ABSTRACT
Purpose: A topical mucolytic agent, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), has been used to create an animal model without the intestinal mucus layer. In this study, we investigated the effects of topical NAC on the tears and ocular surface. Methods: NAC-treated models were established by topically administering 10% NAC four times daily for 5 days in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Clinical parameters and the expression of mucin proteins and genes were evaluated. Alterations in the conjunctival epithelium and goblet cells were observed. Results: The NAC group showed significant decreases in tear secretion, corneal wetting ability, tear MUC5AC concentration, and conjunctival goblet cell numbers as compared with the control group (all P < 0.01). In addition, significant increases in corneal fluorescein score and rose bengal scores were observed in the NAC group versus in the control group (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and scanning electron microscopy clearly showed damage in the epithelial cell layer and microvilli of the NAC group. Although there was no significant difference in MUC16 gene expression, the MUC16 concentration of the tear film and ocular surface tissue was significantly increased in the NAC group versus in the control group (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). Five-day treatment with 3% diquafosol had minimal therapeutic effect in NAC-treated rat eyes. Conclusions: Topical administration of 10% NAC induced ocular surface damage and tear film instability by prompting MUC16 disruption and release from the ocular surface. This animal model could be used to study dry eye disease, especially the mucin-deficiency subtype.
Subject(s)
Acetylcysteine/adverse effects , Conjunctiva/drug effects , Disease Models, Animal , Dry Eye Syndromes/chemically induced , Expectorants/adverse effects , Mucin 5AC/deficiency , Tears/metabolism , Acetylcysteine/administration & dosage , Administration, Ophthalmic , Animals , Cell Count , Conjunctiva/metabolism , Cornea/drug effects , Cornea/metabolism , Dry Eye Syndromes/metabolism , Dry Eye Syndromes/pathology , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Expectorants/administration & dosage , Goblet Cells/pathology , Male , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Real-Time Polymerase Chain ReactionABSTRACT
Deregulated expressions of mucins have been found in various malignancies and play a pivotal role in carcinogenesis. MUC5AC, as a secreted mucin, is reported to be aberrantly expressed during epithelial cancer progression, including colon cancer. However, the mechanisms of the oncoprotein MUC5AC in the initiation of colon cancer requires further investigation. Here, we collected colon cancer tissues (n = 20) and corresponding paracancerous tissues (n = 20) and found that the expression of MUC5AC was significantly elevated in colon cancer tissues when compared with the corresponding paracancerous tissues. Immunofluorescence indicated that all colon cancer cell lines, including HT29, SW620, and the normal human intestinal epithelial cells FHC, showed the positive expression of MUC5AC, and SW620 exhibited the highest expression. Moreover, knockdown of MUC5AC in SW620 cells remarkably suppressed cell vitality and promoted apoptosis and G1 cell cycle arrest, resulting in the impaired ability of colony formation. Furthermore, the inhibition of MUC5AC in SW620 cells dramatically repressed the cell migration and invasion. These results demonstrated that MUC5AC as an oncogene could be a promising target in the treatment of colon cancer.
Subject(s)
Colonic Neoplasms/metabolism , Mucin 5AC/biosynthesis , Apoptosis/physiology , Cell Movement/physiology , Cell Proliferation/physiology , Colonic Neoplasms/genetics , Colonic Neoplasms/pathology , G1 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints/physiology , HT29 Cells , Humans , Mucin 5AC/deficiency , Mucin 5AC/genetics , Mucin 5AC/metabolism , RNA, Small Interfering/administration & dosage , RNA, Small Interfering/genetics , TransfectionABSTRACT
Respiratory surfaces are exposed to billions of particulates and pathogens daily. A protective mucus barrier traps and eliminates them through mucociliary clearance (MCC). However, excessive mucus contributes to transient respiratory infections and to the pathogenesis of numerous respiratory diseases. MUC5AC and MUC5B are evolutionarily conserved genes that encode structurally related mucin glycoproteins, the principal macromolecules in airway mucus. Genetic variants are linked to diverse lung diseases, but specific roles for MUC5AC and MUC5B in MCC, and the lasting effects of their inhibition, are unknown. Here we show that mouse Muc5b (but not Muc5ac) is required for MCC, for controlling infections in the airways and middle ear, and for maintaining immune homeostasis in mouse lungs, whereas Muc5ac is dispensable. Muc5b deficiency caused materials to accumulate in upper and lower airways. This defect led to chronic infection by multiple bacterial species, including Staphylococcus aureus, and to inflammation that failed to resolve normally. Apoptotic macrophages accumulated, phagocytosis was impaired, and interleukin-23 (IL-23) production was reduced in Muc5b(-/-) mice. By contrast, in mice that transgenically overexpress Muc5b, macrophage functions improved. Existing dogma defines mucous phenotypes in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as driven by increased MUC5AC, with MUC5B levels either unaffected or increased in expectorated sputum. However, in many patients, MUC5B production at airway surfaces decreases by as much as 90%. By distinguishing a specific role for Muc5b in MCC, and by determining its impact on bacterial infections and inflammation in mice, our results provide a refined framework for designing targeted therapies to control mucin secretion and restore MCC.
