominal ultrasonography showed a well-circumscribed cystic mass with septation in the liver. A surgical resection was performed for complete removal. After uncomplicated postoperative recovery, the patient was discharged with albendazole 400 mg twice daily. The hydatid cyst is an important disease that should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cystic lesions in the liver, particularly in those who have lived in endemic areas. A correct early diagnosis based on the typical image findings is important for early treatment before the rupture of the cyst, which is associated with low morbidity and mortality. A current surgical resection combined albendazole are effective treatments for hepatic hydatid cysts, associated with low recurrence rates.

Genetic substructure and admixture of Mongolians and Kazakhs inferred from genome-wide array genotyping.

BACKGROUND: Mongolian populations are widely distributed geographically, showing abundant ethnic diversity with geographic and tribal differences. AIM: To infer the genetic substructure, admixture and ancient genetic sources of Mongolians together with Kazakhs. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We genotyped more than 690,000 genome-wide SNPs from 33 Mongolian and Chinese Kazakh individuals and compared these with both ancient and present-day Eurasian populations using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), ADMIXTURE, Refine-IBD, f statistics, qpWave and qpAdm. RESULTS: We found genetic substructures within Mongolians corresponding to Ölöd, Chahar, and Inner Mongolian clusters, which was consistent with tribe classifications. Mongolian and Kazakh groups derived about 6-40% of West Eurasian related ancestry, most likely from Bronze Age Steppe populations. The East Asian related ancestry in Mongolian and Kazakh groups was well represented by the Neolithic DevilsCave related nomadic lineage, comprising 42-64% of studied groups. We also detected 10-51% of Han Chinese related ancestry in Mongolian and Kazakh groups, especially in Inner Mongolians. The average admixture times for Inner Mongolian, Mongolian_Chahar, Mongolian_Ölöd and Chinese Kazakh were about 1381, 626, 635 and 632 years ago, respectively, with Han and French as the sources. CONCLUSION: The DevilsCave related ancestry was once widespread westwards covering a wide geographical range from Far East Russia to the Mongolia Plateau. The formation of present-day Mongolic and Turkic-speaking populations has also received genetic influence from agricultural expansion.

Screening differentially expressed genes of pancreatic cancer between Mongolian and Han people using bioinformatics technology.

BACKGROUND: To screen and analyze differentially expressed genes in pancreatic carcinoma tissues taken from Mongolian and Han patients by Affymetrix Genechip. METHODS: Pancreatic ductal cell carcinoma tissues were collected from the Mongolian and Han patients undergoing resection in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University from March 2015 to May 2018 and the total RNA was extracted. Differentially expressed genes were selected from the total RNA qualified by Nanodrop 2000 and Agilent 2100 using Affymetrix and a cartogram was drawn; The gene ontology (GO) analysis and Pathway analysis were used for the collection and analysis of biological information of these differentially expressed genes. Finally, some differentially expressed genes were verified by real-time PCR. RESULTS: Through the microarray analysis of gene expression, 970 differentially expressed genes were detected by comparing pancreatic cancer tissue samples between Mongolian and Han patients. A total of 257 genes were significantly up-regulated in pancreatic cancer tissue samples in Mongolian patients; while a total of 713 genes were down-regulated. In the Gene Ontology database, 815 differentially expressed genes were identified with clear GO classification, and CPB1 gene showed the highest increase in expression level (multiple difference: 31.76). The pathway analysis detected 28 signaling pathways that included these differentially expressed genes, involving a total of 178 genes. Among these pathways, the enrichment of differentially expressed genes in the FAK signaling pathway was the strongest and COL11A1 gene showed the highest multiple difference (multiple difference: 5.02). The expression of differentially expressed genes CPB1, COL11A1、ITGA4、BIRC3、PAK4、CPA1、CLPS、PIK3CG and HLA-DPA1 determined by real-time PCR were consistent with the results of gene microarray analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The results of microarray analysis of gene expression profiles showed that there are a large number of differentially expressed genes in pancreatic cancer tissue samples comparing Mongolian and Han population. These genes are closely related to the cell proliferation, differentiation, invasion, metastasis and multi-drug resistance in pancreatic cancer. They are also involved in the regulation of multiple important signaling pathways in organisms.

Prevalence and associated factors for pterygium in Han and Mongolian adults: a cross-sectional study in inner Mongolian, China.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the prevalence of pterygium and associated factors in Han and Mongolian adults at four survey sites in Inner Mongolia, China. METHODS: We conducted a population-based, cross-sectional study as part of the China National Health Survey (CNHS). By means of a stratified sampling method, we finally included 2651 participants of 30 years of age or older from a total of 3468 eligible residents. Factors associated with pterygium were analysed by a univariate analysis and logistic regression models. RESULTS: The study population included 1910 Han and 741 Mongolian adults. The mean age ± standard deviation of the study cohort was 48.93 ± 11.06 years. The overall prevalence of pterygium was 6.4% (n = 169); 1.4% (n = 38) of the cases were bilateral and 4.8% (n = 128) were unilateral. The most common grade of pterygium was Grade 2. Based on the results of the univariate analysis, eleven factors were included in a multivariate analysis. The results indicated that age (P < 0.001), outdoor occupation (P = 0.026), and time spent in rural areas (P < 0.001) were significantly associated with pterygium. Sex and ethnicity were not identified as risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicated that outdoor occupation, old age and more time spent in rural areas were risk factors for pterygium in Inner Mongolia. At the same time, town as a survey site (Hohhot and Tsining District) was a protective factor for pterygium. Ethnicity, gender, smoking, diabetes and high blood pressure are not associated with pterygium.

Genetic and epigenetic polymorphisms of eNOS and CYP2D6 in mainland Chinese Tibetan, Mongolian, Uygur, and Han populations.

Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) are important in the cardiovascular disease susceptibility and drug response. The methylation of cytosine in the promoter of genes could influence expression. The interindividual differences of drug response could only be explained partly by the polymorphisms of drug disposition genes. This study was aimed to investigate the genetic and epigenetic polymorphisms of CYP2D6 and eNOS in Chinese Tibetan, Mongolian, Uygur, and Han volunteers. Blood samples were collected from 842 unrelated Chinese healthy subjects (323 Tibetan, 134 Mongolian, 162 Uygur, and 223 Han) for genotyping and part of the DNA samples were subjected to cytosine methylation analysis. Significant genetic and epigenetic interethnic polymorphisms of eNOS and CYP2D6 were found in the four Chinese groups. The 4b-G-T wild-type haplotype of eNOS was the most common in Chinese Tibetan (87.1%), Mongolian (79.9%), Uygur (76.4%), and Han (79.5%), respectively. eNOS T-786C creates a new CpG site and a significantly higher methylation level was found in -786CC than that in -786TC in Chinese Han (P = 0.0485) and total Chinese (P = 0.0104). CYP2D6 A-678 (rs28633410) makes the symmetrical CpG site changed to be an asymmetrical CpA site, and the methylation level of cytosine in the CpG context of G-678A was significantly higher than that in the CpA. The results of the present study could be useful for understanding the interindividual disparity of cardiovascular disease susceptibility and drug response among different Chinese ethnic groups and would provide more evidences for the precise medication of Chinese.

Immunologic Characteristics of Mongolian Patients Receiving Kidney Transplantation in a Single Center in Korea.

BACKGROUND: Among foreigners undergoing kidney transplantation (KT) in Korea, Mongolians are the most common, and most of these cases are conducted at our center. We report the immunologic characteristics and clinical outcomes of these patients. METHODS: Consecutive Mongolian patients who underwent KT from September 2009 to August 2017 in our center were retrospectively analyzed. Pre- and post-transplant HLA antibody status and clinical data of the Mongolian patients were collected and compared with the Korean patients who underwent living donor KT during the same period. RESULTS: Sixty-two Mongolian and 85 Korean patients received KT and were followed up for 20.9 and 50.8 months (P = .01), respectively. Before transplantation, 17.7% of the Mongolian patients and 7.1% of the Korean patients were highly sensitized (P = .05). The patients were monitored consistently throughout the entire post-transplant period. Follow-up loss occurred in some cases. Of the patients, 32 Mongolian patients and 79 Korean patients were monitored for post-transplant HLA antibodies at any time point. Estimated glomerular filtration rates were comparable between Mongolian and Korean patients at 1 month (77.1 vs 71.5 mL/min/1.73m2, P = .21) and 1 year (64.6 vs 68.7 mL/min/1.73m2, P = .25) after transplantation but tended to be different at 3 years (57.2 vs 67.3 mL/min/1.73m2, P = .06) and 5 years (56.9 vs 73.1 mL/min/1.73m2, P = .04) post transplant. CONCLUSIONS: Mongolian patients undergoing KT in Korea were often highly sensitized. Mean follow-up time was short and follow-up loss was common in Mongolian patients compared with Korean patients. Cautious follow-up is needed for foreigner transplant recipients, especially for those at high-risk immunologically, to achieve better outcomes.

Genetic polymorphism and population structure of Torghut Mongols and comparison with a Mongolian population 3000 kilometers away.

Mongolians played a pivotal role in shaping the culture and genetic architecture of modern Eurasia through the rapid expansion of the Mongol Empire in the 13th century. While the historical aspects of the Mongolian Empire are well documented, research on the genetic variations among Mongolian populations is still insufficient. In this study, we examined the genetic diversity of 70 Torghut Mongols residing in the Ili region of China compared with 88 Jalaid Mongols residing 3000 km away. Over 200 forensically relevant genetic markers, including autosomal short tandem repeats (A-STRs), X chromosomal STRs (X-STRs), Y chromosomal STRs (Y-STRs), identity-informative single nucleotide polymorphisms (iiSNPs), ancestry-informative SNPs (aiSNPs), and phenotype-informative SNPs (piSNPs), were genotyped to uncover the genetic polymorphism of the Torghut Mongols. The STR genotyping results showed that 80 alleles (39 A-STRs, 25 Y-STRs, and 16 X-STRs; 14.4% of 554 alleles) identified in Torghut Mongols were not identified in Jalaid Mongols, while 155 alleles (84 A-STRs, 59 Y-STRs and 12 X-STRs; 24.6% of 630 alleles) identified in Jalaid Mongols were not observed in Torghut Mongols. Calculation of the forensic parameters demonstrated that the STRs and SNPs analyzed here could be employed in forensic applications. Interpopulation comparisons via principal component analysis (PCA), phylogenetic tree, and STRUCTURE analysis showed that the two Mongolian populations were closely related by their genetic background, although genetic differences were also discovered. When both the sequence-based A-STRs and iiSNPs were included in the STRUCTURE analysis, the Torghut population was more similar to the Uyghur population than to Jalaid Mongols, indicating certain population structure differences between the two Mongolian populations. The Y-DNA haplogroup prediction showed that although haplogroup C (C2-M217) was dominant in both Mongolian populations, haplogroup O2-M122 was rarely presented in Torghut Mongols, which differentiated the Torghut Mongols from the other Mongolian populations. This study not only uncovered the genetic features of the two Mongolian tribes, providing valuable frequency data for forensic applications, but the genetic patterns of the two Mongolian populations also provide a genetic evidence that the Torghut Mongols may have developed via the gradual intermixing of nomadic groups of Mongol and Turkic origin, as recorded in historical records. This study also highlighted the importance of building regional reference databases that consider both ethnic and geographic location information, instead of a more universal reference database, for forensic applications.

New germline BRCA2 gene variant in the Tuvinian Mongol breast cancer patients.

To date, there are a limited number of reports on inherited gene mutations associated with breast cancer (BC) among Mongoloid indigenous people in Russia. The present study aimed at identifying the BC-associated genes in 26 Russian Mongoloid BC patients (Buryats, Tuvinians and others). The median age of the patients at the time of breast cancer diagnosis was 41 years (range 25-51 years). Genomic DNA isolated from blood samples was used to prepare libraries using a capture-based target enrichment kit (Hereditary Cancer Solution™, SOPHiA GENETICS, Switzerland) covering 27 genes (ATM, APC, BARD1, BRCA1, BRCA2, BRIP1, CDH1, CHEK2, EPCAM, FAM175A, MLH1, MRE11A, MSH2, MSH6, MUTYH, NBN, PALB2, PIK3CA, PMS2, PMS2CL, PTEN, RAD50, RAD51C, RAD51D, STK11, TP53 and XRCC2). Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed on an Illumina NextSeq 500 System (Illumina, USA). In our study, we found 1 Indel and 11 SNPs that passed filters during variant calling. We identified a highly pathogenic germline rs483353122 (c.8208_8209insAG, p.Leu2737Serfs*2) in the BRCA2 gene in six unrelated Tuvinian Mongol BC patients. We also identified a likely damaging germline rs35352891 in the MUTYH gene (c.1118C>T, p.Ala373Val) in one Buryat Mongol BC patient. Other SNPs were classified as variants of uncertain significance. To the best of our knowledge, this report is the first to describe the highly pathogenic variant in the BRCA2 gene (rs483353122) and the likely damaging germline variant in the MUTYH gene (rs35352891) in Russian Mongoloid BC patients with young-onset and/or bilateral and/or familial BC. Further studies are therefore necessary to evaluate the contributions of novel sequence variants to hereditary BC.

Genetic polymorphisms of new 22 autosomal STR loci in the Mongolian ethnic group.

The Microreader™ 23SP ID System is a novel STR kit, but there are no Mongolian data related to this kit. In this study, allelic frequencies and forensic parameters were obtained from 505 unrelated healthy Mongolians. These samples were amplified using the kit. The dataset successfully passed quality control after being submitted to STRidER (STRidER dataset reference STR000198). A total of 264 alleles were observed, with corresponding allelic frequencies ranged from 0.001 to 0.378. The combined power of discrimination (CPD) and combined probability of exclusion (CPE) of the 22 autosomal STR loci were 0.999999999999999999999999999217318 and 0.999999999776042, respectively. Furthermore, population differentiation comparisons involving previously reported groups were conducted.

Combined Effects of A Body Shape Index and Serum C-reactive Protein on Ischemic Stroke Incidence among Mongolians in China.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the combined effects of a high body shape index (ABSI) and a high serum C-reactive protein (CRP) level on the incidence of ischemic stroke in a Mongolian population in China. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted among 2,589 participants from June 2002 to July 2012 in Inner Mongolia, China. The participants were categorized into 4 groups according to their level of ABSI and CRP. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for ischemic stroke among all groups. RESULTS: The multivariate adjusted HRs (95% CI) of ischemic stroke for high ABSI and high CRP level were 1.46 (0.89-2.39) and 1.63 (0.95-2.79), respectively. Compared with the low ABSI/low CRP level group, the multivariate adjusted HRs (95% CI) of ischemic stroke in the low ABSI/high CRP, high ABSI/low CRP, and high ABSI/high CRP groups were 1.04 (0.46-2.35), 1.06 (0.58-1.95) and 2.52 (1.27-5.00), respectively. The HR of ischemic stroke for the high ABSI/high CRP level group was the highest and most statistically significant. CONCLUSION: We found that participants with simultaneously high ABSI and high CRP levels had the highest risk of ischemic stroke in the Mongolian population. Our findings suggest that the combination of high ABSI and high CRP levels may increase the risk of ischemic stroke.

Whole-genome sequencing of 175 Mongolians uncovers population-specific genetic architecture and gene flow throughout North and East Asia.

The genetic variation in Northern Asian populations is currently undersampled. To address this, we generated a new genetic variation reference panel by whole-genome sequencing of 175 ethnic Mongolians, representing six tribes. The cataloged variation in the panel shows strong population stratification among these tribes, which correlates with the diverse demographic histories in the region. Incorporating our results with the 1000 Genomes Project panel identifies derived alleles shared between Finns and Mongolians/Siberians, suggesting that substantial gene flow between northern Eurasian populations has occurred in the past. Furthermore, we highlight that North, East, and Southeast Asian populations are more aligned with each other than these groups are with South Asian and Oceanian populations.

Validation of the China-PAR Equations for Cardio-cerebrovascular Risk Prediction in the Inner Mongolian Population.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of the China-PAR equations in predicting the 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the Inner Mongolians population. A population-based, prospective cohort of 2,589 Mongolians were followed up from 2003 to 2012. Participants were categorized into 4 subgroups according to their 10-year CVD risks calculated using the China-PAR equations: < 5%, 5%-9.9%, 10%-19.9%, and ⪖ 20%. The China-PAR equations discriminated well with good C statistics (range, 0.76-0.86). The adjusted hazard ratios for CVD showed an increasing trend among the 4 subgroups (P for trend < 0.01). However, the China-PAR equations underestimated the 10-year CVD risk in Mongolians, and the calibration was unsatisfactory (Hosmer-Lemeshow χ2 = 19.98, P < 0.01 for men, χ2 = 46.58, P < 0.001 for women). The performance of the China-PAR equations warrants further validation in other ethnic groups in China.

Acculturation and Dietary Intakes by Gender Among Mongolians in South Korea: Nutrition Education Implication for Multicultural Families.

We explored the relationship between acculturation and dietary intake by gender for 500 Mongolians residing in South Korea. The high acculturation (HA) group females consumed more fish and shellfish, vegetables, beans, and rice, and less meats, flours, and oil than the low acculturation (LA) group did. However, there was no statistical difference in food group intake between HA and LA group males. HA group females showed higher intake of carbohydrates, fiber, sodium, potassium, calcium, vitamin A, and folate compared with LA group females. However, only folate and vitamin B2 intake was statistically different between HA and LA group males. Acculturation and gender interactions were found for the consumption of meats, flours, fish and shellfish, beans, and vegetables. The findings from this study have implications for developing customized nutrition intervention programs by gender for immigrants.

Association of prehypertension and cardiovascular risk factor clustering in Inner Mongolia: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the clustering of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in Han and Mongolian adults with prehypertension or hypertension in Northern China. METHODS: We selected 3227 Han and Mongolian participants (20-80 years old) using a multistage cluster sampling method in 2014. The participants were interviewed by standard questionnaires and underwent anthropometric measurement and biochemical testing. Han and Mongolian participants were divided into optimal, prehypertension, and hypertension groups based on blood pressure. A multinomial logit analysis was performed to explore relationships between CVD risk factor clustering and prehypertension or hypertension, and the heterogeneity between Han and Mongolian was evaluated by the Cochran Q test. The differences between the ethnic groups in the proportions of risk factors was tested with the χ2 test. RESULTS: The clustering of two or three CVD risk factors in the prehypertension or hypertension groups was consistently higher than in the optimal group (Bonferroni, p<0.0167). The odds ratios (ORs) of prehypertension and hypertension increased with the number of CVD risk factors (ptrend <0.0001). In multivariate modelling, the adjusted ORs of one, two, and ≥3 CVD risk factors versus no risk factors was, respectively, 1.95, 2.25, and 2.28 in Han prehypertensive participants, and 1.73, 2.83, and 3.69 in Mongolian prehypertensive participants. In addition, the adjusted ORs were 3.15, 4.75, and 6.49 in Han hypertensive participants, and 1.90, 5.29, and 8.13 in Mongolian hypertensive participants (all p<0.05). There was no significant heterogeneity between Han and Mongolian participants in the prehypertension or hypertension groups. The age-standardised prevalence of ≥3 risk factors was 38.30% in Han men and 39.79% in Mongolian men. The rate was significantly lower in Han women than Mongolian women (9.18% vs 14.55%, p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: These findings showed clustering of CVD risk factors in prehypertensive Han and Mongolian adults, and showed prehypertension may be a useful target for intervention.

Optimal body fat percentage cut-off values for identifying cardiovascular risk factors in Mongolian and Han adults: a population-based cross-sectional study in Inner Mongolia, China.

OBJECTIVE: The present study was designed to determine the optimal cut-off values of body fat percentage (BF%) for the detection of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in Mongolian and Han adults. METHOD: This cross-sectional study involving 3221 Chinese adults (2308 Han and 913 Mongolian) aged 20-80 years was conducted in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China, in 2014. Data from a standardised questionnaire, physical examination and blood sample were obtained. The BF% was estimated using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Optimal BF% cut-offs were analysed by receiver operating characteristic curves to predict the risk of diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the OR of each CVD risk factor according to obesity defined by BF%. RESULTS: Mean BF% levels were lower in men than in women (22.54±5.77 vs 32.95±6.18 in Han, 23.86±5.72 vs 33.98±6.40 in Mongolian population, respectively; p<0.001). In Han population, the area under curve (AUC) values for BF% ranged from 0.589 to 0.699 for men and from 0.711 to 0.763 for women. Compared with men, AUCs for diabetes and clustering of ≥2 risk factors in women were significantly higher (p<0.05). The AUCs for BF% in women (0.685-0.783) were similar with those in men (0.686-0.736) for CVD risk factors in Mongolian population. In Han adults, the optimal BF% cut-off values to detect CVD risk factors varied from 18.7% to 24.2% in men and 32.7% to 35.4% in women. In Mongolian population, the optimal cut-off values of BF% for men and women ranged from 21.0% to 24.6% and from 35.7% to 40.0%, respectively. Subjects with high BF% (≥24% in men, ≥34% in women) had higher risk of CVD risk factors in Han (age-adjusted ORs from 1.479 to 3.680, 2.660 to 4.016, respectively). In Mongolia, adults with high BF% (≥25% in men, ≥35% in women) had higher risk of CVD risk factors (age-adjusted ORs from 2.587 to 3.772, 2.061 to 4.882, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The optimal BF% cut-offs for obesity for the prediction of CVD risk factors in Chinese men and women were approximately 24% and 34% for Han adults and 25% and 35% for Mongolian population of Inner Mongolia, China, respectively.

Craniometric examination of Longxian and Qi Li Cun archaeological sites to assess population continuity in ancient northern China.

In this paper, population continuity and discontinuity in northern China are explored using craniometric analyses from two archaeological sites, Longxian (Warring States) and Qi Li Cun (Han Dynasty). Neither population has been previously studied. Artefactual evidence shows the individuals from Qi Li Cun were Xianbei, descendants from Mongolia. Longxian is from further south in the central plains at an earlier time, thus, we expect to observe variability between these groups. In total, 24 cranial measurements were obtained on 66 crania from these sites. Howells's cranial measurements on Anyang (42 crania) and Hainan (83 crania) Chinese samples were included for comparative purposes. Less variability is expected between Longxian and Howells's Chinese data due to geographic and temporal similarity. With closer geographic and temporal affinity with Anyang, the expectation is for Longxian and Anyang to be similar. Few statistical differences exist between Longxian and Qi Li Cun; this was supported by the similarity found through principal components analysis (PCA). Regardless of sex, canonical discriminant analysis shows clustering of Longxian and Qi Li Cun separate from those of Anyang and Hainan. Their similarity indicates the people from Longxian and Qi Li Cun likely share Mongolian ancestry. Our results, supported by other studies, suggest that despite temporal differences, Mongolians living in China during the Warring States and Han dynasty retained their cultural and genetic Mongolian identity. These data add valuable bioarchaeological information regarding the peopling of northern China during a crucial period of cultural and political change in the Early Bronze Age and Iron Age.